关注反倾销

反倾销、反补贴及保障措施协议是ＷＴＯ的重要组成部分，是为保护进口国产业免遭进口产品侵害所采取的措施。反倾销和反补贴针对的是不公平的贸易行为。倾销（价格低于正常价值）和政府补贴的进口商品会对进口国产业造成损害，在此情况下，进口国政府可采取征收反倾销税和反补贴税的措施，以保护国内产业，维护公平竞争。保障措施是维护公平的贸易行为。因为进口商品绝对数量显著增长，会给国内产业造成损害。但世界各国对这种措施较少使用，因为容易引起贸易纠纷。 我国虽不是 ＷＴＯ成员国，但目前是世界上遭受反倾销最多的国家，可以说是…     

国内企业应对反倾销之策

随着全球经济一体化的加剧，国际贸易摩擦不断增加，反倾销指控层出不穷，特别是一些发达国家，为了自己的利益，在国际贸易中，往往挥舞“反倾销”大棒，对发展中国家的正常贸易进行制裁，反倾销的斗争异常激烈；我国加入WTO，融入世贸竞争规则，但由于出口的无序竞争、国际贸易活动中的思想观念落后、法律支持不够，特别是产品出口增速快等原因，往往成为反倾销指控的重点对象。     

WTO反倾销法律制度与我国反倾销实践

世界贸易组织 (ＷＴＯ)建立以后 ,其框架下的反倾销协议 (全称为“关于执行 1994年关税与贸易总协定第 6条的规定”) ,已经成为各国反倾销立法的统一规范。随着关税壁垒与非关税壁垒的逐步减少 ,尤其是配额、许可证等限制进口措施的禁止使用 ,反倾销逐步演化成为世界各国普遍采用的维护公平贸易环境 ,抵制不公平竞争 ,保护本国利益的重要手段之一。世界贸易组织允许其成员国在特定条件下 ,采用三种贸易补救措施 ,来维护公平、自由的市场竞争 ,即反倾销、反补贴和保障措施。目前 ,这三种措施已经成为ＷＴＯ成员对外贸易政策和法律的重要组成…     

倾销与反倾销中的价格研究(一)

近年来，随着跨国投资和全球经济一体化的发展，世界贸易一直保持快速增长态势。然而，在全球经济与贸易持续扩张的同时，贸易摩擦此起彼伏，有增无减。我国企业在商品营销中的主要优势就是价格优势，但这一点常被国外指控为倾销，近年来屡屡招致的反倾销已成为我国外贸营销的最大障碍。从某种意义上说，反倾销实质上是一种贸易保护主义的手段。一、倾销和反倾销的性质《关税和贸易总协定》第六条协议规定：“如在正常贸易中一国向另一国出口的某一产品的价格，低于出口国本国消费的相应的同类产品价格，则此产品应视为倾销品（即以低于正常…     

铜版纸反倾销反补贴案终裁中方获胜

反倾销针对的是企业的某个（些）具体产品，而反补贴从本质上来说，则针对的是政府的某项（些）经济产业政策，涉及面更大更广。这次铜版纸反倾销反补贴案给中国造纸产业的教训是深刻的，中国造纸企业应该采取妥善措施，积极应对，或者规避贸易争端。     

我国丝绸业遭遇反倾销的原因及对策分析

随着贸易的自由化,反倾销成为世界各国普遍采用的贸易保护性措施。针对我国丝绸产品屡遭反倾销的事实,分析了反倾销形成的原因．并着重提出了丝塌业应对反倾销的措施。     

积极应诉,打赢反倾销“洋官司”

随着世界贸易自由化的发展,作为新贸易保护主义主要非关税壁垒工具的“反倾销”在贸易保护政策中的地位越来越突出,并日益成为当今世界重要贸易国家和地区的通行政策。1、国际反倾销调查呈上升趋势在贸易自由化过程中,各国的关税水平不断下降,数量限制措施的使用受到严格限制,而反倾销得到WTO协议认可,成为贸易保护最有效的手段。据WTO统计,1987～2000年,共有37个国家发起过反倾销调查,立案总数3100件,而仅2001年,就有428起反倾销、反补贴和保障措施调查,比上年增长46%。反倾销调查愈演愈烈,原因主要有:第一,反倾销以维护公平竞争为借口…     

