聚焦离子束技术及其在微纳加工技术中的应用

聚焦离子束（FIB）技术是一种集形貌观测、定位制样、成份分析、薄膜淀积和无掩模刻蚀各过程于一身的新型微纳加工技术。它突破了只能对表层成像和分析的局限，可以对样品进行三维的、表面下的观察和分析，也可以对样品材料进行切割研磨和沉积特定材料，用它可以获得以前无法得到的样品信息。从而为研究人员和制造人员提供了一种对多种样品在纳米尺度进行修改、制作和分析的有效工具。     

原子力声显微镜的原理及应用

原子力声显微镜结合了超声检测技术的三维成像能力与原子力显微镜的纳米尺度成像的近场显微技术。它在商用的原子力显微镜设备的基础上加以压电超声传感器产生声激励,并使用锁相放大器对数据进行收集分析,既可得到三维的纳米级的清晰形貌图,又能通过建模分析样品表面的接触刚度及样品的弹性模量。目前,原子力显微镜被广泛应用于材料领域,用于检测样品的机械性能,比如样品的接触刚度、薄膜高分子材料的弹性模量,同时还运用于医学生物领域,用于观察细胞的超微结构及其表面和亚表面的弹性模量等。     

纳米技术在高分子材料改性中的应用

纳米粒子具有许多新的特性 ,利用它对高分子材料进行改性 ,可以得到具有特殊性能的高分子材料或使高分子材料的性能更加优异。本文介绍了纳米粒子改性高分子材料的原理及发展前景 ,以及纳米粒子技术在塑料、橡胶和化学纤维中的改性应用。     

聚3，4-乙烯二氧噻吩/纳米多孔金复合电极的制备及其在超级电容器中的应用

通过一步法将单体3,4-乙烯二氧噻吩(EDOT)电化学聚合到具有高导电率和大比表面积的纳米多孔金(NPG)上,成功制备了具有完美核壳结构的聚3,4-乙烯二氧噻吩/纳米多孔金（PEDOT/NPG）复合电极材料。通过SEM、TEM、Raman和X射线能谱仪对复合电极材料的形貌、微观结构、振动特性和元素组成进行了分析和表征。使用电化学工作站对其电化学性能进行了系统的研究。在三电极体系中,PEDOT/NPG复合电极材料在3 A/g的低电流密度下,质量比电容可以达到555 F/g,其能量密度和功率密度分别为177.58 W·h/kg和1.73 kW/kg。同时该电极材料经过2 000次循环伏安测试后仍然可以保持最大电容的91.5%,电化学性能优异。      

螺旋波等离子体沉积纳米硅薄膜结构特性

采用螺旋波等离子体化学气相沉积(HWPCVD)技术,以SiH4作为源反应气体在Si(100)和玻璃衬底上制备了纳米Si薄膜。通过X射线衍射(XRD)、Raman光谱、原子力显微镜(AFM)对所制备的材料结构和形貌等特性进行表征,分析了纳米Si薄膜结构随衬底温度变化的规律。实验结果表明,在较低的衬底温度(100-300℃)范围内,可以实现高晶化度纳米Si薄膜的沉积,颗粒大小在4-8nm之间,样品的晶化度随着衬底温度升高而升高,晶粒大小也随之增大,样品表面光滑,晶粒分布均匀。     

以色列发现材料间纳米薄层可显著降低界面能

以色列理工学院的研究人员日前发现,材料间的纳米薄层具有一种介于固态和液态之间的独特性质,可显著降低两种不同材料之间的界面能,从而使它们更稳固地结合在一起。研究人员称,在材料间发现地这种纳米薄层非传统的物质状态,因为它既不是液体也不是固态,而是介于两者之间,这种特性提升了不同材料界面间的粘度和稳定性,该研究为描述     

高压合成纳米晶Bi0.85Sb0.15的低温热电性

通过机械合金化法获得Bi0.85Sb0.15纳米晶粉末材料,在常温下冷压成型并分别在不同温度下进行高压处理,制备出块状样品.X-ray衍射实验证实已形成了Bi0.85Sb0.15单相合金.测量了样品在80～300 K温区的Seebeck系数和电导率,计算出材料的功率因子与温度的关系.在523 K 6 GPa下压制30 min的样品,其Seebeck系数在150 K达到-173μV/K,比同温度下单晶材料样品的Seebeck高大约60%,功率因子在200 K达到3.27×10-3 W/m·K2,表明高压处理可以有效改善材料热电性能.高分辨电镜分析发现材料中存在均匀分布的小于5 nm的"纳米点","纳米点"的存在导致材料Seebeck系数在低温显著提高.     

