干旱及复水对油菜苗期光合及叶绿素荧光特性的影响

以西藏当地推广的油菜代表品种芥菜型油菜（Brassica juncea L.）年河1号、白菜型油菜（Brasscia rapaL.）青油17号和甘蓝型油菜（Brasscia napus L.）藏油5号为材料,设置持续干旱1周和2周的2个干旱处理及干旱后复水1周、2周、3周的3个时期,研究苗期干旱及复水对油菜光合及荧光特性的影响。结果表明：（1）干旱胁迫造成油菜实际光化学效率（ФPSⅡ）、表观光合电子传递速率（ETR）、光化学淬灭系数（qP）、净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）、胞间CO2浓度（Ci）、蒸腾速率（Tr）均下降,且随干旱时间延长而降低。PSⅡ反应中心完全关闭时荧光产量（Fm）、最小荧光（Fo）随干旱时间延长而升高。PSⅡ原初光能转化效率（Fv/Fm）、PSⅡ的潜在活性（Fv/Fo）相对变化小,下降不显著。（2）干旱后复水1～2周时,油菜气体交换参数较前期干旱处理均有升高,复水2周后升高幅度大于1周,尤其是干旱2周处理后复水时参数值大幅度升高;复水3周时,油菜气体交换参数呈下降趋势,净光合速率明显下降。（3）干旱后复水1～2周时,油菜ФPSⅡ、ETR、qP值较对照均有升高,复水1周后较2周后的升高幅度大,尤其是干旱2周处理后复水时,它们的升高幅度大于干旱1周处理后复水的情形;Fm、Fo较对照仍有升高,复水3周各荧光参数值下降。复水后Fv/Fm、Fv/Fo值变化相对较小。     

澳洲青苹果实叶绿素荧光参数与虎皮病相关性

研究在冷藏条件（（0±1）℃）和常温（22 ℃）条件下澳洲青苹果实虎皮病的发展与叶绿素荧光参数之间的关系,在贮藏过程中测量最小荧光（Fo）、最大荧光（Fm）、可变荧光（Fv）和光化学效率（Fv/Fm）等叶绿素荧光参数的变化。结果表明：在贮藏过程中对照组果实Fo、Fm和Fv/Fm明显呈下降趋势;1-甲基环丙烯（1-methylcyclopropene,1-MCP）处理对Fo和Fv/Fm的影响明显,在采后0～60 d内其变化比较平缓,采后90 d后下降速度加快,而对Fm的影响不显著;低氧（LO2）处理对Fo和Fm的影响不明显,而Fv/Fm一直呈下降趋势,当Fv/Fm小于0.7时,果实表面出现褐斑,可推断虎皮病发生在采后90 d左右。另外,1-MCP和LO2处理可显著控制澳洲青苹果实虎皮病的发生。常温（22 ℃）条件加速了对照组和1-MCP处理组果实荧光参数的变化,随着贮藏时间的延长,Fv/Fm下降,且与虎皮病发病率呈显著负相关。     

萎凋对茶鲜叶不同叶位叶绿素荧光特征参数的影响

目的研究萎凋对茶叶水分和叶绿素荧光参数的影响。方法采用叶绿素荧光仪Imaging PAM对福云6号7个萎凋时间点进行水分含量测定及叶绿素荧光测定。结果不同叶位叶片萎凋过程的水分含量与叶绿素荧光参数之间具有一定的内在联系。不同叶位之间的叶绿素荧光参数在萎凋后期呈显著差异;叶片水分含量与叶绿素荧光参数的初始荧光F_0、非光化学淬灭系数(non-photochemical quenching, NPQ)之间呈极显著负相关,与叶绿素荧光参数的最大光化学效率F_v/F_m、光合潜在活性F_v/F_0、电子传递效率(electrontransferrate,ETR)、实际光合量子产量Y(Ⅱ)之间呈极显著正相关。结论鉴于上述叶绿素荧光参数与叶片水分含量之间的相关性,初步认为F_0、NPQ、F_v/F_m、F_v/F_0、ETR和Y(Ⅱ)作为茶树鲜叶萎凋过程中水分胁迫程度的指标是可行的,对鲜叶萎凋过程的在线判断具有一定的意义。     

氮用量对晒红烟生理特性的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了氮用量对晒红烟生理特性的影响。结果表明,随着氮用量的增加,硝酸还原酶(NR)活性、转化酶活性(INV)和叶绿素含量呈上升趋势,但团棵期大于150kg/hm2施氮水平处理的烟叶NR活性下降,不施氮和195kg/hm2施氮水平处理的烟叶NR/INV比值较低。在一定范围内,可变荧光(Fv)与固定荧光(Fo)的比值(Fv/Fo)和可变荧光与最大荧光(Fm)的比值(Fv/Fm)均随施氮量增加而递增,但旺长期以前氮用量大于150kg/hm2的处理Fv/Fo和Fv/Fm的比值反而降低。     

