The multi-step process optimisation of candied kidney beans with high nutrients and γ-aminobutyric acid retention

The candied kidney bean contains a vital bioactive compound called γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which could be easily lost in the traditional producing processes like soaking, cooking and candying. The traditional procedure distinctly decreased the GABA content to the GABA retention rate of 34.01% in the candied kidney bean. In this study, the optimum technological methods of soaking, cooking and candying were determined by single factor experiment according to the GABA content. The optimised producing condition was that the kidney bean was soaked at 55°C for 5 h, followed by atmospheric steaming for 35 min and then subjected to microwaving candying at 150 W for 25 min. By the optimal procedure, the GABA content retention reached 75.33%. Meanwhile, the texture, nutrient contents and antioxidant capacity were obviously improved in the candied kidney beans produced by the optimal methods.     

红豆预熟化工艺及理化性质的研究

针对红豆种皮厚、难以煮熟等特点，通过“微波预处理–浸泡–蒸煮”的预熟化技术开发出一款能与大米同煮同熟的红豆产品。在利用响应面法优化预熟化工艺的基础上，对不同糊化度预熟化红豆的外观、色泽、糊化特性、质构和复煮特性进行测试。结果表明：微波时间、微波功率、浸泡时间、蒸煮时间的增加均会显著提升红豆的糊化度。与原料红豆相比，预熟化红豆的色泽变暗、体积膨大数倍、硬度降低、糊化粘度降低、复水性增加7.5～8.8倍，且模拟白米蒸煮条件复煮后无白芯。但随着糊化度的增加，红豆颗粒吸水膨胀、表皮破裂严重、感官分数下降、复水性先增加后降低。综上，优化预熟化最佳工艺为：微波功率640 W，微波时间30 s，浸泡时间6.5 h，蒸煮时间20 min，所得预熟化红豆的糊化度约为57.52%。     

Effect of Domestic Processing and Cooking on In Vitro Protein Digestibility of Moth Bean

Protein digestibility (in vitro) of dry seeds of moth bean cultivars varied significantly from 58.69 to 62.06%. The protein digestibility improved significantly when the seeds were given different domestic processing and cooking treatments including soaking, sprouting, ordinary cooking and pressure cooking. Pressure cooking of the seeds presoaked in plain water or mixed mineral salt solution had the most pronounced effect.     

Content of antinutritional factors and HCl-extractability of minerals from white bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cultivars: Influence of soaking and/or cooking

White bean seeds were subjected to soaking in distilled water for 1, 2 and 3 days. In order to perform complete processing, the seeds were cooked until soft. Effects of soaking and/or cooking of white bean seeds on antinutritional factors, mineral contents and HCl-extractability were studied. Phytic acid and polyphenol contents of all cultivars were reduced. Soaking alone and soaking, followed by cooking, reduced mineral contents of the cultivars, but HCl-extractability was significantly (P ? 0.01) improved to varying extents, depending on cultivar type. Soaking and/or cooking treatment was thus found to be an effective technique and caused further improvement in the availability of both major and trace minerals in white bean.     

Effect of Processing on Anti-nutritional Factors of Red Kidney Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) Grains

The effect of different processing methods (soaking in water or solutions of sodium bicarbonate, citric acid, soaking plus cooking, and germination) on anti-nutritional factors (phytic acid, total polyphenols, tannins, and hydrocyanic acid) of red kidney bean was studied. The anti-nutritional factors were reduced significantly (P < 0.001) with processing techniques. Cyanide contents were most effectively (25%) reduced by cooking after soaking in sodium bicarbonate solution, followed by germination. The most drastic effect was noted on tannin contents. Cooking after soaking in either citric acid or sodium bicarbonate solutions almost eliminated it. However, simple soaking in water did not result in any reduction in tannin contents. Reduction in total polyphenols was 78.7% with cooking after soaking in sodium bicarbonate solution. Phytic acid contents were reduced only with germination treatment (42.6%), while the other treatments did not bring about any large reduction.     

