色散对GaN和ZnO的XRD摇摆曲线的影响

在用X射线双晶衍射研究GaN和ZnO结晶性能的实验中,观察到(102)非对称衍射摇摆曲线的半峰宽比(002)对称衍射更窄以及ZnO(002)摇摆曲线分裂的现象.经研究证实,这是由于Kα2线参与衍射引起的.通过计算Kα1和Kα2线在不同晶面衍射的分离角并与实验现象对比,阐明了GaN样品(102)半峰宽比(002)小以及ZnO(002)衍射峰分裂的原因.在此基础上,进一步分析了在使用不同参考晶体的双晶衍射系统中,GaN和ZnO的各晶面被X射线色散展宽的情况,并提出,在使用Si,Ge或GaAs的(220)面为参考晶面的双晶衍射仪中,GaN和ZnO的(002)和(102)面摇摆曲线的半峰宽受色散效应的影响小;而在使用Si,Ge或GaAs的(004)面为参考晶面的双晶衍射系统中,(002)和(102)面摇摆曲线的半峰宽受色散效应影响较大,此时(004)和(103)受色散影响小,因此用来表征晶体质量将更可靠.     

ScAlN缓冲层厚度对Si(100)衬底上GaN外延层的影响

采用脉冲直流磁控溅射方法在Si(100)衬底上制备了ScAlN薄膜。以溅射的ScAlN作为缓冲层,在Si(100)衬底上用金属有机化学气相沉积(MOCVD)技术外延了GaN薄膜。使用高分辨X射线衍射、原子力显微镜和拉曼光谱研究了ScAlN缓冲层的厚度对ScAlN缓冲层和GaN外延层的影响。研究结果表明,ScAlN缓冲层的厚度是影响GaN薄膜晶体质量的重要因素。随着ScAlN厚度的增加,ScAlN的(002)面X射线衍射摇摆曲线半高宽持续减小,GaN的(002)面X射线衍射摇摆曲线半高宽先减小后增大。当ScAlN缓冲层厚度为500nm时,得到的GaN晶体质量最好,其中GaN(002)面的X射线衍射摇摆曲线半高宽为0.38°,由拉曼光谱计算得到的张应力为398.38MPa。     

Si/SiGe/Si-SOI异质结构的同步辐射双晶貌相术和高分辨三轴晶X射线衍射

运用同步辐射双晶貌相术结合高分辨三轴晶X射线衍射对经原位低温热处理的Si/SiGe/Si-SOI异质结构进行研究，发现Si层（004）衍射峰两侧半高宽（FWHMs）处同步辐射双晶形貌像特征存在明显差异．对同步辐射双晶摇摆曲线中Si层（004）衍射峰的不对称性给予了解释，同时阐明了高分辨三轴晶X射线衍射2θ-ω扫描曲线中Si层（004）衍射双峰与Si层衍射结构的对应关系．     

Si/SiGe/Si-SOI异质结构的同步辐射双晶貌相术和高分辨三轴晶X射线衍射

运用同步辐射双晶貌相术结合高分辨三轴晶X射线衍射对经原位低温热处理的Si/SiGe/Si-SOI异质结构进行研究,发现Si层(004)衍射峰两侧半高宽(FWHMs)处同步辐射双晶形貌像特征存在明显差异.对同步辐射双晶摇摆曲线中Si层(004)衍射峰的不对称性给予了解释,同时阐明了高分辨三轴晶X射线衍射2θ-ω扫描曲线中Si层(004)衍射双峰与Si层衍射结构的对应关系.     

退火温度对ZnO薄膜结构和发光性能的影响

采用常压金属有机物化学气相淀积法在(0001)Al2O3衬底上生长出高质量ZnO单晶膜,在空气中进行了710～860℃不同温度的退火处理.用X射线双晶衍射、光致发光法研究了退火温度对ZnO薄膜的结构、发光性能的影响.ZnO(002)面X射线双晶ω扫描曲线的半高宽(FWHM) 随退火温度的升高变小,770℃后基本保持不变,ZnO(102)面双晶ω扫描曲线的FWHM一直变小.770℃退火后ZnO样品X射线ω-2θ扫描曲线中出现ZnO2(200)衍射峰.同时,光致发光测试表明,随着退火温度升高,带边发光强度减弱,与深能级有关的绿带发光出现并逐渐增强.通过ICP刻蚀,去除退火后样品的表面层,ω-2θ扫描曲线中ZnO2(200)衍射峰和PL谱中绿带发光均消失,表明ZnO2相和深能级缺陷在样品表面.     

