DTBP交联UHMWPE磨粒磨损性能研究

本文采用二叔丁基过氧化物(DTBP)作为交联剂,对UHMWPE进行化学改性,通过改变DTBP的含量、交联反应时间、交联反应温度来制备试样,并通过性能测试、分析获得最佳的成型工艺条件。实验结果表明:在DTBP交联改性成型工艺中,DTBP与UHMWPE质量比为0.4%、交联反应时间为10分钟、交联反应温度为150℃时,制品的磨粒磨损率最低,磨粒磨损性能最好。与未交联试样相比,磨粒磨损性能提高了2.86倍,并且硬度、拉伸性能有小幅度上升。     

辐照交联GO/UHMWPE复合材料在人工海水润滑介质下的摩擦学性能研究

为改善超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)在海水润滑介质下的耐磨损性能,采用氧化石墨烯(GO)填充与辐照交联对UHMWPE进行改性处理。利用摩擦磨损试验机研究了辐照前后UHMWPE与GO/UHMWPE复合材料在人工海水润滑介质下的摩擦学性能,利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)与三维表面轮廓仪扫描试样磨痕表面形貌,计算其磨损率,并分析了其摩擦磨损机理。结果表明,在人工海水润滑介质下,GO填充与辐照交联改性处理均略微增加了UHMWPE的摩擦因数,降低了磨损率;二者共同使用可以协同增强UHMWPE的耐磨性能,降低复合材料的摩擦因数与磨损率; GO填充显著提高了UHMWPE的抗磨粒磨损与抗疲劳磨损性能;辐照交联改性处理进一步提高了GO/UHMWPE复合材料的抗磨粒磨损性能。     

UHMWPE/PP-X/PP共混物滑动摩擦性能研究

采用自制的交联聚丙烯（PP-X）与超高分子量聚乙烯（UHMWPE）、聚丙烯（PP）共混,对共混物的力学性能和滑动摩擦性能进行了研究。结果表明,在力学性能改变不大的情况下,当UHMWPE／HL-X／PP的质量比为80／20／10时,共混物的磨痕宽度为5．69mm,摩擦系数为0．125,比纯UHMWPE的磨痕宽度、摩擦系数分别下降了21．73％和39．90％,比UHMWPE）／PP（100／10）共混物分别下降了2．0％和18．83％。扫描电子显微镜照片显示,在UHMWPE的磨损表面存在严重的刮痕、裂纹及磨屑,而在UHMWPE,PP-X／PP共混物的磨损表面却很少发现上述现象。     

UHMWPE混炼接枝马来酸酐研究

讨论了超高相对分子质量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)混炼接枝马来酸酐(MAH)过程中，单体MAH用量、引发剂DCP用量、交联抑制剂己内酰胺(CAILA)用量、流动改性剂硬脂酸钙(CaSt2)用量及混炼温度、时间等工艺条件对UHMWPE接枝率和凝胶含量的影响。用红外光谱表征了接枝物的存在。并用滴定分析法和重量分析法测定了接枝物UHMWPE～g～MAH的接枝率和凝胶含量。实验表明，MAH用量为5份、DCP为0．15份、CALA为0．1份、CaSt2为1份时。混炼温度175∽180℃。混炼时间14min时，可得到接枝率0．75％、凝胶含量1．48%的UHMWPE接枝物。     

改性超高分子量聚乙烯的摩擦磨损性能研究

通过添加聚丙烯(PP)和交联聚丙烯(PP-X)对超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)进行改性,研究了UHMWPE及其共混物的摩擦磨损性能.结果表明,在200 r/min滑动速度下,当PP或PP-X的质量分数为30%时,UHMWPE/PP的摩擦因数降至0.13,降幅达38.1%,磨痕宽度降至5.05 mm;UHMWPE/PP-X的摩擦因数降到0.12,降幅达42.9%,磨痕宽度则降至4.50 mm,UHMWPE/PP-X具有更优异的摩擦磨损性能.负载增大,UHMWPE及其共混物的摩擦磨损性能降低.磨损时间小于60 min,UHMWPE及其共混物的摩擦因数和磨痕宽度变化不大;超过60 min,摩擦因数和磨痕宽度均增大,UHMWPE/PP-X的增幅最小.高速滑动下UHMWPE/PP-X的摩擦磨损性能最高.     