转基因抗草甘膦大豆的光合及荧光特性

本文比较了转基因抗草甘膦大豆40-3-2与常规栽培大豆荷豆13在光合、叶绿素荧光以及繁殖适合度参数上的差异,以评价在我国农田生境中转基因大豆相对于本土栽培种是否具备更强的入侵性或杂草化特征。结果表明,40-3-2花期叶片净光合速率低于同期的荷豆13,但水分利用策略优良,即蒸腾速率低、水分利用效率高,环境适应能力强。叶绿素荧光测定显示40-3-2全天只有轻微的光抑制现象,其光系统Ⅱ能够在高温和强光照条件下维持较高的光化学效率,而荷豆13叶片在正午时有强烈的光抑制。尽管如此,在没有除草剂选择压条件下,在生长和繁殖适合度上40-3-2相对于荷豆13无竞争优势,入侵性风险较低。     

KINETIC MODELINGS OF BROCCOLI COLOR CHANGES DURING CHILLED STORAGE

This work studied the kinetic models of broccoli color changes during storage. The Commission Internationale d'Eclairage ([CIE] International Commission on Illumination)‐L*a*b* color system parameters a*, b*, H°, total color difference (TCD), chlorophyll content and yellowness degree were used to determine the color changes under the storage conditions at 0, 5 and 10C. The broccoli ball was packed with high‐density polyethylene film. The experimental results showed that the package greatly promoted the activation energy of b* value in broccoli while delaying the respiration peak. The nonlinear regression analysis showed that the rate constants of color parameters b* and TCD were following a first‐order Arrhenius‐type reaction depending on temperature, and the polynomial model was suitable for the changes of a* and H° value. The observed results demonstrated that the variation of color parameters was in accordance with chlorophyll content and yellowness degree in stored broccoli, suggesting the possibility of a computer‐vision system application on the color grading of broccoli.     

SENSORY, NUTRIENT AND CHLOROPHYLL CHANGES IN BROCCOLI FLORETS DURING CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE STORAGE

Sensory (color, turgor, decay) and nutritional (vitamin C, β-carotene) quality of broccoli florets were evaluated during storage at 4C in air or under a controlled atmosphere containing 2% O₂+ 6% CO₂ (CA). Shelf-life, green color and chlorophyll retention were greater under CA than in air, although loss of stem turgor was accelerated. All samples stored in air had decayed sufficiently by the fourth week to be unfit for consumption, while samples stored under CA showed a few spots of decay after five weeks. However, CA was associated with browning at the cut surface of the stem. Retention of vitamin C was slightly greater in CA than in air, while β-carotene content increased at the end of CA storage. Returning the samples to ambient conditions for 24 h after storage under either conditions resulted in chlorophyll and vitamin C losses, whereas β-carotene content remained stable.     

THE INFLUENCE OF POSTHARVEST STORAGE, TEMPERATURE AND DURATION ON QUALITY OF COOKED BROCCOLI FLORETS

Fresh broccoli heads (Brassica oleracea L. var, italica) were stored at 1C, 5C or 10C from 0 to 14 days. After this postharvest treatment, heads were cut into florets, which were given a short heat treatment and afterwards stored in plastic bags for a period of 8 days. Storage time and storage temperature before processing affected the texture and color, chlorophyll, vitamin C and β-carotene of cooked florets. The texture of cooked florets was highly correlated with water loss of the raw heads. Significant correlations were found between yellowness, instrumental color measurements and chlorophyll for cooked broccoli. Vitamin C content was affected significantly by subsequent chill temperature storage of cooked florets, which previously were stored at 5C for a period from 0 to 14 days. After 3 or 8 days of subsequent chill temperature storage of cooked broccoli florets, the vitamin C content seemed to reach almost the same level irrespective of the duration of storage of the raw heads, β-carotene content of cooked broccoli florets was stable when raw broccoli heads were stored at 1C and 5C, whereas it decreased towards the end of the storage period when the heads were stored at 10C. After cooking, β-carotene content remained stable during subsequent chill temperature storage.     