Bioavailability of calcium and magnesium from faba beans (Vicia faba L var major), soaked in different pH solutions and cooked,in growing rats

The nutritive utilisation of calcium and magnesium from faba beans (Vicia faba L var major), soaked in different pH solutions and then cooked, was studied in growing rats. Prior to the cooking process the beans were soaked in acid (pH 2.6 and 5.3) or basic (pH 8.4) solutions. Processing of the bean seeds did not produce appreciable losses of Ca or Mg by solubilisation. Digestive utilisation of calcium was high and did not vary with the different processing conditions assayed. Metabolic utilisation of calcium was significantly improved by soaking and by soaking plus cooking. Both digestive and metabolic utilisation of magnesium were significantly improved by all the different processes assayed. The observed improvement in the nutritive utilisation of Ca and Mg was correlated with a higher weight gain of the animals but not with the content of these minerals in the femur and longissimus dorsi muscle. The higher dietary intake of cellulose, lignin and phytate found in the processed faba bean diets did not have a negative effect on the digestive utilisation of the minerals studied. Overall, soaking in basic solution plus cooking was the most effective treatment. The processing conditions studied were inexpensive and easily applied and have great potential for application at household or industry level for human and animal nutrition. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

SEED COAT EFFECTS IN COOKED RECONSTITUTED BEAN TEXTURE

The contribution of seed coat to cooked reconstituted bean texture was assessed by measuring sensory and instrumental parameters of beans with and without coats and also seed coats alone. Experiments using white beans stored for one year under tropical conditions to induce the hard-to-cook (HTC) defect or temperate conditions both resulted in reductions in the order of 50% in puncture force and sensory properties of beans when the seed coat had been removed. HTC bean texture was influenced less by absence of the seed coat than texture of soft beans. Seed coats softened during cooking but those from HTC beans softened less than those from soft beans. It is possible that seed coats harden during tropical storage by a lignification-type mechanism. Beans with harder seed coats absorbed less water during soaking which may contribute further to bean hardness.     

Sensory evaluation and in vitro protein digestibility of mung bean as affected by cooking time

Heat treatment is particularly important in the preparation of mung bean for consumption, from the point of view not only of acceptability but also of improvement on protein digestibility. Sensory evaluation of cooked mung bean in terms of taste, colour, aroma and texture has an organoleptic panel indicated that there was no significant difference (P < 0.05) between mung bean cooked for 25, 30, 35, 40 and 45 min. An in vitro protein digestibility assay was used to examine the effect of cooking time on protein digestibility. The applied non-linear mathematical model indicated a high correlation coefficient between experimental and predicted data (R² ≥ 0.999). A maximum improvement in in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD) of 4.83% was obtained by cooking for 38.6 min. No remarkable changes in most amino acids were found between raw and cooked samples except that tryptophan was decreased by 4.69% and a 10.29% loss of threonine occurred with the optimum cooking time. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of Processing on Certain Antinutrients in Seeds of Şeker Variety (P. vulgaris L.) Grown in Turkey

Abstract

The effects of different cooking/autoclaving methods were investigated on sucrose, raffinose, stachyose, phytic acid, and tannins content of ?eker bean seeds (Phaseolus vulgaris). All these oligosaccharides and antinutrients decreased under various cooking/autoclaving treatments. Among the different cooking/ autoclaving treatments, 18 h sodium bicarbonate solution soaking followed by autoclaving procedures were the most effective for removing oligosaccharides (65–72%), phytic acid (51%), and tannins (100%). These conditions could be recommended to remove undesirable sugar contents and antinutrients of the ?eker bean used for culinary purposes.     

