基于源项法的闭式回路架构对主泵性能影响的分析研究

传统的主泵流动分析平台多为简化的开式流路,与真实闭式回路运行工况存有较大差异。为探究主泵在真实回路中的流动特性与机理,以包含密封口环间隙的主泵全通道水力模型为研究对象,采用源项法进行稳态、瞬态计算分析研究。稳态计算结果表明:闭式循环回路中形成漩涡流态,致使主泵进口处发生预旋,产生入流畸变,导致湍动能有所增加,能量分布不均匀;瞬态计算结果表明:相较于开式流路,闭式回路入流畸变带来流场压力、速度、湍动能、压力脉动等特性的变化,导致泵体扬程、效率均有所下降,所受径向力、轴向力增大。闭式循环回路架构针对主泵流动性能的分析更接近真实流动。      

Evaluation of Acoustic- and Flow-Induced Vibration of the BWR Main Steam Lines and Dryer

The boiling water reactor (BWR-3) steam dryer in the Quad Cities (QC) Unit 2 Nuclear Power Plant was damaged by high-cycle fatigue due to acoustic-induced vibration. The cause of the dryer failure was considered as flow-induced acoustic resonance at the stub pipes of the safety relief valve (SRV) in the main steam lines (MSLs). The acoustic resonance was considered to be generated by the interaction between the sound field and an unstable shear layer across the closed side branches of SRVs. We have started a research program on BWR steam dryers to develop methods of evaluating the loading. Moreover, it is necessary to evaluate the dryer integrity of BWR-5 plants, which are the main type of BWR in Japan. In the present study, we conducted 1/10-scale BWR model tests and analysis to investigate the flowinduced acoustic resonance and acoustic characteristics in MSLs. The test apparatus consisted of a steam dryer, a steam dome, and 4 MSLs with 20 SRV stub pipes. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis was conducted to evaluate the acoustic source in MSLs. Finite element method (FEM) was applied to calculate the three-dimensional wave equations for acoustic analysis. We demonstrated that large fluctuating pressure occurred in the high- and low-frequency regions. The high-frequency fluctuating pressure was generated by the flow-induced acoustic resonance in the SRV stub pipes. We evaluated the acoustic source (that is, the fluctuating pressure) in MSLs by unsteady CFD calculations, and we evaluated the pressure propagation by acoustic analysis. These results were verified by comparison with the results of scale-model tests, and they showed good agreement with the experimental results. The effects of the difference between the properties of air and steam were numerically investigated, and it was found that the effects on the acoustic resonance in the SRV stub pipes were not significant.     

Design and preliminary test of an annular linear induction electromagnetic pump for a sodium-cooled fast reactor thermal hydraulic experiment

An annular linear induction electromagnetic pump (ALIP) with a flow rate of 2265 L/min and a developed pressure of 4 bar was designed and fabricated to test the performance of the components of a sodium-cooled fast reactor (SFR) in a sodium thermal hydraulic experimental loop. The design characteristic of the ALIP was calculated using the electrical equivalent circuit method typically used for analyzing linear induction machines. Preliminary tests, such as verification of the moving function using an annular Al pipe, were carried out. The linearity between the input voltage, current, and magnetic flux density was verified. The developed force demonstrated an increase proportional to the square of the input current, whereas the velocity was linearly proportional to the input current. The main design variables of the pump were calculated theoretically for the SFR thermal hydraulic experimental loop. The pump was optimized for the design variables including input frequency, and the characteristics of the optimized pump were compared with those of the pump at the commercially used frequency of 60 Hz.     

Experimental study of two-phase pump performance using a full size nuclear reactor pump

The performance of a full-size nuclear reactor primary heat transport pump was investigated experimentally under high pressure, steam–water two-phase flow conditions. A new set of two-phase pump performance test data was obtained with local void fraction and mass flux measurements at the pump suction. The effects of suction temperature and initial flow conditions on the two-phase pump performance characteristics were described.     