警惕我国丝绸行业遭遇反倾销起诉及其对策

随着ATC一体化进程的深入，反倾销将逐渐取代配额成为各国限制我国丝绸产品出口的主要贸易保护性措施之一。文章主要介绍了我国丝绸行业今后遭受国外反倾销起诉的可能性及相关背景，并对如何避免反倾销起诉提出一些建议。     

应对国际反倾销

反倾销作为国际重要贸易救济政策与保护产业安全之间存在紧密的联系,但是,客观情况却非常复杂,能否真正起到维护产业安全的作用还要细致分析。中国作为国际反倾销的“重灾区”,更需要深入分析当今国际反倾销的趋势及其对产业安全的影响,以期切实提高产业国际竞争力。     

欧盟开始反思反倾销得失

由于反倾销一直是欧盟使用最多的贸易保护工具,同时也暴露出一系列问题,而欧盟委员会一直处在贸易保护主义和自由主义两方面的压力之下,受够了“夹板气”。所以,欧盟近日开始了对反倾销政策的调整。     

浅谈影响纺织品耐摩擦色牢度和耐汗渍色牢度测试结果的因素

本文针对GB 18401—2010强制检验项目中耐摩擦、耐汗渍色牢度试验中的试样剪取、试样润湿、干燥过程、制卡和评级分析几方面分析探讨影响纺织品耐摩擦和耐汗渍色牢度测试结果的因素。     

Risks and benefits related to alimentary exposure to xenoestrogens

Xenoestrogens are widely diffused in the environment and in food, thus a large portion of human population worldwide is exposed to them. Among alimentary xenoestrogens, phytoestrogens (PhyEs) are increasingly being consumed because of their potential health benefits, although there are also important risks associated to their ingestion. Furthermore, other xenoestrogens that may be present in food are represented by other chemicals possessing estrogenic activities, that are commonly defined as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). EDCs pose a serious health concern since they may cause a wide range of health problems, starting from pre-birth till adult lifelong exposure. We herein provide an overview of the main classes of xenoestrogens, which are classified on the basis of their origin, their structures and their occurrence in the food chain. Furthermore, their either beneficial or toxic effects on human health are discussed in this review.     

Application to proteomics to understand and modify meat quality

The use of proteomics in the field of meat science has gained in robustness and accuracy. This is consistent with the genomic and bioinformatic tools. Its application to sensorial and technological meat quality traits is discussed as well as the emergence of sanitary and nutritional issue which will grow in a next future.     

坚持创新,锐意进取,化优势为胜势--树立和维护品牌的体会

各位领导、各位代表 :很荣幸在这次饮料工业协会第二届会员大会上发言。在此 ,我谨代表娃哈哈集团全体员工对中饮协长期以来给予我们支持和帮助表示衷心的感谢 ,向为社会主义市场经济建设做出杰出贡献的全国饮料界同行表示深深的敬意。杭州娃哈哈集团公司创建于 1987年 ,三个人靠 14万元借款起家 ,在中国经济的广阔舞台上 ,娃哈哈面对激烈无情的竞争 ,逐鹿市场 ,迅速成长壮大。 12年来 ,公司每天都以 70多万元的幅度进行资本积累 ,现已发展成为拥有资产 32亿多元、年创利税 7亿余元、在全国 10个省市建有 2 5家全资或控股子公司的国家大型企…     

基于PLC与MCGS的定量灌装控制系统设计与实现

论述了基于PLC与MCGS的定量灌装控制系统的设计方案。系统采用西门子PLC为控制器,昆仑通态触摸屏为上位机,可满足40kg以内的液体自动灌装,灌装精度高、灌装参数可调。可视化的人机界面设计实现了灌装过程的实时、有效监控,且易于操作。经联机调试,系统运行平稳可靠,达到了预期目标,具有工业推广应用前景。     

Method to Measure the Force to Pull and to Break Pin Bones of Fish

A texture measurement device was modified to measure the force required to pull pin bones from King salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), snapper (Pagrus auratus), and kahawai (Arripis trutta). Pulled bones were also subjected to tension to measure the breaking force. For all fish, the pulling force depended on the size of the fish, and on the length of the pin bone (P < 0.05). In general, larger fish required greater pulling force to remove pin bones. For example, fresh small salmon (about 1500 g whole) required 600 g on average to pull pin bones, and large fish (about 3700 g whole) required 850 g. Longer bones required greater pulling force. The breaking force followed the same trend. In general, the breaking force was greater than the pulling force. This allows the removal of the bones without breaking them. There was no statistically significant (P > 0.05) difference between the forces (both pulling and breaking) from fresh and frozen/thawed samples, although in general frozen/thawed samples required less force to pull. With the quantification of pulling and breaking forces for pin bones, it is possible to design and build better, “more intelligent” pin bone removal equipment.     