Starch and protein digestibility of newly released moth bean cultivars: Effect of soaking, dehulling, germination and pressure cooking

Effect of soaking (12 h), soaking (12 h) dehulling, germination (60 h) and pressure cooking on starch and protein digestibility of four varieties of moth bean, one Local commonly used by the farmers of the area and three newly released high yielding varieties, Jwala, RMO 225 and RMO 257, was studied. The starch digestibility of raw unprocessed moth bean cultivars differed significantly (P < 0.05) from 25.4-28.2 mg maltose released/g flour being the highest and lowest in RMO 257 and RMO 225, respectively. The protein digestibility differed significantly from 70.3-74.6 per cent among all the unprocessed varieties of moth bean. All the processing treatments namely soaking, dehulling, germination and pressure cooking brought about appreciable enhancement in protein digestibility (1-19%) over the control and starch digestibility (19-115%) of all the four moth bean cultivars. However, out of all the processing treatments, germination (60 h) of soaked seeds (12 h) was the most effective in bringing about improvement in digestibility of starch and protein followed by dehulling and soaking (12 h).     

浸泡处理对红芸豆的物理性质及蒸煮品质的影响

以红芸豆为原料,探讨不同浸泡温度(25、45、65℃)对芸豆物理性质及蒸煮品质的影响。结果表明:芸豆在浸泡过程中,随着浸泡温度升高与时间延长,其吸水率、体积膨胀率、固形物溶出率等均呈增加的趋势,平衡吸水率常数则呈下降趋势;浸泡温度的提高有利于达到浸泡平衡及缩短浸泡时间。在加工性能方面,45℃下浸泡可显著缩短煮豆时间并提高煮熟红芸豆的品质。     

In situ analysis of cooking properties of rice by thermal mechanical compression test method

A procedure for in situ analysis of rice cooking was developed in this study. Grain softening during soaking and cooking of selected rice varieties (fresh and aged TDK8, TDK11, and Doongara) were subjected to in situ analysis by using a thermally controlled sample block (thermal mechanical compression test) attached to a texture analyzer. This technique measures the changes in the mechanical properties of intact rice grain during cooking continuously. The results obtained from the thermal mechanical compression test technique were validated against two standard and conventional procedures viz; analyzing the pasting properties of rice flours by rapid visco analyzer and microscopic observations during the cooking of rice grains. The technique developed in this study was found valid for in situ analysis of rice cooking. This technique can be used for a sample size as small as 0.50 g.     

Processing parameter optimization for obtaining dry beans with reduced cooking time

The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of processing beans by soaking and blanching in salt solutions on the quality parameters of the common bean and, in order to obtain a dry product with a reduced cooking time using experimental design techniques. A Plackett and Burman design was used to evaluate the effects of nine factors, soaking, blanching and drying under different conditions, in bean processing. A central composite rotational 2³ design was used with the factors of soaking time, concentration of NaHCO₃ and drying temperature. An increase in the concentration of NaHCO₃ from 0 to 4 g.100⁻¹ mL reduced the cooking time by 10 min. However, increasing the NaHCO₃ concentration increased the level of damage to the product and darkened the bean seed coat, producing greater color differences in the processed bean. The selected conditions for the production of dry quick cooking beans was a time of 13.1 h, a concentration of NaHCO₃ in the soaking solution of 2.3 g.100 mL⁻¹ and a drying temperature of 50 °C. Under the select conditions, it was possible to reduce the cooking time by 53%, with of 5.36 g.100 g⁻¹ of damaged grains and color difference of 8.39.     

THE EFFECT OF PHYTATE AND FIBER CONTENT ON COOKING QUALITY IN FABA BEANS

Seventy-six faba bean lines were analyzed for their phytic acid content in the whole seeds and in the cotyledons. The fiber content was also determined in 17 Faba bean lines. The seed weights; % testa weight-of the seeds; and % moisture uptake (water imbibition) after overnight soaking in distilled water or increasing concentrations of EDTA solutions were measured and recorded. The relation between the above mentioned dependent variables and the cooking time for seed softening (min.) in 76 faba bean lines was studied and simple and multiple correlation coefficients were computed with a total of 70 operations. Significant correlation coefficients were found between phytic acid content in the cotyledons, % testae weight of the seeds; moisture uptake after soaking the seeds in distilled water overnight and cooking time for 50% softening (min). The faba bean lines 606/ 303; 606/ 308, 608/ 334, 609/ 350, proved to be of excellent cooking quality, since their cooking time for 50% seed softening did not exceed 10 min.     

