A/O一体化曝气生物滤池处理城市污水效能研究

为解决传统曝气生物滤池易堵塞、运行周期短的问题，通过增加缺氧处理区，将之改造为缺氧／好氧一体化曝气生物滤池，并通过正交试验对其处理城市污水的效能进行了研究。结果表明：HRT、气水比、好氧填料层厚度三个因素对COD、SS处理效能影响的主次顺序为：HRT〉气水比〉好氧填料层厚度；对NH4^＋-N处理效能影响的主次顺序为：好氧填料层厚度〉HRT〉气水比；对TN、TP处理效能影响的主次顺序为：HRT〉好氧填料层厚度〉气水比。通过对各因素水平的综合比较得出缺氧／好氧一体化曝气生物滤池的适宜运行参数为：HRT=9h，好氧填料层厚度=1．95m，去除COD、Nn4^＋-N的最佳气水比=12：1，去除SS、TN、TP的最佳气水比=6：1。     

水力停留时间对海绵填料CANON反应器性能的影响

以片状海绵作为CANON反应器的填料,通过接种CANON污泥,采用人工配制高氨氮废水为进水,研究了水力停留时间(HRT)对生物膜CANON反应器去除TN及短程硝化的影响。控制反应器的HRT分别为5、7、9 h,研究发现:当HRT=5 h时系统的短程硝化稳定性能较佳,但对TN的去除率、去除负荷分别只有32.02%、0.689 kg/(m3·d);当HRT=7 h时,反应器的短程硝化稳定性能较佳,且对TN的去除率、去除负荷分别可达58.05%、0.863 kg/(m3·d);当HRT=9 h时,反应器对TN的去除率、去除负荷分别为73.96%、0.854 kg/(m3·d),但短程硝化稳定性能不佳。对于片状海绵填料反应器而言,HRT越短则短程硝化效果越稳定。     

新型悬浮填料滤池取代二沉池研究

悬浮填料滤池是基于轻质悬浮填料技术而提出的新型高效固液分离技术,不但可以代替传统二沉池完成固液分离、污泥浓缩,而且具有占地省、出水表面无飘泥、出水水质好、冲洗简易方便以及一定的后续生物氧化作用等特点。在填料层高度为2.0m、填料比表面积为285m2/m3、表面负荷为1.98m3/(m2.h)、污泥回流比为200%、滤池冲洗时间为2~3h的工况下,滤池稳定期长达4~9d,出水SS可达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918—2002)的一级标准。     

UBF-BAF组合工艺处理焦化废水

采用UBF—BAF组合工艺处理焦化废水，考察了处理效果。结果表明，经UBF处理后，废水的可生化性得以提高；HRT及进水负荷对NH3-N去除效果的影响明显大于对COD的，BAF反应器内填料的前段主要用于去除COD，后段主要用于去除NH3-N；当厌氧段HRT为15．4h、好氧段HRT为31．3h时，系统对COD和NH3-N的去除效果均较好。稳态运行时，系统对COD、NH3-N、TN、TOC和挥发酚的去除率分别为81．5％、96．4％、56．9％、81．8％和99．9％。     

悬浮填料滤池取代二沉池的效果研究

悬浮填料滤池作为传统二沉池的代用构筑物具有占地面积少、出水水质好、冲洗简便且具有一定后续生物氧化作用等优点.在填料层高度为4 m、填料比表面积为162 m2/m3、表面负荷为2.35～2.89 m3/(m2·h)的条件下,滤池出水SS可达到《生活杂用水水质标准》(CJ/T 48-1999)及《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)的一级标准.在气洗强度为10.26～15.38 m3/(m2·h)、冲洗时间为15 min的条件下,滤池在反冲后1～2 h内可恢复过滤能力,滤池稳定运行期长达8～13 d.     