射频溅射ZnO作缓冲层的HVPE法生长GaN厚膜

在低温HVPE-GaN/c-Al2O3模板上射频溅射ZnO作为缓冲层,采用氢化物气相外延(HVPE,hydridevapoarphaseepitaxy)法外延生长了高质量的GaN320μm厚膜。用高分辨率双晶X射线衍射仪(DCXRD)、原子力显微镜(AFM)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析了制备的GaN厚膜特性。结果表明,GaN(0002)面的X射线摇摆曲线衍射峰半高宽(FWHM)为336.15arcsec,穿透位错密度(TDD)为107cm-2,外延生长的GaN厚膜晶体质量较好,可以作为自支撑GaN衬底。     

退火温度对ZnO薄膜结构和发光性能的影响

采用常压金属有机物化学气相淀积法在(0001)Al2O3衬底上生长出高质量ZnO单晶膜,在空气中进行了710～860℃不同温度的退火处理．用X射线双晶衍射、光致发光法研究了退火温度对ZnO薄膜的结构、发光性能的影响．ZnO（002）面X射线双晶ω扫描曲线的半高宽(FWHM) 随退火温度的升高变小,770℃后基本保持不变,ZnO（102）面双晶ω扫描曲线的FWHM一直变小．770℃退火后ZnO样品X射线ω-2θ扫描曲线中出现ZnO2（200）衍射峰．同时,光致发光测试表明,随着退火温度升高,带边发光强度减弱,与深能级有关的绿带发光出现并逐渐增强．通过ICP刻蚀,去除退火后样品的表面层,ω-2θ扫描曲线中ZnO2（200）衍射峰和PL谱中绿带发光均消失,表明ZnO2相和深能级缺陷在样品表面．     

衬底温度对常压MOCVD生长的ZnO单晶膜的性能影响

以H2O作氧源,Zn(C2H5)2作Zn源,N2作载气,在50mm Al2O3(0001)衬底上采用常压MOCVD技术生长出高质量的ZnO单晶薄膜.用X射线双晶衍射、原子力显微镜和光致发光技术对样品进行了综合表征,报道了ZnO单晶膜的(102)非对称衍射结果.研究结果表明,在500～700℃范围内随生长温度升高,ZnO薄膜的双晶摇摆曲线半峰宽增宽,表面粗糙度减小,晶粒尺寸增大,在衬底温度为600℃时生长的ZnO膜的深能级发射最弱.     

衬底温度对常压MOCVD生长的ZnO单晶膜的性能影响

以H2O作氧源,Zn(C2H5)2作Zn源,N2作载气,在50mmAl2O3(0001)衬底上采用常压MOCVD技术生长出高质量的ZnO单晶薄膜.用X射线双晶衍射、原子力显微镜和光致发光技术对样品进行了综合表征,报道了ZnO单晶膜的(102)非对称衍射结果.研究结果表明,在500～700℃范围内随生长温度升高,ZnO薄膜的双晶摇摆曲线半峰宽增宽,表面粗糙度减小,晶粒尺寸增大,在衬底温度为600℃时生长的ZnO膜的深能级发射最弱.     

用侧向外延生长法降低立方相GaN中的层错密度

尝试用侧向外延(ELOG)方法来降低立方相GaN中的层错密度.侧向外延是在SiO2/GaN/GaAs图形衬底上进行的,对生长所得的立方相GaN外延层用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)进行了观察和分析,TEM的平面像表明经过ELOG方法生长后,立方相GaN外延层中的层错密度由侧向外延生长前的5×109cm-2降低至生长后的6×108cm-2.双晶X射线衍射(DCXRD)测量给出侧向外延前后外延层ω扫描(002)衍射摇摆曲线的半高宽(FWHM)分别为33′和17.8′,表明晶体质量有了较大改善.对立方相GaN侧向外延过程中层错减少的机制进行了讨论.     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Teleportation of an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state under the controlling of M controllers

A new quantum protocol to teleport an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state from a sender to a fixed receiver under M controllers(M < N) is proposed. The quantum resources required are M non-maximally entangled Greenberger-Home-Zeilinger (GHZ) state and N-M non-maximally entangled Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs. The sender performs N generalized Bell-state measurements on the 2N particles. Controllers take M single-particle measurement along x-axis, and the receiver needs to introduce one auxiliary two-level particle to extract quantum information probabilistically with the fidelity unit if controllers cooperate with it.     

A rigorous proof of MIMO channel capacity’s increase with antenna number

It is well known that adding more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver may offer larger channel capacity in the multiple-input multiple-output（MIMO） communication systems. In this letter, a simple proof is presented for the fact that the channel capacity increases with an increase in the number of receiving antennas. The proof is based on the famous capacity formula of Foschini and Gans with matrix theory.     

Diode-end-pumped Nd:YVO4/LBO lasers with 4.2W continuous-wave output at 457 nm

A continuous-wave (CW) 457 nm blue laser operating at the power of 4.2 W is demonstrated by using a fiber coupled laser diode module pumped Nd: YVO4 and using LBO as the intra-cavity SHG crystal With the optimization of laser cavity and crystal parameters, the laser operates at a very high efficiency. When the pumping power is about 31 W, the output at 457nm reaches 4.2 W, and the optical to optical conversion efficiency is about 13.5% accordingly. The stability of the out putpower is better than 1.2% for 8 h continuously working.     

Call for Papers

正Wireless Body-area Networks The last decade has witnessed the convergence of three giant worlds:electronics,computer science and telecommunications.The next decade should follow this convergence in most of our activities with the generalization of sensor networks.In particular with the progress in medicine,people live longer and the aging of population will push the development of wireless personal networks