A method to estimate cow potential and subsequent responses to energy and protein supply according to stage of lactation

Milk responses to dietary change are influenced by the relative production level, that is, the distance between observed production and potential production. The closer the animal is to its potential, the smaller the expected response is to extra nutrients. Therefore, the aim of this work was to provide a method to quantify cow potential, to estimate subsequent responses to changes in nutrient supply. The observed efficiencies in net energy for lactation (NE_L) and metabolizable protein (MP) are proposed as a basis to estimate the relative production level of the animal. The rationale for using NE_L and MP efficiency (ratios of milk energy yield/NE_L above maintenance supply and milk protein yield/MP above maintenance supply) builds on the uniformity of the observed relationships between size of the milk responses and extra NE_L supply and MP supply, when centered on a given efficiency. From there, a pivot nutritional situation where MP and NE_L efficiency are 0.67 and 1.00, respectively, was defined, from which milk responses could be derived across animals varying in production potential. An implicit assumption of using response equations centered on reference efficiency pivots is that the size of the response to a fixed change in nutrient supply, relative to the pivot, is identical for animals with different production capacities. The proposed approach was evaluated with 2 independent data sets, where different dietary treatments were applied during the whole lactation. In these data sets, MP and NE_L above maintenance supply were calculated weekly using the recently updated INRA Systali feed units system. Differences in NE_L and MP supply above maintenance between the extreme dietary treatments were large, on average 667 g of MP/d and 13 MJ of NE_L/d (3.11 Mcal/d) in the first data set, and 513 g of MP/d and 29 MJ of NE_L/d (6.93 Mcal/d) for the second data set. Milk energy yield and milk component yields were predicted with root mean square prediction errors between 7.6 and 13.5% and concordance correlation coefficients between 0.784 and 0.934, respectively. Assessed by the Akaike's information criterion, significant differences existed in the accuracy of prediction for milk energy yield and milk component yields between stages of lactation. However, the effects of stage of lactation were not consistent between data sets and, for most of the predicted variables, relatively small. We concluded that the pivot concept can be used to predict milk energy yield and milk component yields responses to dietary change with a good accuracy for diets that are substantially different and across all stages of lactation.     

监督抽样实践中应注意把握的环节

监督检验是产品质量检验机构日常大量要做的一项技术性较强的工作,而监督抽样又是监督检验工作的重要环节,监督抽样过程是否规范合理,是直接关系到监督检验结果的重要因素,由于种种原因,在监督抽样工作中存在着许多不规范的现状,尤其在确定样品的数量和实施样品抽取过程中,随意性较大,往往出现许多不合理的漏洞,怎样规范监督抽样过程呢？     

技术要创新 质量要提升

随着全球贸易竞争的日趋激烈,质量已成为竞争焦点。提高产品和服务质量是世界各国关注的问题。质量是企业的生命,是实施品牌建设的前提与保障。我国积极采用国际先进标准,不断提升产品技术含量及质量制高点和主动权,着力技术攻关,有效应对贸易壁垒,实现企业新跨越。大力加强产品研发和转型升级,实施品牌战略和提升竞争力。推进自主品牌走向国际市场,我们必须结合国情、结合企业实际情况,走出一条具有中国特色的质量效益型道路。     

深化改革显活力创新突破求发展

南充云禾印染有限公司是2000年3月由原国家大二型企业南充丝绸印染厂改制组建的综合性专业化印染企业。近年来，实施了资产重组、转换国有职工身份，民营化的股份制改造等一系列改革改制措施。使企业焕发出勃勃的生机与活力：改制前南充丝绸印染厂年工业总产值仅为3700多万元，并从1995年以后连年亏损，上交税金一年仅30～50万元，2002年底南充云禾印染公司工业总产值就达到8749万元，实现利润10万元，实现税金280万元，被评为全省纺织行业综