凝固剂种类对大豆蛋白质组分7S和11S胶凝能力的影响

在分离纯化得到具有较高纯度大豆蛋白7S和11S组分的基础上,采用动态流变仪测定了不同凝固剂单独作用于7S和11S时的胶凝曲线.结果表明,在采用葡萄糖酸内酯(GDL)作为凝固剂时,在GDL质量浓度0.5g/dL,60℃条件下,11S组分的胶凝速度明显高于7S组分,但反应后期两者形成的凝胶强度相当;转谷氨酰胺酶(TGS)更有利于11S的胶凝,在TGS作用下,11S凝胶的强度约为7S凝胶的3倍;而以木瓜蛋白酶(papain)为凝固剂时,低酶用量条件下对胶凝起主要作用的是11S组分,而高酶用量条件下起主要作用的是7S组分,在各自适宜的papain用量条件下,11S组分凝胶的强度高于7S组分.     

交联大豆分离蛋白的制备及流变学性质

利用二元酶系(辣根过氧化物酶、葡萄糖氧化酶)和葡萄糖,通过一步法或两步法对大豆分离蛋白进行交联处理.以修饰产物中相对二酪氨酸含量为指标,采用单因素实验确定一步法处理大豆分离蛋白的反应的适宜条件为:葡萄糖添加量1.8％、葡萄糖氧化酶添加量4.0U/g蛋白质、辣根过氧化物酶添加量200U/g蛋白质、反应时间3h.在一步法处理的反应条件下,一步法和二步法处理的大豆分离蛋白相对二酪氨酸含量分别为414和381.与大豆分离蛋白相比,交联蛋白分散液的表现黏度和黏弹性均有显著改变,同时其酸凝胶的胶凝时间缩短、胶凝温度降低.     

Alcalase对大豆分离蛋白凝胶性质的影响

研究了Alcalase蛋白酶对大豆分离蛋白凝胶形成过程中温度、酶的添加量、酶反应速率及水解度对凝胶体系流变学性质的影响及蛋白质各亚基在水解过程中的变化情况。结果表明：反应存在着温度限制，同时也受水解度和酶添加量的影响。在较低温度：20℃、30℃时能得到较高的凝胶强度；温度升高，凝胶强度减弱。低温下，较大的酶添加量有利于反应体系的胶凝，而高温下，较低的酶添加量才有利于体系的胶凝。低的水解度下有利于形成稳定的凝胶，40℃时水解度超过8％就不能形成稳定的凝胶。经Alcalase作用后，大豆分离蛋白的7S和11S球蛋白均有不同程度的水解。     

无机盐对酶促大豆蛋白胶凝特性的影响

为了探究无机盐对大豆蛋白酶促胶凝过程热动力学特性及凝胶强度的影响规律,以大豆分离蛋白分散液(Dispersion of soybean protein isolate,DSPI,4%,m/m)为材料,以木瓜蛋白酶为凝固剂进行酶促胶凝试验,测定不同无机盐种类及浓度下的胶凝时间,并通过Arrhenius方程求出反应活化能;以凝胶强度为指标,利用Box-Behnken中心组合设计试验建立以Ca2+浓度、温度及酶添加量为参数的凝胶强度模型。结果表明添加无机盐(Na Cl、KCl、Ca Cl2、Mg Cl2和Mg SO4)可降低酶促DSPI凝胶的活化能,但Arrhenius曲线仍呈线性关系,说明无机盐可加快反应速度,但胶凝反应仍遵循同一机理;显著性检验及响应面分析表明所建凝胶强度模型拟合度较高,木瓜蛋白酶添加量对凝胶强度影响显著(P0.05),Ca Cl2添加量与温度的交互作用对凝胶强度的影响极显著(P0.01),Ca Cl2和温度同时较高或较低时,均不利于提高凝胶强度。     