Nondestructive Evaluation of Quality Changes and the Optimum Time for Harvesting During Jujube (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Zizyphus jujuba</Emphasis> Mill. cv. Changhong) Fruits Development

Jujube fruit is an increasingly important fruit in the world for its high nutrients content and the harvest time is crucial for jujube fruit quality. The aim of the study was to evaluate the quality changes and the optimum time for harvesting of jujube fruit (Zizyphus jujuba Mill. cv. Changhong) by chlorophyll fluorescence. Our results showed that jujube fruit cv. Changhong displayed a double sigmoid growth curve with a very short lag phase. At the last three ripening stages (72, 80, and 88 days after petal fall), Fo, Fm, and Fv showed positive and significant correlation with DPPH radical scavenging activity, total phenolic, reducing sugar, ascorbic acid, and total flavonoid (0.729 ≤ r ≤ 0.920, P < 0.05). However, pH, total soluble sugar and carotenoids showed negative and significant correlation with Fo, Fm, and Fv (−0.885 ≤ r ≤ −0.826). The last three ripeness stages in our study were differentiated using the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. Therefore, chlorophyll fluorescence is a helpful, nondestructive technique to evaluate the quality changes and the optimum time for harvesting of Changhong jujube.     

基于颜色参数变化的青花菜叶绿素含量预测模型

为研究青花菜贮藏期间叶绿素含量和颜色变化的关系,通过不同温度贮藏实验建立基于颜色参数-a/b值的叶绿素含量预测模型。将青花菜贮藏在273、278、283、293、303K条件下,测定花蕾-a/b值和叶绿素含量的变化。基于Arrhenius动力学方程分别建立青花菜-a/b值、叶绿素含量与贮藏时间和温度之间的动力学模型,再根据-a/b值与叶绿素含量变化的线性关系,进一步建立基于-a/b值的叶绿素含量预测模型。在275、280、285、295、305K贮藏温度条件下对基于-a/b值的叶绿素含量预测模型进行验证,预测的相对误差(RE)为4.31%,预测精度较高。因此该预测模型可以较好的预测在273～305K温度条件下青花菜叶绿素含量的变化状况,从而可为应用颜色参数的检测方法来检测青花菜的品质提供依据。     

不同大豆品种幼苗叶片光合及叶绿素荧光特性对套作遮荫的响应

选用4个耐荫性有差异的大豆品种为材料,通过与单作比较,研究了套作遮荫时不同大豆品种幼苗叶片光合及叶绿素荧光特性的差异。结果表明,套作遮荫提高了大豆叶片叶绿素含量、总叶绿素与类胡萝卜素比值（Chl（a＋b）／Car）、胞间二氧化碳浓度（Ci）、水分利用效率（WUE）、叶片初始荧光（Fo）、PSⅡ有效光化学量子产量（Fv′／Fm′）和实际光化学效率（ΦPSⅡ）;使叶绿素a与叶绿素b比值（Chla／b）、类胡萝卜素（Car）含量、净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）、气孔限制值（Ls）、蒸腾速率（Tr）、PSⅡ最大光化学量子产量（Fv／Fm）、光化学荧光猝灭系数（qP）、非光化学荧光猝灭（NPQ）呈减小趋势。套作遮荫降低了大豆地上部分干物质积累量,其干物质积累量与Pn呈极显著正相关。耐荫性相对较好的材料,如贡选1号和南豆12在套作遮荫下Pn下降较少,且有着相对较高的Chlb、Car分子组成比例、Fo和Fv／Fm。     

Combined Post-harvest Treatments for Improving Quality and Extending Shelf-Life of Minimally Processed Broccoli Florets (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Brassica oleracea var. italica</Emphasis>)

Broccoli is an important source of many nutritional and bioactive compounds. However, its shelf-life is very short due to physicochemical losses and microbiological degradation. This study was undertaken to implement treatments that could improve the quality of ready-to-eat (RTE) broccoli during storage by evaluating the effect of pre-treatment with calcium chloride (CaCl₂) and alginate coating on the physicochemical and microbial properties of RTE broccoli. Broccoli florets were pre-treated with three different concentrations of CaCl₂ (1, 2.5, and 4 g L^?1), then coated with an alginate formulation (13 g L^?1) and stored at 4 °C for 24 days. Texture, color, weight loss, respiration rate, and total mesophilic flora (TMF) counts were evaluated at days 0, 3, 7, 14, and 24 of storage. The obtained results in this study showed that combining pre-treatment with calcium and alginate coating led to reducing the weight loss and respiration rate of broccoli, maintaining its color and texture as well as extending its shelf-life by 6 days. These results not only allowed reducing post-harvest losses resulting in the loss of the product but also have a major impact on the environment and resources involved in the production process.     