Three-dimensional study on steady thermohydraulics characteristics in secondary side of steam generator

Steam generator (SG), as the primary-to-secondary heat exchanger and pressure boundary of primary loop, should be integrated and perform well in heat transfer ability. Flow characteristics of the secondary side fluid of SG are essential to analyze U-tube wastage caused by the flow-induced vibration and thermal stress. In this paper, secondary side two-phase flow was simulated based on the porous media model. Additional momentum and energy source terms were appended to the momentum and energy equations for porous media region, respectively. The additional momentum source contained the resistances of downcomer, tube bundle, support plate and separator. The additional energy source included the heat transfer from primary side to secondary side fluid. Solving the governing equations by ANSYS FLUENT solver yielded the distributions of velocity, temperature, pressure, density and quality, which can be used in the analysis of flow-induced vibration and separators. The thermal-hydraulic characteristics of hot side differed from these of cold side considerably. The minimum flow quality of cold side was 0.07, while the maximum one of hot side was 0.71; the average flow quality of outlet was 0.272. The flow rate in the gap of the hot side was 1.02 times of that of the cold side.     

钠冷快堆中间回路建模仿真及流量控制研究

针对钠冷快堆中间回路泵、管道、换热器等,采用Matlab/Simulink软件建立了一种仿真模型,对回路的流量和管道换热进行了计算。根据相似理论、泵水力特性曲线及回路压力损失等计算流量。编制了SFAC V1.0程序,该程序的计算结果与实验值符合较好,最大相对误差为5%。将管道划分为不同节段,在各节段上建立能量守恒微分方程组,从而建立了管道换热计算的模型。同时,对钠流量的控制方式进行了设计和改进,对控制参数进行了整定,并对流量需求进行了计算。计算结果表明,该控制方式的控制品质较高。     

钠冷快堆二回路系统热工水力瞬态分析程序SELTAC的开发与应用

针对钠冷快堆二回路系统的具体结构和运行特点,对中间热交换器、直流蒸汽发生器、钠缓冲罐以及泵、管道等设备和部件建立模型,采用FORTRAN语言自主编制了二回路系统热工水力瞬态分析程序SELTAC。利用中国实验快堆的停堆试验数据对所编制程序进行了初步验证。结果表明,程序计算值与试验值趋势一致,最大相对偏差不超过4.34%,吻合程度较好。将验证后的程序与一回路系统程序耦合,分析了某600 MW钠冷快堆在主热传输系统保持排热能力时的紧急停堆工况,得到了二回路系统的瞬态特性,为大型商用快堆电站的设计提供了参考。     

主回路滞流分支管振动超标的原因分析与设计优化

在某核电厂热态功能试验中,巡视发现主回路的某滞流分支管振动超标。根据实测振动随温度变化的趋势、管道固有声模态分析和模态分析等,推测管道内流体的声振动激励引发管道共振。根据滞流管三通处流体的漩涡脱落频率计算和声振动频率计算,推测漩涡脱落与滞流管内流体的固有声振动频率锁定,引发声振动激励放大。综合分析计算和实测结果,确定滞流管振动超标的原因为流声固耦合振动。对管道支架进行了优化,以错开声固耦合共振频率,在三通处倒圆角削弱漩涡脱落,以降低流声耦合的声振动幅值。优化后的分支管振动会明显降低,以保证承压边界的安全。     

Root Cause Analysis of Vibration Exceeding and Design Optimization of Stagnant Branch of Reactor Coolant Loop

During the hot function test of nuclear power plant, it was found that the vibration of a stagnant branch of reactor coolant loop (RCL) exceeded the limit. According to the natural modal analysis, acoustic modal analysis and the variation trend of measured vibration with temperature, it is inferred that the acoustic vibration of the fluid in the pipeline causes the resonance of the pipeline. According to the calculation of vortex shedding frequency and acoustic vibration frequency, it is inferred that the acoustic vibration and the vortex shedding frequency of fluid at the tee are locked, which leads to the amplification of acoustic vibration excitation. Based on the analysis result and measured data above, it is determined that the cause of the vibration exceeding is the fluid-acoustic-structure coupling vibration. The pipe supports were optimized to avoid resonance frequency of acoustic structure coupling. The fillet at the tee was used to weaken the vortex shedding, so as to reduce the amplitude of flow-excited acoustic resonance. The vibration of the optimized branch will be significantly reduced to ensure the safety of the pressure boundary.     