UHMWPE/纳米Al_2O_3复合材料在不同温度下的摩擦磨损性能研究

利用QG-700高温气氛摩擦磨损实验机研究了纯超高摩尔质量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)和质量分数为5%的纳米Al2O3/UHMWPE复合材料在不同温度下的摩擦磨损性能;并利用扫描电子显微镜观察了磨损表面形貌。结果表明:在实验温度条件下,5%纳米Al2O3/UHMWPE复合材料的耐磨性好于纯UHMWPE。纯UHMWPE的磨损机制主要是黏着磨损和疲劳磨损,而5%纳米Al2O3/UHMWPE复合材料的磨损机制转变为黏着磨损和磨粒磨损。     

抗氧剂在UHMWPE溶解过程中的作用

采用相对分子质量比较了抗氧剂1010和Ciba Irganox B 225混合抗氧剂在超高相对分子质量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)溶解过程中的抗降解作用。结果表明:在UHMWPE溶解过程中,随着温度的升高,加热时间的增长,UHMWPE的相对分子质量有明显的下降;而抗氧剂能有效抑制UHMWPE的降解,其用量增加,抑制 UHMWPE降解的作用也随之增大;当加热110 min,温度升至180℃时,加入质量分数为2％的混合抗氧剂, UHMWPE的相对分子质量下降33．9％,而未加混合抗氧剂时,UHMWPE的相对分子质量下降70．2％。相同用量时,混合抗氧剂效果比抗氧剂1010好。     

填料填充UHMWPE交联塑料磨粒磨损性能研究

本文采用二氧化硅、炭黑和还原铁粉三种填料对UHMWPE交联体系进行填充改性,采用模压烧结成型法制备了改性UHMWPE交联塑料,实验结果表明:三种填料对磨损率的影响比较一致,当二氧化硅含量6%、炭黑含量8%、还原铁粉含量2%时,磨粒磨损率最小。在磨粒磨损实验中,还原铁粉的含量对磨粒磨损率的影响最大。     

硅烷交联HDPE铝塑复合管专用料加工工艺的研究

以双螺杆挤出机为反应器,探讨了硅烷交联高密度聚乙烯铝塑复合管专用料的加工工艺,对原材料处理方式、造粒方式、接枝反应温度、挤出速度、接枝设备、交联时间、交联温度及交联制品厚度等进行了研究。在给定的基本配方下,最佳的接枝和交联工艺为：①原料在80℃下热处理2h;②非反应段接枝温度130～190℃,反应段接枝温度200℃,挤出机主机转速、喂料转速分别为140、20r／min;③接枝料在80℃下交联8h。按上述工艺制备的专用料的综合性能与国外专用料性能相当。     

双酚F/间苯二酚共聚型环氧树脂的合成

为提高双酚F环氧树脂的综合性能,以双酚F、间苯二酚与环氧氯丙烷反应制得双酚F／间苯二酚共聚型环氧树脂。研究了催化剂用量、反应温度、反应时间以及闭环时的加碱速度等因素对产物性能的影响,并对产物进行了表征。结果显示,其最佳合成工艺条件是:间苯二酚与双酚F质量比为20:80,催化剂摩尔分数为2．0％．醚化温度为80℃,醚化时间为5 h,闭环时加碱速度为0．4g/min。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Novel polyurethane coating technology through glycidyl carbamate chemistry

Glycidyl carbamate chemistry combines the excellent properties of polyurethanes with the crosslinking chemistry of epoxy resins. Glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers were synthesized by the reaction of polyfunctional isocyanate oligomers and glycidol. The oligomers were formulated into coatings with several amine functional crosslinkers at varying stoichiometric ratios and cured at different temperatures. Properties such as solvent resistance, hardness, and impact resistance were dependent on the composition and cure conditions. Most coatings had an excellent combination of properties. Studies were carried out to determine the kinetics of the curing reaction of the glycidyl carbamate functional oligomers with multifunctional and model amines. Detailed kinetic analysis of the curing reactions was also undertaken. The results indicated that the glycidyl carbamate functional group is more reactive than a glycidyl ether group. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, on October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.     

Highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating prepared via facile sol-gel process

A highly moisture-proof polysilsesquioxane coating was obtained from a new bis-silylated precursor, which was synthesized from 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and m-xylylene diisocyanate (m-XDI) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) and verified by ¹H MAS NMR. For direct comparison purposes, an SiO₂ coating was also prepared by the Stöber method using tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as the reactant. Interestingly, the coating obtained from the polysilsesquioxane sol exhibited a much higher moisture resistance capability than its counterpart, which was attributed to its more compact feature between nanoparticles as characterized by N₂ absorption experiment and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Furthermore, its high transparency of about 92% showed potential for application in the protection of optical crystals.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.