Effect of various indigenous processing methods on the α‐galactoside and mono‐ and disaccharide content of an Indian tribal pulse,Mucuna pruriens var utilis

The effect of various treatments, such as soaking in different solutions, cooking of raw and soaked seeds, autoclaving of raw and soaked seeds, dehusking of water‐soaked seeds, fermentation of water‐soaked/dehusked seeds, autoclaving of fermented seeds, dry heating of raw seeds and germination, on the levels of mono‐ and disaccharides and α‐galactosides in two varieties of an Indian tribal legume, mucuna bean (Mucuna pruriens var utilis), was investigated. The levels of raffinose, stachyose and verbascose decreased under various treatments. Among the different soaking and cooking/autoclaving treatments, tamarind pulp extract soaking and sodium bicarbonate solution soaking followed by autoclaving procedures were the most effective for removing α‐galactosides (68.4–70.9 and 68.5–68.9% respectively). The lowest reduction of α‐galactosides (8.4–17.2%) was observed in dry‐heated samples. Germination for more than 72 h resulted in the highest reduction of total α‐galactosides (93.6 and 89.6% in white and black varieties respectively). During the germination process, glucose, fructose and sucrose concentrations increased significantly. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

In vitro digestibility of processed and fermented soya bean,cowpea and maize

Tropical legumes, ie soya bean and cowpea, were pre‐treated and subsequently fermented using pure cultures of Rhizopus spp. Impact of soaking, cooking and fermentation of the legumes on their digestibility was determined using an in vitro digestion method. Processing of white maize included, amongst others, natural lactic acid fermentation, cooking and saccharification using barley malt. An in vitro method was standardised to carry out comparative determinations of the dry matter digestibility of cereal and legume food samples as a function of processing conditions, without attempting to exactly mimic gastrointestinal digestion. Using this method based on upper digestive tract digestion, it was observed that digestibility of the legumes increased during cooking and fermentation. Cooking improved the total digestibility of both soya bean and cowpea from 36.5 to 44.8% and from 15.4 to 40.9% respectively. Subsequent fungal fermentation increased total digestibility only by about 3% for both soya bean and cowpea. Digestibility was also influenced by fungal strain and fermentation time. Cooking and subsequent saccharification using malt almost tripled total digestibility of white maize from 25.5 to 63.6%, whereas lactic fermentation of maize had no effect on in vitro dry matter digestibility. Although total digestibility of cooked legumes was only slightly improved by mould fermentation (3% for both soya bean and cowpea), the level of water‐soluble dry matter of food samples increased during fermentation with Rhizopus oryzae from 7.0 up to 27.3% for soya bean and from 4.3 up to 24.1% for cowpea. These fermented products could therefore play a role as sources of easily available nutrients for individuals suffering from digestive disorders. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

Enzymatic changes in pectic polysaccharides related to the beneficial effect of soaking on bean cooking time

BACKGROUND: Cooking time decreases when beans are soaked first. However, the molecular basis of this decrease remains unclear. To determine the mechanisms involved, changes in both pectic polysaccharides and cell wall enzymes were monitored during soaking. Two cultivars and one breeding line were studied. RESULTS: Soaking increased the activity of the cell wall enzymes rhamnogalacturonase, galactanase and polygalacturonase. Their activity in the cell wall was detected as changes in chemical composition of pectic polysaccharides. Rhamnose content decreased but galactose and uronic acid contents increased in the polysaccharides of soaked beans. A decrease in the average molecular weight of the pectin fraction was induced during soaking. The decrease in rhamnose and the polygalacturonase activity were associated (r = 0.933, P = 0.01, and r = 0.725, P = 0.01, respectively) with shorter cooking time after soaking. CONCLUSION: Pectic cell wall enzymes are responsible for the changes in rhamnogalacturonan I and polygalacturonan induced during soaking and constitute the biochemical factors that give bean cell walls new polysaccharide arrangements. Rhamnogalacturonan I is dispersed throughout the entire cell wall and interacts with cellulose and hemicellulose fibres, resulting in a higher rate of pectic polysaccharide thermosolubility and, therefore, a shorter cooking time. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