纳米材料

美国:用纳米粒子挖出世界最小隧道据物理学家组织网近日报道,德国卡尔斯鲁厄理工学院和美国莱斯大学的研究人员,用镍纳米颗粒在一块石墨样品上挖掘出了直径只有几纳米的纳米隧道。该技术让材料内部在纳米层次上的组织和重新构建成为了现实,在医学、电池制造等领域有着广泛的应用前景。相关论文发表在最新一期的《自然·通信》杂志上。研究人员称,这种隧道由镍纳米颗粒被氢气加热后在石墨样本上形成。实验     

合金元素对块体纳米晶Fe3Al材料磁学性能的影响

为了研究合金元素对块体纳米晶Fe3Al材料磁学性能的影响,通过铝热反应熔化法制备了纳米晶Fe3Al以及分别含Ni质量分数10%、Cr质量分数10%、Mn质量分数10%和含Ni质量分数10%-Cu质量分数2%的块体纳米晶Fe3Al.在振动样品磁强计(VSM)上测得合金的磁滞回线,分析其磁性能,采用X射线衍射仪进行结构分析和平均晶粒尺寸计算.结果表明:各样品的磁滞回线呈倾斜状且狭长,磁滞损耗很小;含Ni质量分数10%的样品饱和磁化强度Ms较大,剩余磁化强度Mr和矫顽力Hc较其他样品最小,具有较好的软磁性能;添加合金元素后几种材料的晶粒尺寸变小,磁性能有较大变化,合金元素对纳米晶Fe3Al块体材料的磁性能影响明显.     

表面粗糙度和基底效应对有机涂层纳米压入测试结果的影响

为了研究表面粗糙度和基底效应对有机涂层纳米压入测试结果的影响,选择了基板相同、涂层厚度相同但材料不同的三种有机涂层样品进行表面粗糙度扫描和纳米压入测试。结果表明：纳米压入测试的基底效应受材料的影响,对于不同材料的涂层,基底效应出现的压入深度也不同;同种类型的涂层表面粗糙度越小,其纳米压入硬度值越低,同时表面粗糙度的降低使得纳米压入测试结果的重复性提高。     

Phase-only diffractive optical elements with subdiffraction-limited depth of focus

Abstract

Phase-only subdiffraction-limited depth of focus (DOF) elements are proposed and a relatively simple method is given which reduces the number of design parameters to four. A diffractive optical element with subdiffractive-limited DOF was experimentally demonstrated for the first time. Experimental results are in close agreement with numerical prediction. Several calculated examples show that the DOF for subdiffraction-limited elements can decrease by an amount, ranging from 37% to 71% compared to the DOF for a diffraction-limited element when ρ is chosen close to zero. The reduction is determined by the focal length of the element and the required distance between the primary peak (focal plane) and the secondary peak, both in units of wavelength. The latter, i.e. the peak-to-peak distance, determines the maximum applicable DOF. The influence of input laser beam parameters, such as phase distribution and beam size, on the focusing performance have also been investigated.     

Dynamic equilibrium equations of composite anisotropic beams considering the effects of transverse shear deformations and structural damping

In this paper, Hamilton's principle is used to derive the dynamic equilibrium equations of composite nonprismatic beams made of anisotropic materials. The effects of transverse shear deformations and structural damping are considered. The displacements are defined on an arbitrarily selected coordinate system. For Hamilton's principle, the dynamic behavior of nonprismatic beams is characterized by two energy functions: a kinetic energy and a potential energy. The formulation uses the procedure of variational operations. The obtained dynamic equilibrium equations and natural boundary conditions are highly coupled.     

广义梁函数在短梁问题中的应用

本文运用广义梁函数推导出短梁在不同边界条件下的转角和位移方程,并在该方程的基础上建立起短梁弯矩和剪力计算公式。     

多跨的三种梁的横向自由振动模型

运用了参数变易法对Timoshenko、Rayleigh和shear梁的横向自由振动模型进行了推导,分析了铰支座、集中质量、转动惯性、拉压弹簧和扭转弹簧的复杂边界条件的情形,进而给出了带有多个复杂边界条件的三种梁的自由振动模型。在其简化的Euler梁下对三个有一定工程实践意义的模型进行了推导,分别是双跨梁、双跨梁带有任意个集中质量和单跨梁带有任意个拉压弹簧的自由振动模型,三个模型的频率方程的结果与已有文献的结果相比具有很好的一致性。并运用Nastran将双跨梁进行了算例分析,结果本文提出的公式计算的一阶频率与有限元方法得出的一阶频率之差小于5%,表明提出的模型是合理可用的。     

C beam elements based on the Refined Zigzag Theory for multilayered composite and sandwich laminates

The paper deals with the development and computational assessment of three- and two-node beam finite elements based on the Refined Zigzag Theory (RZT) for the analysis of multilayered composite and sandwich beams. RZT is a recently proposed structural theory that accounts for the stretching, bending, and transverse shear deformations, and which provides substantial improvements over previously developed zigzag and higher-order theories. This new theory is analytically rigorous, variationally consistent, and computationally attractive. The theory is not affected by anomalies of most previous zigzag and higher-order theories, such as the vanishing of transverse shear stress and force at clamped boundaries. In contrast to Timoshenko theory, RZT does not employ shear correction factors to yield accurate results. From the computational mechanics perspective RZT requires C⁰-continuous shape functions and thus enables the development of efficient displacement-type finite elements. The focus of this paper is to explore several low-order beam finite elements that offer the best compromise between computational efficiency and accuracy. The initial attention is on the choice of shape functions that do not admit shear locking effects in slender beams. For this purpose, anisoparametric (aka interdependent) interpolations are adapted to approximate the four independent kinematic variables that are necessary to model the planar beam deformations. To achieve simple two-node elements, several types of constraint conditions are examined and corresponding deflection shape-functions are derived. It is recognized that the constraint condition requiring a constant variation of the transverse shear force gives rise to a remarkably accurate two-node beam element. The proposed elements and their predictive capabilities are assessed using several elastostatic example problems, where simply supported and cantilevered beams are analyzed over a range of lamination sequences, heterogeneous material properties, and slenderness ratios.     

Dynamic analysis of Timoshenko beams by the boundary element method

A Boundary Element Method formulation is developed for the dynamic analysis of Timoshenko beams. Based on the use of not time dependent fundamental solutions a formulation of the type called as Domain Boundary Element Method arises. Beside the typical domain integrals containing the second order time derivatives of the transverse displacement and of the rotation of the cross-section due to bending, additional domain integrals appear: one due to the loading and the other two due to the coupled differential equations that govern the problem. The time-marching employs the Houbolt method. The four usual kinds of beams that are pinned–pinned, fixed–fixed, fixed–pinned and fixed–free, under uniformly distributed, concentrated, harmonic concentrated and impulsive loading, are analyzed. The results are compared with the available analytical solutions and with those furnished by the Finite Difference Method.     

Beam wander of partially coherent Airy beams

The beam wander of a partially coherent Airy beam in a turbulent atmosphere was investigated. By using the extended Huygens–Fresnel integral, as analytical expression is derived for the second-order moment of a partially coherent Airy beam. Based on the theory proposed by Andrews, a general expression is obtained for the beam wander of a partially coherent Airy beam. With the help of the expression, various factors which impact on the beam wander are illustrated numerically. The results show that the beam wander of a partially coherent Airy beam decreases with the increase of the characteristic scale and the decrease of the coherent length or the exponent truncation factor. The value of the beam wander is a maximum when the exponent truncation factor is 0.63, no matter what the coherent lengths are. Our results provide an effective way to control the beam wander of a partially coherent Airy beam in practice.     

不同波束形成的参量阵近场比较

文章采用KZK方程数值求解均匀平面阵,聚焦阵及非衍射阵形成的参量阵波束近场声场,比较了不同波束声轴上的原、差叔声压级及声截面。     

BEAM STIFFNESS MATRIX BASED ON THE ELASTICITY EQUATIONS

A new general beam stiffness matrix which accounts for bending, torsion and shear deformation is derived from an elasticity solution of the beam. The influence of shear and torsion is considered using a 3×3 matrix of deformation coefficients. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the behaviour of the deformation coefficients and of the beam stiffness matrix. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

附加约束阻尼层的复合材料梁单元建模分析

复合材料空心圆截面梁是桁架和刚架结构中大量采用的常用构件，而实践证明约束阻尼层能有效改善复合材料空心圆截面梁的动力学特性，但传统的约束阻尼层结构有限元计算方法需要大量的单元，这给大型复杂结构的计算带来了巨大的困难。本文采用Timoshenko梁假定。建立了一类附加约束阻尼层复合材料空心圆截面梁弯曲的数学模型。应用Hamilton原理。采用三节点高次梁单元对构件进行离散化。建立了附加约束阻尼层复合材料空心圆截面梁的梁单元。同传统的锥壳单元相比，该方法极大地减少了计算时间。用实验验证了本文计算结果的正确性。同时也分析了约束层厚度对损耗因子的影响。