复合变速生物滤池处理污水厂二级出水

采用由新型酶促填料和素陶粒填充构成的新型复合变速生物滤池对某城市污水厂二级处理出水进行了过滤试验。结果表明 :在HRT为 1 33～ 50min、滤池连续运行 2～1 2d时产水量为 72～1 92m3 d,对COD、浊度的去除率分别达到 60 .9%～ 73 .1 %和 69.4%～ 82 .8% ,出水水质满足《生活杂用水水质标准》(CJ 2 5 .1— 89) ,回用于厂区日常冲洗、绿化可取得良好的综合效益。     

新型缓释碳源耦合海绵铁同步脱氮除磷的研究

为探讨低碳氮比污水厂尾水的深度脱氮除磷技术,以自制新型缓释碳源、海绵铁和活性炭作为反硝化生物滤池的复合填料,在不同HRT和进水硝态氮浓度条件下,探究反硝化系统的深度脱氮除磷效果。结果表明,复合填料反硝化系统具有较高的同步脱氮除磷效率。当HRT为3.65 h时,对TN和TP的平均去除率分别可达到85.7%和93.37%,出水COD平均浓度为29.2mg/L;在3个月的连续运行期间未出现明显的填料层堵塞及亚硝态氮和氨氮积累的现象;系统具有稳定p H值的能力,出水p H值无显著升高且趋于中性。该新型缓释碳源耦合海绵铁复合填料作为反硝化滤池的生物载体时,具有脱氮除磷效果好、无需连续投加碳源、出水p H值稳定等特点。     

载体填料高度对生物滤器处理高浓度含氮海水效果的影响

在曝气生物滤池(BAF)中,微生物沿填料层高度有不同分布,参与氧化分解有机物的好氧异养菌和硝化菌之间存在着对生物膜表面空间、溶解氧以及营养盐的竞争,从而使得在生物滤池不同高度处对有机物和NH4-N的去除能力不同.为确定BAF在实际运行的最佳填料高度,本实验采用以竹球、悬浮填料以及陶粒为填料的曝气生物滤池处理高浓度含氮海水.实验结果表明,当流速为1 m/h、温度为18～28 ℃、气水比为1～3∶1以及pH为7.0～8.5时,以竹球、悬浮填料及陶粒为填料的曝气生物滤池的最佳填料高度为60 cm,出水完全达到养殖水水质要求.     

扬水曝气/生物接触氧化工艺的除藻效果研究

研究了扬水曝气与生物接触氧化组合工艺对藻类的去除效果，考察了生物填料悬挂于水体的深度、距扬水曝气器的距离以及生物接触氧化反应器的水力停留时间（HRT）等因素对除藻效果的影响。试验结果表明：扬水曝气／生物接触氧化组合工艺对藻类的平均去除率为41．7％．对蓝藻、绿藻、硅藻的平均去除率分别为39．3％、23．7％、31．3％，对滦河源水中优势藻种——铜绿微囊藻的平均去除率为25．6％；生物填料可以悬挂在扬水曝气器周围25m、深度为0～3m的水体内，HRT以3h左右为宜。     

水力负荷对反硝化滤池深度脱氮效能的影响

采用反硝化滤池处理城市污水厂尾水,重点考察了水力负荷对其脱氮效能的影响。结果表明:水力负荷对反硝化滤池去除TN影响显著。在C/N值为6.0、水力负荷为3 m3/(m2·h)时,系统出水NH_4~+-N、TN分别为1.66、1.82 mg/L,对其去除率分别为53.43%、91.08%,出水水质可达到《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)的Ⅴ类标准。滤池对污染物的去除主要集中在填料层0~90 cm的区域,对NH_4~+-N、NO-3-N和TN的去除分担率分别为72.73%、95.23%和83.64%。PCR-DGGE分析表明,反硝化滤池中微生物种群丰度和多样性均随填料高度呈现出先增加后降低的趋势;上层与中间层、底层的微生物种群相似度均为85.2%,中间层与底层的微生物种群相似度为80.5%,即反硝化滤池填料层中微生物种属的差异性较小。     

塑料孔板波纹填料厌氧生物滤池处理印染废水试验研究

叙述了塑料反波纹填料厌氧生物滤处理印染废水的研究结果。该厌氧生物滤池启动期短，出水水质稳定，耐冲击负荷能力强。水力停留时间ＨＲＴ是影响处理效果的主要运行参数。在３５℃条件下，ＨＲＴ＝１８．３ｈ、有机负荷为０．５－２．０ｋｇＣＯＤ／Ｍ＾３．ｄ、进水ＣＯＤ为２０５．８－２２２５．３ｍｇ／Ｌ、色度为１２５－１２５０倍时。ＣＯＤ去除率为７０－８６．６％、色度去除率为６０－８４％、ＰＶＡ去除率为４０－８７％     

垂直流人工湿地处理生活污水的影响因素分析

选用鸢尾、酸模、兰草、葱兰这4种陆生植物构建垂直流人工湿地并处理生活污水,考察了水力停留时间、水力负荷、温度以及湿地植物种类对处理效果的影响.结果表明:在较长水力停留时间(24 h左右)、较低水力负荷(0.3 m/d)条件下,湿地系统对污染物的去除率较高;随着温度的升高,湿地系统的除污效果提高;湿地中植物的长势好于自然环境中的,其中酸模的净化能力最强,其生长成熟时对氨氮、总磷的去除率稳定在95%左右,对COD的去除率在60%左右.     

