地下水源热泵不同布井模式下地下温度场变化模拟分析

针对地下水源热泵抽水井与回灌井布局模式对地下温度场的影响,通过建立地下水流与温度的耦合模型,从抽灌井布置间距及抽灌井数量角度模拟分析了不同布井模式下地下水温度的变化趋势和热贯通发生的基本特性。结果表明,同类井间距对热贯通影响不显著,抽灌井间距对抽水温度及热贯通时间影响较大;从热贯通发生时间来看,抽灌井数量越多热贯通发生的时间越延迟,但从温度偏离度角度分析,系统长期运行后抽灌井数量对抽水温度偏离度影响不显著。     

常温注水井对含水层热贯通的影响机理分析

为探究常温注水井对水源热泵热贯通现象的影响,利用FlowHeat1.0软件模拟了3组情景下含水层渗流场、温度场时空分布特征,并分析了常温注水井对含水层热贯通的影响机理和抽水井水温变化规律。结果表明,常温注水井通过减小回灌井、常温注水井之间的水力坡度和延长地下水渗透途径的方式达到缓解热贯通的效果;回灌井、常温注水井流量比相同时,常温注水井在抽灌井连线的位置对含水层热贯通的影响小;抽灌量不变时,常温注水井与回灌井的流量比越大,常温注水井缓解热贯通的效果越明显;在有利地下水回灌的水源热泵系统中,布设常温注水井能有效地降低含水层热贯通程度。     

地下水源热泵运行期间水热变化模拟分析

为探究地下水源热泵运行期间水热变化特征,以三门峡市地下水源热泵工程为例,通过HST3D软件中的FlowHeat模块,采用现场验证的概念模型与数学模型模拟了抽灌井制冷期(92d)运行工况。结果表明,在目前工况条件下,地下水水热变化对水源热泵利用工程影响不明显,发生热贯通可能性较小。     

地下水源热泵对井抽灌系统回灌能力研究

以西安市某水源热泵系统为例,建立对井抽灌渗流场模型,反演计算抽水过程与回灌过程的渗透系数,模拟分析含水层参数与井参数对热泵系统回灌能力的影响。结果表明:渗透系数是影响回灌能力的重要因素;相同含水层厚度条件下,应优先选择完整井地下水源热泵系统;减小抽灌井距对提高井的回灌能力效果不明显,但会提高发生热贯通的可能性;增大井径可减小抽水和回灌的压力,但会增加井的投资。回扬可显著提高回灌能力,越是回灌困难的系统,回扬效果越明显。     

基于1D/3D协同仿真流量与温差调控模式影响分析

针对地下水源能量利用系统建筑负荷的动态变化,基于1D/3D集成分析数值方法的基础上,分析了定流量变温差及定温差变流量两时变模式系统性能参数的变化。结果表明:定温差变流量调控模式由于抽水量小于定流量变温差模式,含水层发生热贯通时间较晚;发生热贯通后,由于抽水温差大于定流量变温差模式,冷水封面向抽水井移动速度较快,抽水温度下降幅度较大,热贯通程度显著。抽灌水流量对热贯通起主导作用,热贯通发生后抽灌水温差对地下水温度影响较大;定温差变流量模式机组的COP值迅速下降,运行过程中耗功较少,系统能效比较大。     

冷热负荷失衡条件下采能区地温场的模拟研究

以北京某地下水源热泵空调系统为例,利用地下水、热耦合数值模型技术,对冷、热负荷严重不平衡条件下地下水抽灌场地温度场的年内和年际变化进行了定量模拟预测研究,并对系统长期运行的可行性进行了论证.研究结果表明:抽水井和回灌井之间的距离相对较大,抽灌井之间的"热突破"程度较低;由于空凋系统的供暖负荷显著大于制冷负荷,抽灌区温度场将呈逐年下降趋势;抽灌场地是一个开放的系统,不断与外界发生能量交换.随着热泵空调系统的长期运行,抽灌区的温度下降速率越来越小,地温场渐趋稳定;由于热泵系统的年内冷、热负荷存在严重失衡,进而对热泵系统的运行效率将产生一定影响.     