薏米预熟化工艺研究

针对粮食的熟化时间不同,采用常压蒸煮、高温高压蒸煮和微波熟化技术分别对薏米进行预熟化研究,并对比分析3种预熟化工艺对薏米营养成分、质构和色泽的影响。结果表明:常压蒸煮工艺条件为40℃恒温浸泡2.5 h,物料厚度0.7 cm,蒸煮时间15 min;高温高压蒸煮工艺条件为40℃恒温浸泡1 h,蒸煮温度115℃,蒸煮时间3 min;微波预熟化工艺条件为40℃恒温浸泡1.5 h,微波功率539 W,物料厚度2.8 cm,时间5 min。与原料薏米相比,3种预熟化方式制得预熟化薏米中脂肪含量均明显升高,常压蒸煮和高压蒸煮的蛋白质含量升高,而微波预熟化蛋白质含量与原料接近;沸水中煮15 min,焖5 min后,预熟化后薏米的弹性、胶黏性和咀嚼性均明显升高,能与小米共煮同熟;3种预熟化工艺均不同程度改变薏米的色泽。     

Effect of processing on ochratoxin A content in dried beans

Dried pink beans naturally contaminated with ochratoxin A (OTA) and dried carioca beans artificially contaminated with OTA by inoculation with Aspergillus ochraceus (ATCC 22947) were tested for ochratoxin A levels as follows: dried beans were washed with water for 2, 60 or 120 min, soaked in water for 60, 120 min or 10 h, and cooked for 60 or 120 min. At each step, test water and beans were separated. Test water, raw beans and cooked beans were analyzed for OTA. The amount of OTA partitioned into water and in residual beans was determined by methanol–sodium bicarbonate extraction, buffer dilution, immunoaffinity column cleanup, liquid chromatographic separation and fluorescence detection. The results demonstrated that the distribution of OTA in processing water and beans depends on the method of preparation. All treatments (washing, soaking and cooking) when applied individually reduced the amounts of OTA retained in bean flour and whole beans. Higher amounts of OTA remained in whole beans than in bean flour after removing the processing water. The combination of the three treatments eliminated about 50% of the toxin from whole beans. This study provides evidence that discarding the washing, soaking and cooking water leads to a significant reduction in OTA contamination in dried beans.     

Relationship between physicochemical and cooking properties,and effects of cooking on antinutrients,of yellow field peas (Pisum sativum)

The relationship between the physicochemical and cooking properties of yellow peas was examined in this study. A positive correlation was found between seed weight and water hydration capacity. The Peleg model, which was modified, could be used to describe the water absorption characteristics of peas and could be used to predict the rate of water absorption in the initial water absorption period. Cooking time could be measured objectively using the Mattson cooker. Cooking time was found to decrease with an increase in water hydration capacity. Hardness of cooked peas, measured using a texture analyser, was negatively correlated with both seed weight and water hydration capacity. Seed coats had a significant effect on water hydration and cooking quality of peas. Peas with relatively thin seed coats exhibited higher water hydration capacity, shorter cooking times and softer texture after cooking. The effects of soaking and cooking on trypsin inhibitor activity (TIA) and oligosaccharide levels in peas were also studied. Cooking was more effective than soaking in reducing TIA levels and oligosaccharides (raffinose, stachyose and verbascose) in peas. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry