基于邻域三支决策粗糙集模型的软件缺陷预测方法

基于已有软件缺陷数据,建立分类模型对待测软件模块进行预测,能够提高测试效率和降低测试成本。现有基于机器学习方法对软件缺陷预测的研究大部分基于二支决策方式,存在误分率较高等问题。本文针对软件缺陷数据具有代价敏感特性且软件度量取值为连续值等特性,提出了一种基于邻域三支决策粗糙集模型的软件缺陷预测方法,该方法对易分错的待测软件模块作出延迟决策,和二支决策方法相比,降低了误分类率。在NASA软件数据集上的实验表明所提方法能够提高分类正确率并减小误分类代价。     

代价敏感的Boosting软件缺陷预测方法

软件缺陷预测可以有效提高软件的可靠性,修复系统存在的漏洞。Boosting重抽样是解决软件缺陷预测样本数量不足问题的常用方法,但常规Boosting方法在处理领域类不平衡问题时效果不佳。为此,提出一种代价敏感的Boosting软件缺陷预测方法CSBst。针对缺陷模块漏报和误报代价不同的问题,利用代价敏感的Boosting方法更新样本权重,增大产生第一类错误的样本权重,使之大于无缺陷类样本权重与第二类错误样本的权重,从而提高模块的预测率。采用阈值移动方法对多个决策树基分类器的分类结果进行集成,以解决过拟合问题。在此基础上,通过分析给出模型构建过程中权重和阈值的最优化设置。在NASA软件缺陷预测数据集上进行实验,结果表明,在小样本的情况下,与CSBKNN、CSCE方法相比,CSBst方法的BAL预测指标分别提升7%和3%,且时间复杂度降低一个数量级。     

基于Boosting的代价敏感软件缺陷预测方法

Boosting重抽样是常用的扩充小样本数据集的方法,首先针对抽样过程中存在的维数灾难现象,提出随机属性子集选择方法以进行降维处理;进而针对软件缺陷预测对于漏报与误报的惩罚因子不同的特点,在属性选择过程中添加代价敏感算法。以多个基本k-NN预测器为弱学习器,以代价最小为属性删除原则,得到当前抽样集的k值与属性子集的预测器集合,采用代价敏感的权重更新机制对抽样过程中的不同数据实例赋予相应权值,由所有预测器集合构成自适应的集成k-NN强学习器并建立软件缺陷预测模型。基于NASA数据集的实验结果表明,在小样本情况下,基于Boosting的代价敏感软件缺陷预测方法预测的漏报率有较大程度降低,误报率有一定程度增加,整体性能优于原来的Boosting集成预测方法。     

软件缺陷预测技术研究进展

随着软件规模的扩大和复杂度的不断提高,软件的质量问题成为关注的焦点,软件缺陷是软件质量的对立面,威胁着软件质量,如何在软件开发的早期挖掘出缺陷模块成为一个亟需解决的问题.软件缺陷预测通过挖掘软件历史仓库,设计出与缺陷相关的内在度量元,然后借助机器学习等方法来提前发现与锁定缺陷模块,从而合理地分配有限的资源.因此,软件缺陷预测是软件质量保证的重要途径之一,近年来已成为软件工程中一个非常重要的研究课题.汇总近8年（2010年~2017年）国内外的缺陷预测技术的研究成果,并以缺陷预测的形式为主线进行分析,首先介绍了软件缺陷预测模型的框架;然后从软件缺陷数据集、构建模型的方法及评价指标这3个方面对已有的研究工作进行分类归纳和比较;最后探讨了软件缺陷预测的未来可能的研究方向、机遇和挑战.     

深度信念网软件缺陷预测模型

软件缺陷预测技术在检测软件缺陷、保证软件质量方面发挥了重要的作用。利用神经网络分类算法构建的软件缺陷预测模型得到了广泛的应用。但是利用神经网络分类算法训练历史数据只能进行“浅层学习”,无法对数据特征进行深度挖掘。针对该问题,利用多层限制玻尔兹曼机叠加成深度信念网,先进行特征集成与迭代,并对这些特征数据进行深度学习,构建了基于深度信念网的软件缺陷预测模型(DBNSDPM)。仿真实验表明,本模型预测的准确性与传统的神经网络缺陷预测模型预测的准确性相比有显著提高。     

FSDNP:针对软件缺陷数预测的特征选择方法

软件缺陷预测先前的研究工作主要关注软件缺陷分类问题，即判断一个软件模块是否含有缺陷。如何量化一个软件模块中含有软件缺陷的数量问题还未被很好地研究。针对该问题，提出了一种两阶段的软件模块缺陷数预测特征选择方法FSDNP：特征聚类阶段和特征选择阶段。在特征聚类阶段中，使用基于密度峰聚类的算法将高度相关的特征进行聚类；在特征选择阶段，设计了三种启发式的排序策略从簇中删除冗余的和无关的特征。在PROMISE数据集上，使用平均错误率和平均相对错误率指标，与6个经典的方法进行了比较。实验结果表明，FSDNP能够有效移除冗余的和无关的特征，构建高效的软件缺陷数预测模型。     

融合多策略特征筛选的跨项目软件缺陷预测

针对跨项目软件缺陷预测过程中,软件缺陷数据存在无关信息或数据冗余等问题,提出融合多策略特征筛选的跨项目软件缺陷预测（cross-project software defect prediction based on Multi-Policy Feature Filtering,MPFF）方法。采用多策略筛选方法与过采样方法进行数据预处理;使用代价敏感的域自适应方法进行分类,分类过程使用少量已标记目标项目数据改善项目间分布差异;在AEEEM、NASA MDP及SOFTLAB数据集上进行了不同度量下预测实验。实验结果表明,在同构度量下MPFF方法相比Burank filter、Peters filter、TCA+和TrAdaBoost方法预测效果最佳。     

静态软件缺陷预测研究进展

软件缺陷预测在提高软件质量和用户满意度、降低开发成本和风险等方面起着非常重要的作用,在学术界如火如荼地展开了众多理论和实证研究,但在产业界却发现其存在着实用性差、效率低、未考虑缺陷严重等级等不足。为了查找具体原因,首先依据预测目标的不同,将静态软件缺陷预测细分为缺陷倾向性预测、缺陷的数量/分布密度预测和缺陷模块排序预测;然后从软件度量指标的筛选、测评数据资源库、缺陷预测模型的构建和缺陷预测模型的评价等四方面综述了上述三类静态软件缺陷预测现有的研究工作,详细地指出了各自存在的问题,重点综述了缺陷倾向性预测模型的构建和缺陷模块排序模型的构建方面的工作;最后结合在产业界的应用情况,指出了静态软件缺陷预测面临的挑战和瓶颈,展望了进一步的研究方向。     

基于流形学习的面向对象的软件缺陷预测模型

针对传统软件缺陷预测方法在预测面向对象的软件缺陷时存在的不足,提出一种基于流形学习的面向对象的软件缺陷预测模型。结合拉普拉斯特征映射法和分类方法,利用拉普拉斯特征映射法,对待预测的软件属性度量数据进行降维处理,得到其低维特征;利用分类算法,从低维特征数据中预测软件存在的缺陷。实验结果表明,该方法有效提高了面向对象的软件缺陷预测精度,也提高了算法的执行效率。     

基于Boosting的集成k-NN软件缺陷预测方法

软件缺陷预测是改善软件开发质量,提高测试效率的重要途径.文中提出一种基于软件度量元的集成k-NN软件缺陷预测方法.首先,该方法在不同的Bootstrap抽样数据集上迭代训练生成一个基本k-NN预测器集合.然后,这些基本预测器分别对软件模块进行独立预测,各基本预测值将被融合生成最终的预测结果.为判别新的软件模块是否为缺陷模块,设计分类阈值的自适应学习方法.集成预测结果大于该阈值的模块将被识别为缺陷模块,反之则为正常模块.NASAMDP及PROMISEAR标准软件缺陷数据集上的实验结果表明集成k-NN缺陷预测的性能较之广泛采用的对比缺陷预测方法有较明显的提高,同时也证明软件度量元在缺陷预测中的有效性.     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.