地下水源热泵采能区水热耦合模型研究

为合理安排地下水源热泵系统的抽灌井布局,利用地下水数值模拟方法,通过Visual MODFLOW软件中的SEAWATV4热运移模块,概化地下水温度场运移过程,建立了符合研究区域水文地质特征的水热耦合数值模型,采用不同的变量对合理井距离进行模拟研究,模拟得出在水温变幅不超过2 ℃的前提下,抽灌量300、800、1 500、2 500 m3/d的合理井距分别为26.5、53.0、80.0、106.0 m,可知温度场的变化范围受井距和抽灌量影响明显并呈一定规律性,应根据水源热泵系统不同的抽灌量要求确定合理的抽灌井距离。     

井对间距与含水层采能区温度场的演化关系

抽、灌井对之间的距离是地下水源热泵采能工程设计中的重要参数之一。该文应用数值模拟的方法对不同井对间距条件下地下含水层采能区温度场的演化进行了定量模拟,并对地温场的演化规律与井对距离之间的关系进行了理论分析。研究结果表明,抽、灌井对距离越大,抽水井温度变化速度越迟缓,且温度变幅越小。其原因是:井对距离越大,渗流区水动力影响范围越大,抽、灌区等效渗流速度越小,回灌水向抽水井运动过程中散热(吸热)越充分。     

T2Well单井地下水源热泵水-热耦合数值模拟研究

以北京地区实际井参数刻画的单井地下水源热泵为研究对象,利用T2Well模拟器对单井系统地源热泵运行过程进行全面模拟,并对主要参数进行敏感性分析,探究对单井系统生产井温度、热突破时间的影响。距离井筒相同位置不同深度的点,埋深越大受回灌水温度的影响越小。每个运行周期结束时,温度场分布都能得到一定程度的恢复(同一周期内初始温度场相比)。水平方向渗透率同垂向渗透率的比值越大,越有利于回灌水在含水层中的运移,可有效保证热泵系统的取热温差。初步预计一个单井水源热泵系统能满足北京地区约1.5万m2面积建筑的供暖需求,约1.6万m2面积建筑制冷需求。     

地源热泵系统工作井优化布设地下水热量运移模拟

以某拟建地下水源热泵系统为例,针对地缘热泵空调系统工作井优化布设问题,通过建立理想的对井抽-灌概念及数学模型,模拟了特定水流及热源条件下抽水、回灌井不同间距夏季运行期间地下水热量运移过程.数值模拟结果表明,抽、灌井不同井间距对热泵系统夏季运行期间地下水热量运移过程影响显著,该方法为优化布设抽、灌井的合理间距提供了实现热泵系统良好运行的理论依据.     

热渗耦合的地下水源热泵抽灌井传热数值模拟

基于达西定律,分析了饱和区土壤中地下水源热泵抽灌井传热机制,构建了热渗耦合共同作用下的数学模型,研究了有无地下水渗流及渗流速度对抽灌井周围温度场变化的影响,使用COMSOL Multiphysics软件对建立的模型进行了分析模拟.实例结果表明,该模型具有较好的适用性,为系统的优化设计与参数合理匹配提供了理论支持.     

Influence on thermal response test by groundwater flow in vertical fractures in hard rock

In this paper different approaches to groundwater flow and its effect in the vicinity of a borehole ground heat exchanger are discussed. The common assumption that groundwater flow in hard rock may be modelled as a homogeneous flow in a medium with an effective porosity is confronted and models for heat transfer due to groundwater flow in fractures and fracture zones are presented especially from a thermal response test point of view. The results indicate that groundwater flow in fractures even at relatively low specific flow rates may cause significantly enhanced heat transfer, although a continuum approach with the same basic assumptions would suggest otherwise.     

