二苯甲酰甲烷的合成工艺研究

以苯乙酮和苯甲酸甲酯为原料,在催化剂作用下合成二苯甲酰甲烷,考察不同催化剂及用量、溶剂及用量、反应原料、反应时间和反应温度等因素对二苯甲酰甲烷收率的影响。得到优化工艺条件为：以甲醇钠为催化剂,二甲苯为溶剂,n（苯乙酮）∶n（甲醇钠）=1∶1.6,二甲苯用量150 mL,n（苯乙酮）∶n(苯甲酸甲酯)=1∶4,反应温度（140~150） ℃,反应时间5 h。此条件下,产物收率达90％,熔点为79 ℃,纯度可达99％。     

4-羟基香豆素的合成工艺改进

以邻羟基苯乙酮与碳酸二甲酯为原料,甲醇钠与聚乙二醇-400为催化剂合成了标题化合物,考察了甲醇钠用量、聚乙二醇-400用量、反应时间、反应温度等因素对反应结果的影响。确定最佳工艺条件为:以二甲苯为溶剂,原料物质的量比为:n(邻羟基苯乙酮)∶n(碳酸二甲酯)∶n(甲醇钠)∶n(聚乙二醇-400)=1∶2.0∶2.5∶0.28,120℃反应2 h,反应结束后加水,水相酸化至pH1.0~1.5,4-羟基香豆素的收率56.9%。产物经熔点、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR进行确认。     

固体碱催化苯乙酮和碳酸二甲酯合成苯甲酸甲酯

以固体酸碱为催化剂,研究了碳酸二甲酯与苯乙酮合成苯甲酸甲酯的反应,考察了反应温度、反应时间、催化剂用量和原料摩尔配比等因素对反应结果的影响。实验结果表明,固体酸催化剂不利于苯甲酸甲酯的生成,而具有中强碱位的MgO对反应有较好的催化活性。当以MgO为催化剂,在反应温度为260℃,反应时间5 h,催化剂用量为反应物总质量的1.5%,n(苯乙酮)∶n(DMC)=1∶4的条件下,苯乙酮的转化率和苯甲酸甲酯的选择性分别达72.0%和59.8%。另外,反应的副产物主要为乙酸甲酯、少量苯乙酮缩合的产物、甲基化及醚化产物等。     

硬脂酰苯甲酰甲烷的合成工艺

以苯乙酮和硬脂酸甲酯为原料,在催化剂的作用下合成硬脂酰苯甲酰甲烷,考查不同反应条件对产品收率、含量和色泽的影响,得到优化工艺:固体甲醇钠为催化剂,二甲苯为溶剂,反应温度为140℃左右,反应时间为5h,苯乙酮∶硬脂酸甲酯=1∶2(摩尔比)。此条件下,产品收率为84.3%,含量为96.2%,色泽为白色。     

紫外线吸收剂巴松1789的合成工艺

以氢化钠为催化剂,甲苯为溶剂,对甲氧基苯乙酮和对叔丁基苯甲酸甲酯为原料,经缩合反应合成紫外线吸收剂巴松1789。采用单因素法考查了反应的影响因素,得到较佳工艺条件:n(对甲氧基苯乙酮)∶n(对叔丁基苯甲酸甲酯)=1∶1.1,反应温度80℃,反应时间5h,产品产率达到69.8%,经过后处理可得到类白色的产品。     

3,5-二甲氧基苯甲酸甲酯的合成

研究了以3,5-二羟基苯甲酸和硫酸二甲酯为原料,在氢氧化钠溶液中水相合成3,5-二甲氧基苯甲酸甲酯。确定了最佳合成条件:在氮气保护下,控制pH值11～13和pH值8～9,n(3,5-二羟基苯甲酸)∶n(硫酸二甲酯)=1. 0∶3. 6,反应温度20～60～90℃,反应时间4 h,合成出3,5-二甲氧基苯甲酸甲酯,收率92. 6%。产物经IR、1HNMR等进行了表征。     

2,6-二甲氧基苯甲酸的合成

对 2 ,6 二甲氧基苯甲酸的制备方法进行了研究。经三步反应合成 2 ,6 二甲氧基苯甲酸。第一步 :以N ,N 二甲基甲酰胺 (DMF)为溶剂 ,n(间苯二酚 )∶n(碳酸钾 )∶n(二氧化碳 ) =1 0∶0 5∶1 5在 1 3MPa,1 35～ 1 37℃条件下 ,反应 1 6 5h ,使 ,经酸化制得 2 ,6 二羟基苯甲酸 ;第二步 :使n(2 ,6 二羟基苯甲酸 )∶n(硫酸二甲酯 ) =1∶3 ,在碱性条件下反应得到 2 ,6 二甲氧基苯甲酸甲酯 ;第三步 :将上步产物碱催化水解 ,酸化制得 2 ,6 二甲氧基苯甲酸。第一步反应温度较文献值1 50～ 1 80℃低 ,减少了副产物 ;使用锌粉还原脱色、乙醚萃取回收间苯二酚后处理工艺 ,提高了间苯二酚的利用率和产品收率 (2 ,6 二羟基苯甲酸收率为 52 % )。后两步反应是连续进行的 ,烷基化反应温度是 30～ 45℃ ,先滴加w (NaOH) =30 %的水溶液 ,该步反应结束之后 ,补加w(NaOH) =40 %水溶液 ,这两步反应的总收率为 92 6 %。 2 ,6 二甲氧基苯甲酸的总收率为48 1 5 %。化学法测定其质量分数为 99 1 %。     

α-氟代丙烯酸甲酯的合成研究

以氟乙酸甲酯、草酸二乙酯为原料合成了α-氟代丙烯酸甲酯,反应以丁醚作溶剂,甲醇钠作催化剂,反应温度25℃~35℃,反应时间3.5h~4.0h,n(氟乙酸甲酯)∶n(草酸二乙酯)∶n(甲醇钠)=1.00∶1.05∶1.05,反应收率可达75%左右。     

蔗糖-6-苯甲酸酯的合成研究

采用高效液相色谱法研究二丁基氧化锡区域选择性催化合成蔗糖 6 苯甲酸酯的反应过程 ,得到第一步反应的适宜条件为 :n(蔗糖 )∶n(二丁基氧化锡 ) =1∶1,反应温度为 80～ 12 0℃ ,反应时间为 5～ 8h ;第二步反应中苯甲酸酐适宜用量为 :n(蔗糖 )∶n(苯甲酸酐 ) =1∶1。蔗糖 6 苯甲酸酯收率为 84 6 % ,产品质量分数 95 .7% ,二丁基氧化锡 98%可回收再用     

3-(4-氯苄基)-2-氧代环戊烷羧酸甲酯的合成工艺研究

以己二酸二甲酯(DMA)为起始原料,经迪克曼缩合、羟醛缩合反应制得3-(4-氯苄基)-2-氧代环戊烷羧酸甲酯。研究了工艺条件对反应的影响。实验表明,制备2-氧代环戊烷羧酸甲酯的适宜工艺条件为:反应温度90℃,反应时间4 h,DMA和甲醇钠的摩尔比为1∶1.05,收率达82.6%;3-(4-氯苄基)-2-氧代环戊烷羧酸甲酯的适宜工艺条件:反应温度90℃,反应时间15 h,2-氧代环戊烷羧酸甲酯和甲醇钠的摩尔比为1∶2.5,收率达89%,熔点为129.9～130.3℃。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。