The analysis of essential oils and extracts (oleoresins) from seasonings ‐ A critical review

A critical review of the analytical methods employed for the determination of the relevant components of seasonings is presented. Where the available methods were inadequate, new ones have been devised. Particular emphasis has been placed on those methods of analysis that provide a rapid and sufficiently accurate appraisal of seasoning extracts and essential oils from seasonings under routine control laboratory conditions. At the same time, the margin of error of these methods has been determined. The individual seasoning extracts were assessed according to the following criteria: (1) essential oil — cardamom, laurel leaves, cloves, origanum (marjoram), sage, and thyme; (2) essential oil and nonvolatile lipids — dillseed, coriander, caraway, mace, nutmeg, pimento (allspice), and celery seed; (3) essential oil and/or pungent ingredients — capsicum, ginger, and pepper; (4) essential oil and/or coloring matter — turmeric (curcuma) and paprika; (5) essential oil and other components — garlic, onion, and cinnamon.     

红油味型标准化制作工艺研究

采集专业烹调人员调制传统红油味型各调味料的使用量,经过定量分析,并设计正交试验,得到各关键调味料对红油味型的影响顺序,并得到最佳配方比例,成品为袋装复合调味料,可应用于餐饮企业或普通消费者对原料的调味.     

Discrimination of Chicken Seasonings and Beef Seasonings Using Electronic Nose and Sensory Evaluation

This study examines the feasibility of electronic nose as a method to discriminate chicken and beef seasonings and to predict sensory attributes. Sensory evaluation showed that 8 chicken seasonings and 4 beef seasonings could be well discriminated and classified based on 8 sensory attributes. The sensory attributes including chicken/beef, gamey, garlic, spicy, onion, soy sauce, retention, and overall aroma intensity were generated by a trained evaluation panel. Principal component analysis (PCA), discriminant factor analysis (DFA), and cluster analysis (CA) combined with electronic nose were used to discriminate seasoning samples based on the difference of the sensor response signals of chicken and beef seasonings. The correlation between sensory attributes and electronic nose sensors signal was established using partial least squares regression (PLSR) method. The results showed that the seasoning samples were all correctly classified by the electronic nose combined with PCA, DFA, and CA. The electronic nose gave good prediction results for all the sensory attributes with correlation coefficient (r) higher than 0.8. The work indicated that electronic nose is an effective method for discriminating different seasonings and predicting sensory attributes.     

Effect of Drying Treatment on Physical Identification Characteristics of Irradiated Seasonings

The effect of different drying treatments such as spray drying and vacuum drying on the sensitivity of physical detection methods (photostimulated luminescence (PSL), electron spin resonance (ESR), and thermoluminescence (TL)) was investigated for four types of irradiated seasonings. The slurry feed of each seasoning was exposed to γ-ray irradiation at doses of 0, 5, 10 kGy before being subjected to drying process. Spray drying was applied to beef and soybean seasoning while garlic and broth seasoning were exposed to vacuum drying according to routine protocols adopted in the industry. The samples were analyzed by PSL as a rapid screening method followed by validated methods including ESR spectroscopy and TL analysis. The PSL photon counts drastically dropped in all irradiated samples after both drying processes. No ESR signal was obtained from any of the irradiated seasonings before or after the drying applications. All the irradiated seasoning samples produced typical TL glow curves between the specific temperature range of 150–250 °C. However, the shape, peak, and intensity of TL glow curves were greatly affected particularly after the spray drying treatment. In conclusion, the dry treatment can significantly affect the irradiation detection characteristics in seasoning samples.     

食品配料的新星——综合性混合调味料

<正> 随着国际贸易的日益增长,食品市场及流通方式的不断发展,加速了食品加工业增长并向多样发展。相应地,这又要求在调味料方面作出改进,以适应消费者不断变化的口味。为迎接即将到来的21世纪,日本味之素株式会社综合多年在调味料开发上的经验,新近研制出AJIMATE 2000混合调味料。 这种浅棕色粉末状的混合调味料,PH值为5.5～6.0,易溶于水,能在食品加工的任何阶段中添加,又因其本身不带咸味,故毋须控制食品中盐的用量,可按原量添加。其基本组分和建议使用量分别见于表一和表二。     

天然色素在复合调味食品中的应用

文幸介绍天然色紊在鸡精复合调味料、膨化调味料、方便面及面膨化制品、方便食品调味料、火锅调味酱、休闲麻辣食品调味料、青状香精香料、调味酱莱、牛肉干制品方面的应用.     

Antimicrobial activity of essential oil extracts of various onions (Allium cepa) and garlic (Allium sativum)

Antimicrobial activity of different concentrations (50, 100, 200, 300 and 500 ml/l) of essential oil extracts of three type of onions (green, yellow and red) and garlic against two bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmomella Enteritidis, and three fungi, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium cyclopium and Fusarium oxysporum, was investigated. The essential oil (EO) extracts of these Allium plants (garlic and onions) exhibited marked antibacterial activity, with garlic showing the highest inhibition and green onion the lowest. Comparatively, 50 and 100 ml/l concentrations of onions extracts were less inhibitory than 200, 300 and 500 ml/l concentrations. However, with garlic extract, high inhibitory activity was observed for all tested concentrations. S. aureus showed less sensitivity towards EO extracts inhibition, however S. Enteritidis was strongly inhibited by red onion and garlic extracts. The fungus F. oxysporum showed the lowest sensitivity towards EO extracts, whereas A. niger and P. cyclopium were significantly inhibited particularly at low concentrations. Conclusively, where seasoning is desired, essential oil extracts of onions and garlic can be used as natural antimicrobial additives for incorporating in various food products.     

基于高效液相色谱法的麻辣火锅底料辣度分级模型建立及其在熬煮过程中的变化

基于高效液相色谱法结合感官评价结果,采用SPSS中的Fisher判别分析方式,对火锅底料进行辣度分级,得到麻辣火锅底料的辣度分级模型;研究熬煮过程中辣椒素类物质（capsaicinoids,Cap-S）的含量变化,得到其影响辣度分级的规律。结果表明,仅用感官评价对火锅底料进行辣度分级受感官评价人员的影响较大,结论准确度不高;若以火锅底料中Cap-S含量为分级标准,其正判率界值为24%＞20%,可以很好地将辣度分为5 个等级,分级模型较为合理。火锅底料熬煮过程会影响Cap-S的迁移,Cap-S在油相和水相中处于动态平衡状态,同时调味料中的Cap-S逐渐迁移到汤底中,使得熬煮过程中辣度总是不断发生变化。高效液相色谱法结合感官评价结果对火锅底料进行辣度分级,可以很好地区分火锅底料的辣度,指导消费者购买合适的食品。     

调味品行业现状与发展趋势分析(Ⅱ)

文章综述介绍了调味品行业的总体状况、行业特点和发展趋势;从多角度对不同规模调味品企业发展的商业机遇和不同类别产品的市场拓展途径进行了探讨;提出了开发新型调味产品的几点建议.     

调味品行业现状与发展趋势分析(一)

文章综述介绍了调味品行业的总体状况、行业特点和发展趋势;从多角度对不同规模调味品企业发展的商业机遇和不同类别产品的市场拓展途径进行了探讨;提出了开发新型调味产品的几点建议.     

Comparison of essential oils of clove buds extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide and other three traditional extraction methods

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of essential oil from clove buds with CO₂ was explored. The effect of different parameters, such as temperature (30 °C, 40 °C, 50 °C), pressure(10 MPa, 20 MPa, 30 MPa) and particle size (three degree index), on the extraction yield and the content of eugenol in extracts was investigated using three-level orthogonal array design. The experimental results show that the temperature has the largest effect on the eugenol content of the extracts, and particle size has the maximum effect on the oil yield. The essential oil of 19.56% yield, in which the maximum content of eugenol in extracts is 58.77%, can be extracted from clove buds at pressure of 10 MPa and temperature of 50 °C. Essential oil of clove buds obtained by SFE, hydrodistillation, steam distillation and Soxhlet extraction were further analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometric detection to compare the extraction methods. Twenty three compounds in the clove oils have been identified, showing that the composition of the clove oil extracted by different methods is mostly similar, whereas relative concentration of the identified compounds is apparently different. General characteristics of the clove oils obtained by different methods were further compared, and SFE is considered as the optimum process among the four processes for obtaining clove oil with high quality.     

