含半透明相变材料玻璃围护结构光热特性分析

建立考虑太阳辐射加热下,含半透明相变材料(PCM)类玻璃围护结构的一维相变导热和辐射传热耦合稳态传热模型,采用控制容积法结合布格尔定律,数值求解含相变材料玻璃围护结构内部的能量传递,分析相变材料的吸收系数和折射率对其内部温度分布、热流、透光率的影响。结果表明:玻璃围护结构的内部辐射传递对其传热过程影响较大;相变材料的吸收系数和折射率的增加有利于其内部温度、热流以及透光率的提高。该结论可为新型相变玻璃围护结构的设计提供理论参考。     

含相变材料层玻璃屋顶光热传输特性分析

模拟研究含半透明相变材料层玻璃屋顶的动态传热特性,分析相变材料半透明特性和天顶角对含相变材料层玻璃屋顶动态传热特性的影响。结果表明,相变材料半透明特性和天顶角对玻璃屋顶的温度延迟、内表面温度、热流、透射太阳能等影响显著;双层玻璃厚度为18 mm,相变材料层厚度为20 mm的玻璃屋顶结构适合中国北方严寒地区。     

内嵌树形翅片相变层电池热管理性能北大核心CSCD

针对被动式电池冷却方法存在相变材料导热性能差,无法及时释放电池热量的问题,本工作提出内嵌树形翅片强化相变层的传热特性。采用焓-孔隙率法建立了描述树形翅片-相变材料动态熔化传热过程的数学模型,数值分析了具有不同结构翅片相变材料的围护层,在1 C、2 C和3 C放电倍率下对电池温度的影响。与石蜡作为围护层相比,在3 C放电倍率下,石蜡内嵌直翅片可降低电池温度9.7 K;内嵌树形翅片时,相比于内嵌直翅片相变材料围护层电池温度可降低1.4 K。当树杈与树干的长度比为1.2时,内嵌树形翅片相变围护结构应用于电池热管理系统,可以得到较好的传热特性。     

含石蜡玻璃屋顶动态传热性能分析

开展了含石蜡玻璃屋顶大庆地区动态传热实验,研究了熔点、石蜡厚度对玻璃屋顶传热的影响情况。实验结果表明:石蜡材料熔点对含石蜡玻璃屋顶室内温度和延迟时间均有较大影响,且熔点越高,效果越明显;石蜡材料厚度对含石蜡玻璃屋顶室内温度有一定影响,对延迟时间影响不大,且不考虑光学特性时,厚度越大,蓄热效果越好。     

含二氧化硅气凝胶和相变材料三层玻璃窗热性能分析

为了研究含二氧化硅气凝胶和相变材料三层玻璃窗对严寒地区建筑能耗的影响,建立了相变材料层与其他透明壁层结合发生的传热数值模型。分析了含二氧化硅气凝胶和相变材料三层玻璃窗在不同二氧化硅气凝胶厚度、导热系数和不同保温材料下的动态热调节性能,得到了含二氧化硅气凝胶和相变材料三层玻璃窗内表面热流密度和液相率随时间的变化规律。结果表明:随着二氧化硅气凝胶厚度增加,总传热量降低和液相率增加,当二氧化硅气凝胶厚度为20～30 mm时,可以实现有效的利用太阳能;随着二氧化硅气凝胶导热系数增加,总传热量升高和液相率降低;当二氧化硅气凝胶的导热系数从0.022降低到0.014 W/(m·K)时,最大液相率从0.83增加到1.00。二氧化硅作为保温层比相变材料作为保温层具有更好的保温隔热作用。     

圆柱形等距螺旋盘管式相变蓄热装置蓄热性能研究

文章设计了一种以石蜡为相变材料的圆柱形等距螺旋盘管式相变蓄热装置,并通过实验分析了该装置的传热特性,以及传热流体入口温度、入口流量对石蜡的融化特性、相变蓄热装置的蓄热量及相变蓄热系统总传热系数的影响。分析结果表明:融化后期,石蜡的融化速率会明显加快;当传热流体入口温度一定时,随着入口流量逐渐增大,蓄热装置的最终显热蓄热量略微升高;与传热流体入口流量相比,传热流体入口温度对石蜡融化速率影响较大;相变阶段,石蜡的传热性能较强,传热流体入口温度越高,石蜡的传热性能越不稳定。     

双层相变蓄能辐射地板传热特性实验研究CSCD

本文构建了一种可用于供暖和供冷两种工况的相变蓄能辐射地板系统,该系统包含蓄冷和蓄热两层石蜡相变材料,相变点分别为18℃和34℃,针对该相变地板蓄冷和蓄热层上下相对位置的变化,通过实验研究了在供暖水温45℃和供冷水温15℃两种工况下,这两种不同结构的相变地板的传热特性,以及相变层对找平层、地板层等结构层的影响。结果表明,该相变地板系统可用于供热和供冷两种工况,两种结构模式下,不同结构层在蓄能过程中温度变化特性均相近,但释能过程温度变化特性区别较大。结构的变化对实验箱体内气温在供暖时影响较大,而在供冷时影响不大。综合供冷供暖两种工况,从系统冷量和热量的传递结果考虑,蓄热层在上、蓄冷层在下的结构传热性能更优,可缓解地板温度过快下降带来的热舒适性差及结露问题。     

相变材料特性对建筑围护结构传热的影响

采用有限容积法对选用相变材料时建筑围护结构的传热问题进行数值研究。利用"焓法模型"进行求解,得出如下结论:随着相变层的增厚,相变层内侧温度变化越小,稳定时间在增加;随着相变温度的升高,相变层内侧温度变化比较大,稳定时间在缩短,相变温度主要影响相变层的稳定时间;随着相变潜热量的增加,相变层内侧温度变化较小,稳定时间增长。由此可见,不同相变材料的潜热量对传热的稳定时间有直接影响;当导热系数较小时,固体层内侧温度变化较小,稳定时间比较长;当导热系数较大时,全天都可以较快地进行热传递,从而导致温度变化比较大;相变半径的影响可以不予考虑。     

太阳能单罐相变蓄热系统实验测试和数值模拟研究

太阳能的高效利用是解决能源短缺和环境污染问题的主要手段之一。文章基于太阳能相变蓄热系统,建立带有辅助热源的太阳能单罐相变蓄热系统实验台,并利用该实验台对相变材料(融点为48~50℃的石蜡)进行热能存储实验。实验结果表明:加热12 min后,顶层石蜡温度达到140℃以上,并且融化完全;加载完成后,中层石蜡的最高温度为63℃;静置2 h后,储能罐中的石蜡开始放载,最后均匀混合,顶层、中层和底层石蜡的温度均达到42℃。文章在实验结果的基础上,利用Fluent软件对太阳能单罐相变蓄热系统内相变材料(石蜡和熔融盐)的换热过程进行数值模拟,模拟结果表明,在相同时间内,当采用石蜡作为相变材料时,太阳能单罐相变蓄热系统的换热效率较高。     

太阳平板集热/储能相变传热的数值模拟

提出了一种高效储能平板集热器模型.该平板集热器中采用相变材料作为储能介质,不需储能水箱及防冻保护装置,因此节约了空间和费用.建立了太阳平板集热器内相变材料(石蜡)二维相变传热及自然对流模型,运用显热容法模拟了平板集热器内泡沫铝中石蜡相变融解传热过程.与平板集热器内填充纯相变石蜡的融解传热过程进行比较发现,泡沫铝可极大地提高相变石蜡的相变传热性能.计算结果为高效储能型平板集热器的开发提供了理论指导.     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.