地下水源热泵运行时渗透系数对含水层的影响

为减少地下水源热泵运行对地下空间的影响,运用颗粒迁移理论研究了地下水源热泵长期运行时渗透系数对含水层参数变化特性的影响。结果表明,随着地下水源热泵的长期运行,含水层孔隙率和渗透系数的变化特性与渗透系数的初始值无关,而承压水头的变化特性则受渗透系数的影响,渗透速度为影响含水层参数变化的重要因素之一,较小的渗透速度可有效减少地下水源热泵运行对地下空间的影响。     

Open-loop groundwater heat pumps development for large buildings: A case study

A study of the feasibility of providing the heating and cooling needs of the new, large commercial building near Turin, Italy, by means of an open-loop indirect groundwater heat pump (GWHP) system is described. A finite element subsurface flow and transport simulator (FEFLOW) was used to investigate possible configurations of extraction and injection wells for five different scenarios. Modelling results confirmed the hydrogeological capacity of the site to provide the necessary amount of groundwater and associated energy with limited environmental impact. Injection of warmer (or cooler) water in the aquifer creates a thermal plume whose dimensions and geometry depend on the properties of the subsurface formations, particularly their thermal dispersivity values. The study suggests that there are several possible well configurations that could support the GWHP system without adversely affecting the aquifer.     

Multi-injection rate thermal response test in groundwater filled borehole heat exchanger

During a thermal response test (TRT) or during operation of a borehole heat exchanger (BHE) system, a temperature gradient in and around the borehole is achieved. This causes convective flow in the groundwater due to density differences. In groundwater filled BHE the convective heat flow influences the heat transport in the borehole system. The size of the influence depends on the injection rate used, which changes during the year for normal BHE systems. Multi-injection rate TRT (MIR TRT) may be used as a method to detect the convective heat influence and to examine the effect on the BHE thermal transport parameters. It was shown that MIR TRT constitutes a valuable method to detect fractured bedrock and to examine the effect of different heat injection rates. For boreholes located in solid bedrock only the borehole thermal resistance was influenced by the convective flow. An increase in heat injection rate resulted in a decrease in resistance. It was shown that the length of the collector did not affect the result. For the fractured bedrock the effective bedrock conductivity was also affected, an increase in heat injection rate resulted in a higher effective bedrock thermal conductivity.     

Experimental Investigation on Heat Storage/Retrieval Characteristics of a Latent Heat Storage System

The charging and discharging characteristics of a latent thermal energy storage (LTES) system were experimentally studied. Pure paraffin and paraffin/expanded graphite (EG) composite containing 7% and 10% mass fraction of EG were used as the phase-change materials (PCMs). Various experiments were conducted with different heat transfer fluid (HTF) temperatures and flow rates for heat storage and retrieval, respectively. The time durations of the charging and discharging processes, the mean power, and the energy efficiency of the system, which are the important factors of the LTES system, were discussed. The results showed that natural convection played a crucial role in the heat transfer during the charging process of paraffin, but heat conduction was the main heat transfer mechanism during the discharging process of paraffin. The higher the flow rate was, the higher the charging and discharging rate would be. Large temperature difference between the HTF and the initial state of PCM would accelerate the charging and discharging processes. During the charging process, the large temperature difference would result in the accelerated phase-change process due to the enhanced natural convection that could be seen clearly when the PCM was paraffin. While no significant difference was found for different initial temperatures during the discharging process. The performance of the LTES was affected prominently by the PCMs, HTF temperatures, and flow rates. The energy efficiency was higher for the 10 wt% EG PCMs, and the mean power during the discharging process was larger accordingly.     

The influence of the thermosiphon effect on the thermal response test

The issue of natural and forced groundwater movements, and its effect on the performance of ground heat exchangers is of great importance for the design and sizing of borehole thermal energy systems (BTESs). In Scandinavia groundwater filled boreholes in hard rock are commonly used. In such boreholes one or more intersecting fractures provide a path for groundwater flow between the borehole and the surrounding rock. An enhanced heat transport then occurs due to the induced convective water flow, driven by the volumetric expansion of heated water. Warm groundwater leaves through fractures in the upper part of the borehole while groundwater of ambient temperature enters the borehole through fractures at larger depths. This temperature driven flow is referred to as thermosiphon, and may cause considerable increase in the heat transport from groundwater filled boreholes. The thermosiphon effect is connected to thermal response tests, where the effective ground thermal conductivity is enhanced by this convective transport. Strong thermosiphon effects have frequently been observed in field measurements. The character of this effect is similar to that of artesian flow through boreholes.