羊肚菌调味料的制备工艺研究

利用羊肚菌深层发酵技术,以菌丝体为主要原料,制备一种新型的羊肚菌调味料。首先对发酵培养基进行筛选,再利用响应面分析法,对影响羊肚菌调味料风味的发酵条件进行优化。结果表明,羊肚菌调味料的发酵培养基为:马铃薯10%,蔗糖3%,蛋白胨0.1%,酵母膏0.5%,KH2PO4和MgSO4各0.05%;确定最佳摇瓶发酵条件为:摇床频率96.54r/min,培养温度27.94℃,发酵周期6天。该调味料具有羊肚菌特有的菌香味,味道鲜美,口感佳。     

Evaluating taste contribution of brown sugar in chicken seasoning using taste compounds,sensory evaluation,and electronic tongue

In this study, the taste contribution of brown sugar in chicken seasoning was evaluated. Chicken seasonings containing brown sugar (AB), white sugar (AW), and liquid sugar (AL) were compared by the detection of taste compounds, sensory evaluation, and electronic tongue measurements. The correlation model of the three kinds of data was built by partial least squares regression (PLSR). The contents of the taste compounds in sample AB was higher than in sample AW and lower than in sample AL. Sample AB had the strongest “umami” and “full-body” taste and the highest response values for the UMS and GPS sensors. Combined with the PLSR results, brown sugar could be used to balance the taste of chicken seasoning. In conclusion, brown sugar had a positive effect on flavor quality and could help to improve chicken seasoning recipes.     

基于SPME-GC-MS和电子舌制备羊肉复合调味料

为制备羊肉风味复合调味料,通过固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱（solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,SPME-GC-MS）联用技术对内蒙古羔羊前腿肉和后腿肉的挥发性风味物质进行研究。采用分步酶解法处理羊后腿肉,联合使用β-环糊精和姜进行脱膻处理,并对酶解液进行美拉德反应,结合SPME-GC-MS、电子舌和感官评价分析羊肉酶解液和美拉德反应液的特征风味物质,并以美拉德反应液为风味基料确定最佳羊肉复合调味料。结果表明：羊后腿肉中低风味阈值的醛类、不饱和醇类以及重要酸类化合物的含量较高,且产生腥味的胺类物质和产生刺激性气味的1-丁醇较前腿肉低,表明其更适于制备调味料;酶解液中添加3%姜较5% β-环糊精更利于膻味去除;美拉德反应可增强复合调味料的整体风味,其主要特征风味物质为4-甲基-5-(β-羟乙基)噻唑、2-甲基-3-呋喃硫醇和噻吩-2-硫醇。此研究可为开发高品质肉味调味料提供参考。     

Effects of traditional chinese cooking methods on formation of heterocyclic aromatic amines in lamb patties

Different amounts of the potent mutagenic and/or carcinogenic heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) are formed in muscle-based foods under different cooking methods. HAAs (9 varieties) in lamb patties cooked using traditional Chinese cooking methods (roasting, frying, panfrying, and stewing in seasonings) were investigated. The total HAAs contents in roasted, fried, pan-fried, and stewed patties were 4.39-123.15 ng/g, 3.59-43.24 ng/g, 0.71-10.05 ng/g, and 51.07-120.32 ng/g, respectively. Amounts of HAAs increased as cooking time increased. 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo [4,5-b] pyridine (PhIP) was the dominant HAAs in deep roasted and fried samples, while 1-methyl- 9H-pyrido [3,4-b] indole (Harman) and 9H-pyrido [3,4-b] indole (Norharman) were the main HAAs in pan-fried and stewed samples. Types and contents of HAAs formed at different cooking times using different methods are unique. Stewing in seasoning generated a higher HAAs content than the high-temperature cooking methods roasting, frying, and pan-frying.     

Evaluation of Allium and its Seasoning on Toxigenic,Nutritional, and Sensorial Profiles of Groundnut Oil

Mitigation of xerophilic storage fungi‐associated aflatoxin threat in culinary oil will be a new technology advantage to food industries. Groundnut oil isolate Aspergillus flavus MTCC 10680 susceptibility to Allium species (A. sativum L., A. cepa L., and A. cepa var. aggregatum) extracts, composition, and in silico confirmation of extract's phytoconstituent aflatoxin synthesis inhibition were determined. The behavior of seasoning carrier medium groundnut oil in the presence of Allium was also determined. All the Allium species extracts exhibited concentration dependent in vitro inhibition on mycelial biomass, radial growth, and toxin elaboration. The gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry revealed the presence of 28, 16, and 9 compounds in the extracts of A. sativum, A. cepa, A. cepa var. aggregatum, respectively. The Allium phytocostituents‐like hexadecanoic acid, 5‐Octanoyl‐2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)‐pyrimidinetrione, Guanosine, and so on, showed higher binding energy with aflatoxin synthesis key enzyme ver1. Allium seasoning increased the typical nutty odor of the groundnut oil with sweet aroma note as well as intensification of pale yellow color. Allium seasoning exhibited the highest aflatoxin detoxification and aroma development without any nutritional loss. Culinary oil Allium seasoning has anti‐aflatoxin and food additive potential for use in food industries.     

调味香辛料众香子的研究进展及在食品中的应用

众香子是近年来非常受欢迎的调味香辛料,在食品工业中得到了广泛应用。本文综述了众香子在食品中的应用范围,众香子精油的提取方法和理化性质,众香子的化学成分以及生物活性物质等方面的研究进展。此外,对众香子在食品调味和保鲜贮藏方面的应用前景进行了展望。     

月桂叶精油抗氧化活性及在食用调味油中的应用

以月桂叶为原料,从总抗氧化活性、过氧化值、清除DPPH、清除羟基自由基4个指标对比了月桂叶精油和常用油脂抗氧化剂的抗氧化能力;并将月桂叶精油与基础油调配,采用电子鼻评价了油脂储藏的稳定性以及不同光照和油炸过程的品质变化。实验结果表明：当浓度为2.5×10-2 mg/mL、3.0×10-2 mg/mL时,精油的总抗氧化性能要优于其他单体抗氧化剂;在55℃的加速氧化过程中,当精油浓度达到0.3%时,调味油的抗氧化性能明显提升;以多力葵花籽油为基础油,0.8%的精油添加量进行调配,经过不同时间加速氧化的调味油表现出不同的气味信息,且不同储藏时间的油样可以很好区分。避光保存与自然光保存对油脂自身氧化速度影响不大,而全日光会加速氧化,在80天全日光保存后,油脂的过氧化值接近15 mmol/kg。电子鼻SQC分析显示,前三次煎炸后油的品质变化不大,从第四次煎炸开始,调味油的质量变化显著,并有新的挥发性物质产生。     

Antioxidant activity and chemical constituents of essential oil and extracts of Rhizoma Homalomenae

Antioxidant activity and composition of essential oil and extracts of Rhizoma Homalomenae were determined. The extracts, especially the ethyl acetate extract (QJ4 fraction) of the aqueous residue after oil distillation, had considerable antioxidant potency which was significantly associated with their total phenolic and flavonoid contents, but the essential oil showed only weak or moderate activity. GC–MS analysis of the essential oil (yield: 0.82%, v/w) resulted in the identification of 77 compounds, accounting for 96.5% of the content of the oil. The major components, epi-α-cadinol (14.8%), α-cadinol (14.8%), α-terpineol (13.8%), linalool (11.1%), terpinen-4-ol (4.92%), and δ-cadinene (4.91%) constituted 64.3% of it. LC–MS/MS and HPLC analyses showed seven phenolic compounds (protocatechuic acid, vanillic acid, syringic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid and apigenin) with a great amount in the ethyl acetate extract (QJ4 fraction). The strong antioxidant properties of the plant extracts may be attributed to the presence of these phenolics.     

Adhesion of Dry Seasoning Particles onto Tortilla Chip

ABSTRACT: In a wind tunnel experiment, the amount of seasoning retained by a fried tortilla chip when exposed to air at different flow rates (0.516 to 1.115 m/s) and angles of inclination (0° to 60°) was measured. The inferred adhesion force of seasoning particle and chip surface using boundary layer theory increased with seasoning particle size (32 to 300 μm), oil content of tortilla chip (24% to 32%), viscosity (55.9 to 72.2 cP), and surface tension (27.5 to 34.1 mN/m) of oil and was in the range of 1.6 × 10⁻⁹to3.3 × 10⁻⁷N. The calculated values of adhesion force accounting for van der Waals, electrostatic, and capillary forces showed the same qualitative trend as the experimental data.