Misting Affects Market Quality and Enzyme Activity of Broccoli During Retail Storage

Vitamin C, enzyme activities, color and texture changed in misted and nonmisted broccoli at 0, 24, 48 and 72 hr intervals during display cabinet storage (18°C). Reduced ascorbic acid (RAA), ascorbate oxidase and peroxidase activities, total chlorophyll extractions, Hunter-lab color and Instron texture measurements were followed. Misting significantly enhanced RAA (p=0.0001), and retention of chlorophyll (p=0.0001), and green color as measured by hue angle (p=0.0021) during 72 hr storage. RAA degradation in misted and nonmisted broccoli and total chlorophyll degradation in nonmisted samples followed first order kinetics. Peroxidase activity was significantly greater in both the nonmisted broccoli floret/stem (p = 0.0221) and stalk tissue (p=0.0079). No significant differences were found between misted and nonmisted broccoli for ascorbate oxidase activity (p = 0.9426) or Instron shear values (p = 0.3652).     

不同预冷方式对西兰花货架期品质的影响

本文研究了不同预冷方式对西兰花货架期品质的影响。将三组西兰花分别做如下三种预冷处理:冷库预冷(对照)、冰预冷、冷水预冷。西兰花中心品温度降至(1±1) ℃后,将西兰花从箱中取出后将西兰花放入温度为(20±1) ℃的库中贮藏。取降至(1±1) ℃的西兰花作为初值,之后每24 h取一次样,用于各种指标的测定。测定结果表明:与冷库预冷比较,冰预冷和冷水预冷处理可以有效抑制西兰花黄化,保持西兰花的色泽和良好的感官品质;提高了西兰花V_C含量、叶绿素和硫代葡萄糖苷含量,贮藏至4 d,冰预冷和冷水预冷处理西兰花的V_C含量要比CK处理分别高出15.6%和39.2%,叶绿素含量分别是CK组的1.87倍和2.44倍,硫代葡萄糖苷的含量仍能达到0.71 mg/g;抑制了西兰花电导率和丙二醛(MDA)含量的上升;提高了西兰花抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、超氧化物岐化酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)的活性,其中冷水预冷的西兰花POD活性变化最为显著,保持在一个很高的水平,清除了西兰花体内的H₂O₂和过氧化物、促进了抗氧化系统中的物质,增强了西兰花的抗氧化能力。冰预冷和冷水预冷处理可提高西兰花感官品质,延缓西兰花衰老,延长货架期2~3 d。     

包装材料对鲜切西兰花贮藏品质的影响

为了延长西兰花货架期,采用4 种膜包装鲜切西兰花,研究其在贮藏期品质的变化。将鲜切西兰花分别用 聚偏二氯乙烯（polyvinylidene chloride,PVDC）、聚乙烯（polyethlene,PE）、低密度PE、聚甲基戊烯4 种膜 包装,贮藏期间每3 d测定西兰花生理生化指标。结果表明：随着贮藏时间的延长,西兰花的品质逐渐下降;贮 藏12 d时,采用PVDC膜包装的西兰花的VC含量、可溶性固形物质量分数、过氧化物酶活力最高,质量损失率、 呼吸强度、丙二醛含量及多酚氧化酶活力最低;但PVDC膜在叶绿素保持及提高超氧化物歧化酶活力方面不如PE 膜。综合分析得出,鲜切西兰花贮藏0～9 d,PVDC膜保鲜效果最好;贮藏9～12 d,PE膜包装的商品性最高。     

预冷处理结合低温贮藏对西兰花贮藏品质的影响

为探讨预冷处理结合低温贮藏（0 ± 1）℃对西兰花贮藏品质的影响,以“苏青”6号西兰花试验材料,定期感官评定及测定呼吸强度、色差、叶绿素含量、叶绿素酶活性、V_C含量、总硫代葡萄糖苷含量、异硫氰酸酯含量、过氧化物酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性、抗坏血酸过氧化物活性以及丙二醛含量。结果显示,预冷处理结合低温贮藏西兰花,可有效延缓其黄化,保持较低的呼吸强度和较高的维生素C、叶绿素、游离酚、硫代葡萄糖苷和异硫氰酸酯含量,其中异硫氰酸酯含量在第31 d达241.41 mg/100 g·FW;有效保持较高的APX、CAT活性以及DPPH自由基清除能力,有效抑制POD和叶绿素酶活性,降低丙二醛含量。相关性分析显示:西兰花的叶绿素含量与叶绿素酶活性呈极负显著（P<0.01）相关,与POD活性显著（P<0.05）负相关;硫代葡萄糖苷、异硫氰酸酯含量与MDA含量呈显著（P<0.05）负相关。主成分分析结果显示:叶绿素含量、CAT活性、总硫代葡萄糖苷含量、叶绿素酶活性、呼吸强度和丙二醛含量可作为评价西兰花品质特性的关键指标。本研究可为西兰花的保鲜研究提供理论依据。     