大豆油对大豆分离蛋白凝胶特性的影响

通过添加不同比例的大豆油于大豆分离蛋白中,在不同凝胶条件下制备大豆油-大豆分离蛋白复合凝胶。以凝胶强度、弹性、胶凝性、内聚性这4个主要的质构参数,以及二硫键含量、色度和保水性为指标,对不同组分的复合凝胶的凝胶性进行相关研究,用以阐明不同含量的大豆油对大豆分离蛋白凝胶生成机制的影响。结果表明:随着大豆油的添加,原有的蛋白质-蛋白质三维凝胶网络结构被破坏,形成蛋白质-脂肪复合凝胶体系,导致凝胶硬度、内聚性、胶凝性降低,弹性先增加后降低;二硫键含量呈下降趋势;色度的变化较大;保水性逐渐降低。     

谷氨酰胺转胺酶对大豆7S蛋白质及肌球蛋白质胶凝性质的影响

大豆7S蛋白与肌球蛋白质经谷氨酰胺转胺酶（TGase）作用后,产物的十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)结果表明,两者均可在分子间生成共价键,形成相对分子质量较大的聚合物.10g/dL肌球蛋白质溶液加入10U/g的TGase,于35℃、pH7.0的条件下反应90min,体系的凝胶强度较对照组有了很大提高.10g/dL大豆分离蛋白质溶液与0.02U/mg的TGase在37℃下保温150min后,体系粘度增加了150mPa*s;而5g/dL的肌球蛋白质加酶并于10℃下保温180min后,其粘度值提高了600mPa*s.     

大豆多糖胶的凝胶性研究

为了定位大豆多糖胶的应用范围,拓展其应用领域,以实验室自制大豆多糖胶为研究对象,采用Texture Analyser X-T21型质构仪研究大豆多糖胶的浓度、溶液pH、蔗糖添加量对大豆多糖胶凝胶性的影响。结果表明：随大豆多糖胶溶液浓度的增大,其凝胶强度和粘滞力增大,而凝胶弹性减小;大豆多糖胶凝胶的pH范围为4～7.5,最佳pH为6;蔗糖对大豆多糖胶的凝胶强度影响最大,最佳糖添加量是20%。     

凉粉草胶的稳剪切流变学性质

研究了凉粉草胶在不同质量浓度、温度、pH、盐的种类及盐浓度和不同蔗糖浓度下的流体行为以及固定剪切速率下的表观粘度随不同条件的变化情况。结果表明,凉粉草胶溶液在不同的条件下呈牛顿流体或假塑性流体行为,在剪切速率52.8s-1下,10 g/dL凉粉草胶溶液的表观粘度随胶质量分数(1~20 g/dL)的增加而递增,随温度(25~70℃)的升高而递减,随pH(5~12)的变化则不具有单调性,随NaCl(0~3.0 g/dL)的添加而递减,随CaCl2(0~3.0 g/dL)的添加则先减小后增大,随蔗糖(10~50 g/dL)的添加则递增。     

假酸浆子胶质的胶凝特性

通过测定动态流变性质和凝胶强度,研究了假酸浆子胶质的胶凝特性.结果表明.假酸浆子胶质的胶凝分为凝胶网络快速形成和网络缓慢成长两个阶段.胶质具有胶凝性,能形成一种热可逆冷致凝胶,假酸浆子胶质溶液胶凝点低于其凝胶熔化点,且胶质溶液胶凝点及其凝胶熔化点均随浓度升高而升高;胶质浓度、pH、NaCl、CaCl2能影响胶质凝胶强度;假酸浆子胶质凝胶强度随着浓度增加而增强,在pH3时,假酸浆子胶质凝胶强度达到最大;NaCl可降低胶质凝胶强度,低浓度(<1.2g/L)的CaCl2可增强假酸浆子胶质凝胶强度,而高浓度(>1.2g/L)的CaCl2能降低胶质凝胶强度.     

不同的亲水胶体对胡萝卜混汁储藏稳定性的影响

采用3种不同的亲水胶体(分别为瓜尔胶、亚麻籽胶和果胶)添加于胡萝卜混汁中,研究它们对胡萝卜混汁的色泽和混浊稳定性的影响.结果表明,添加0.05g/dL的瓜尔胶或0.05g/dL的亚麻籽胶,可以使胡萝卜混汁在储藏期间保持色泽和混浊稳定性.     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.