Treatment of domestic sewage in a two-step anaerobic filter/anaerobic hybrid system at low temperature

The treatment of domestic sewage at low temperature of 13 degrees C was investigated in a two-step system consisting of an anaerobic filter (AF) +an anaerobic hybrid (AH) reactor operated at different hydraulic retention times (HRTs). The AF reactor was efficient in the removal of suspended COD, viz. 81%, 58% and 57% at an HRT of, respectively, 4, 2 and 3 h. For optimisation of the removal of suspended COD and dissolved COD, an HRT of 4 + 4 h is required for the AF + AH system. For additional optimisation of colloidal COD removal, the AH reactor needs an HRT of 8 h. The AF + AH system operated at an HRT of 4 + 8 h at 13 degrees C provided a high removal efficiency for all COD fractions. The achieved total COD removal was as high as 71% which is similar to values found in tropical areas. Moreover, 60% of the removed COD was converted to methane.     

新型生物反应器处理微污染原水的硝化效果

为探寻适宜的微污染原水处理工艺,将蜂窝陶瓷载体置于内循环管中而构成气升式内循环蜂窝陶瓷反应器(IAL-CHS)。采用该工艺处理上海漕河泾水,考察了HRT、水温、pH值、溶解氧对去除氨氮的影响。在反应器挂膜启动后,连续运行的去除效果比间歇运行的好。HRT是影响硝化效果的重要因素,通过连续运行试验确定了最佳的HRT为1.03 h,此时对氨氮的去除率稳定在84.8%～99.2%。对氨氮的去除率与水温近似呈直线关系,温度越高则去除效果越好;河水的pH值对硝化反应影响不大;DO达到3.16 mg/L就能获得较好的处理效果,此时的曝气量为0.15 m3/h。此外,该反应器还具有抗冲击负荷能力强、不易堵塞等优点。     

水力停留时间对BAF除污性能的影响

研究了水力停留时间(HRT)对曝气生物滤池(BAF)除污效果的影响。结果表明:HRT对BAF处理效果的影响较大,当HRT为0.63 h时,出水浊度、COD、氨氮和总氮浓度均较高,BAF的除污效果较差;当HRT为0.83 h时,出水COD浓度可降至50 mg/L以下,去除率可达到85.87%;当HRT为1.0 h时,BAF对浊度、氨氮和总氮均有较好的去除效果,去除率分别为95.98%7、7.08%4、0.09%,出水浊度<4 NTU、氨氮<8 mg/L、总氮<35 mg/L。     

The use of upflow anaerobic filter and AnSBR for wastewater treatment at ambient temperature

This research was carried out in order to study the effect of the temperature and hydraulic retention time (HRT) on the start-up and steady-state performance of upflow anaerobic filter (UAF) and anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (AnSBR). A mixture of synthetic substrate (glucose and sodium acetate) and real municipal wastewater was used as a laboratory substrate. The temperature (in the range 9-23 degrees C) and HRT (in the range 6-46 h) were selected as the most decisive technological parameters for a practical application. Average removal efficiency of COD found for tested anaerobic reactors were 56-88% (AnSBR) and 46-92% (UAF) depending on used temperature and HRTs. Based on the observed results, the use of AnSBR and UAF in practice seems to be a potential technology for (pre)-treatment of wastewater produced by small communities.     

Development of biological filter as tertiary treatment for effective nitrogen removal: Biological filter for tertiary treatment

A biological filtration process applicable to tertiary treatment of sewage for effective nitrogen removal was developed. It consisted of a nitrification filter (Filter 1) and/or a polishing filter with anoxic and oxic parts (Filter 2). A pilot plant set at a municipal sewage treatment plant was operated for 525 d with feed of real sewage. The maximum apparent nitrification rate in Filter 1 in winter was 0.54 kg N/m3- filter-bed d. In Filter 2, the maximum denitrification capacity was 4 kg N/m3 filter-bed d) in winter. SS was stably removed and high transparency water was obtained. The target water quality (SS, BOD, and T-N5 mg/L) was accomplished in winter with the LV of 202 m/d in Filter 2, which corresponds to 0.24 h of HRT. These results proved that this process is compact, stable, convenient to install, and cost effective to build and operate as tertiary treatment to remove nitrogen effectively.     