Physiological and biochemical response of harvested plum fruit to oxalic acid during ripening or shelf-life

The effect of oxalic acid application on plum fruit (Prunus salicina cv. ‘Damili’) ripening properties during storage or shelf-life was determined. The fruits were dipped for 3 min in solutions containing 5 mmol/L oxalic acid and then were packed into polyethylene bags and stored at 25 °C for 12 days, or at 2 °C for 20 days and subsequently at 25 °C for 12 days. Ethylene production, fruit firmness, contents of pectin and anthocyanin, specific activities of polygalacturonase (PG), pectin methylesterase (PME) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), and chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) were measured. The application of oxalic acid reduced ethylene production and delayed softening of plum fruit. The inhibition of softening was associated with decreased PG and PME activities; that is, the retardation of pectin solubilization/degradation. During storage or shelf-life, flesh reddening and anthocyanin synthesis were significantly inhibited in oxalic acid-treated plum fruit, accompanied with decreased PAL activity. Furthermore, it was found that variable:maximalchlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm), an indicator of ripening, senescence or stress injury of fruit and vegetable, decreased much more slowly in oxalic-treated plum fruits than in control fruits. Thus, oxalic acid treatment can be an effective means to extend the shelf life of plum fruit.     

Modified Atmosphere Packaging Affects Ascorbic Acid, Enzyme Activity and Market Quality of Broccoli

Reduced ascorbic acid (RAA) content, total chlorophyll and green color retention, enzyme activities and texture changes were followed in broccoli spears packaged in polymeric film and nonpackaged during 96 hr storage (10°C). Concentrations within packages monitored by gas chromatography were (CO₂,) 8% and (0²) 10%. RAA retention, moisture content, total chlorophyll and color retention were greater in packaged broccoli. No differences were found between packaged and nonpackaged broccoli for ascorbate oxidase and peroxidase activities, or texture.     

Electron-beam irradiation of fresh broccoli heads (Brassica oleracea L. italica)

Broccoli is a popular item in the diet of the US population, commonly found in salads ready-to-eat. The recent recalls of fresh produce due to contamination with Escherichia coli and other pathogens emphasize the need to find effective means to treat minimally processed fresh foods. Our study assessed the effect of ionizing radiation using electron beams on the shelf-life, physicochemical properties, and consumer acceptability of broccoli florets. One-hundred broccoli heads were irradiated at 1, 2, and 3 kGy with a 10 MeV linear accelerator at 22 °C. We monitored pH, color, texture, respiration rate, weight loss, chlorophyll, total carotenoids, and vitamin C of irradiated and non-irradiated samples at 5-day intervals up to 14 days at 4 °C and 95% RH. Fifty consumer panelists scored the samples using a nine-point hedonic scale.Irradiation did not affect color, firmness, pH, and weight loss of the samples. Both irradiated samples and controls showed a slight change in color during storage, though the effect was not dose-dependent. Irradiation affected (P < 0.05) the respiration rates on the first 5 days of storage (higher CO₂ levels) but all samples, including the controls, attained the same equilibrium value. Vitamin C content of all samples decreased (P < 0.05) with storage time. Chlorophyll and total carotenoids content followed the same trend. In terms of overall acceptability, color, odor, and texture, all irradiated samples were highly accepted by the panelists with scores of 5 and above. By the end of shelf-life, only the controls showed significant quality decline (yellow color, off-odor) due to microbial spoilage. In summary, electron-beam treatment up to 3 kGy maintains the overall quality of fresh broccoli.     

Effects of Simulated Retail Display and Overnight Storage Treatments on Quality Maintenance in Fresh Broccoli

The quality of fresh broccoli during simulated retail display was evaluated using contact (ice) and air cooling separately and in combination. Chlorophyll and ascorbic acid were best maintained with air cooling, while weight was best maintained with ice cooling alone. In air-cooled display units, ice placed both on top of and beneath broccoli heads resulted in more rapid loss of chlorophyll and ascorbic acid than did bottom-icing alone. Bottom-iced broccoli in air-cooled units kept best overnight if left in place and covered with wet burlap. Removal to a 4°C walk-in cooler each night resulted in good color retention and marketability but weight loss after 4 days was significantly higher.