两相厌氧工艺处理高盐纤维素醚废水的研究

采用接种特定污泥的两相厌氧反应器处理高盐纤维素醚废水,重点考察了启动过程及其处理效果。试验结果表明,当产酸相的HRT为18 h时,其所能承受的最大容积负荷为8.18kg/(m3.d),此时其对COD的去除率为20%左右;当产甲烷相的HRT为24 h时,其所能承受的最大容积负荷为5.5 kg/(m3.d),此时其对COD的去除率为35%左右;产甲烷相对COD的去除率与产酸相出水的酸化度呈显著正相关。在产酸相进水COD为6 000 mg/L、产甲烷相进水pH值为7的条件下,当产酸相进水pH值为6、HRT为18 h及产甲烷相的HRT为48 h时,系统的处理效果较佳,出水COD为1 800 mg/L,对COD的总去除率可达70%左右。     

Hybrid reactor for priority pollutant-trichloroethylene removal

The present study was initiated to explore the potential of a hybrid biological reactor, combining trickling filter (TF) and activated sludge process (ASP), to treat wastewater containing trichloroethylene (TCE) at ambient temperature at different hydraulic retention time (HRT). The biofilm acclimation was achieved in 55-60 days with gradual increase in TCE concentration from 1 mg/l to 100 mg/l with a parallel increase in the concentration of substrate sodium acetate and other nutrients. COD and TCE concentration were taken as prime parameters for monitoring the growth of biofilm. During acclimation COD removal varied between 54.6-97.5% while TCE was removed 72.6-99.9%. HRT study was performed after acclimation. The removal efficiency increased with decreasing flow rate with maximum TCE removal (99.99%) at 6 l/d corresponding to an HRT of 28 h (TF 18 h + ASP 10 h). This was followed by a C:N:P ratio study. A ratio of 100:20:1 led to the sustenance of maximum TCE removal. Maximum TCE removal (99.99%) was observed at a substrate:cosubstrate ratio of 100:1. A pH of 7.4 +/- 0.2 was found to be optimum for degradation. Finally, volatilization losses were estimated to be 18.5%. A mass balance gave an efficiency of 81.51% for biological removal of TCE.     

Effect of HRT,SRT and temperature on the performance of activated sludge reactors treating bleached kraft mill effluent

Laboratory scale research on the effects of hydraulic retention time (HRT), solids residence time (SRT), high operating temperatures and temperature shocks on activated sludge (AS) treatment of kraft pulping effluent was performed using two 51 continuously fed bioreactors. Baseline performance of the reactors was established at 35°C by operating the reactors at steady state (HRT 10–12 h; SRT 12–15 d) for a period of two months. During this period percent removal of BOD, COD, and toxicity averaged 87.9 ± 4.3, 32.4 ± 9.0, 97.7 ± 0.4, respectively. Reactor MLVSS was 1675 ± 191 mg/l, effluent VSS was 45.5 ± 11.2 mg/l and specific oxygen uptake rate was 16.5 ± 3.3 mg O₂/g MLVSS·h. Varying HRT between 12 and 4 h and SRT between 5 and 15 d indicated that HRT had more of an effect on treatment performance than SRT. Longer HRTs led to improved BOD, COD, toxicity and AOX removal, while longer SRTs were not shown to significantly affect performance. Shorter HRTs and longer SRTs led to significant increases in specific oxygen uptake rates (SOURs). For reactors operated at temperatures between 41 and 50°C, removal of BOD and acute toxicity was comparable to that observed at mesophilic temperatures. COD removal was improved over that observed at mesophilic temperatures, possibly as a result of improved dissolution of organic compounds at the higher temperatures. The effect of temperature shocks (decreases of 7°, 16.5°, 32° and 40.5°C) on reactor performance was proportional to the size of the disturbance. Reactor performance returned to pre-shocking levels within 12–24 h for the two smaller temperature shocks. Approximately 72 h was needed for the system to recover from the two larger temperature shocks (32° and 40.5°C).