多重耦合自然循环载热系统瞬态特性及其热工水力解耦

多重耦合自然循环载热系统热工水力具有流动换热耦合和回路间耦合的特点,本文采用理论分析结合数值计算的方法对自然循环的建立时间、流动方向及多重耦合自然循环系统的热工水力解耦等问题进行了研究。提出了自然循环载热系统瞬态流动的理论模型,该模型能预测自然循环建立时间、流动衰减等现象,模型计算结果与数值计算结果吻合。初始流速为零的自然循环流动方向与系统的加热及冷却设备布置位置有关,垂直布置换热面使系统具有固有循环流动方向。具有初始流速的自然循环系统,即使换热面垂直布置,初始反向流速超过临界流速后也可使自然循环系统流动方向发生翻转,从而使系统在与固有循环流动方向相反的方向运行。提出了多重耦合自然循环载热系统热工水力的简单解耦计算方法,能快速对多重耦合自然循环载热系统热工水力进行分析计算,理论分析和计算结果均表明,以水为工质的自然循环回路载热能力近似与冷热源温差的1.5次方呈正比。     

圆形封闭旁支管流致声共振实验研究

旁支管流致声共振是由特定结构下流场和声场相互作用的结果。本文针对圆形封闭旁支管结构的声共振特征展开实验,研究了旁支管高度和主管道流速对旁支管声共振现象的影响,获得了压力脉动特征和声共振发生区域。实验研究的5种旁支管高度（H/d）为6、8、10、12和14,实验雷诺数Re=3.24×10⁴～2.89×10⁵,马赫数Ma=0.029～0.26。研究结果表明：随着流速的增加,声共振频率会出现频率锁定现象;随着旁支管高度的增加,同阶声模态对应的主控频率降低,共振工况声压幅值降低,声模态转变点对应的流速减小,实验流速范围内声模态数增加。在本实验结构中,声共振主要发生在斯特鲁哈尔数St=0.2～0.55区域内。     

HFETR 2000 kW高温高压考验回路主泵断电事故瞬态特性分析

为了研究高通量工程试验堆（HFETR）内2000 kW高温高压考验回路在主泵断电事故过程中的安全特性，基于RELAP5程序建立了考验回路的仿真模型，采用验证后的模型开展了主泵断电事故瞬态特性分析。计算结果表明，在主泵断电事故过程中，主泵高速工况会切换至2台事故泵低速工况，流量下降较快并最终稳定至初始流量的一半，燃料包壳在4.34 s达到峰值温度763 K；之后由于功率的不断下降，包壳温度随之不断下降；事故过程中最小偏离泡核沸腾比大于1.3，表明不会发生偏离泡核沸腾，满足安全要求。      

Experiments on the Heat Transfer and Natural Circulation Characteristics of the Passive Residual Heat Removal System for an Advanced Integral Type Reactor

Experiments on the heat transfer characteristics and natural circulation performance of the passive residual heat removal system (PRHRS) for the SMART-P have been performed by using the high temperature/high pressure thermal-hydraulic test facility (VISTA). The VISTA facility consists of the primary loop, the secondary loop, the PRHRS loop, and the auxiliary systems to simulate the SMART-P, a pilot plant of the SMART. The primary loop is composed of the steam generator (SG) primary side, a simulated core, a main coolant pump, and the loop piping, and the PRHRS loop consists of the SG secondary side, a PRHRS heat exchanger, and the loop piping. The natural circulation performance of the PRHRS, the heat transfer characteristics of the PRHRS heat exchangers and the emergency cooldown tank (ECT), and the thermal-hydraulic behavior of the primary loop are intensively investigated. The experimental results show that the coolant flows steadily into the PRHRS loop and that the heat transfers through the PRHRS heat exchanger and the emergency cooldown tank are sufficient enough to enable a natural circulation of the coolant. The results also show that the core decay heat can be sufficiently removed from the primary loop with an operation of the PRHRS.     

高温熔盐试验回路系统设计及验证研究

The Thorium Molten Salt Reactor (TMSR) project plans to construct a 2 MWt liquid fuel molten salt reactor. After successful R&D of the proto-type equipment like pump, heat exchanger and freeze valve, construction of a high temperature fluoride loop is designed and constructed to test them. The rated power of heat exchange is designed to be 200 kW, and the flow rate is set as 15 m3/h by the caloric equation. Hence the pipe caliber chose to be DN50. The numerical computation by Fluent revealed that the pressure drop of the loop system is about 155 kPa, and the overdesign of the pump head is set as 20 m accordingly. To avoid thermal stress concentration of the pipeline, both the electric heater and radiator are designed to be fixed on a flexible universal sphere support, except the pump which is anchored on steel support directly. The structural design of the equipment and the loop hase been verified by several tests with an accumulated operating time near 4000 hours. The actual pressure drop of the loop is about 110~120 kPa, which still needs to be accurately measured by differential manometer in future. The analysis of the impurity of the molten salt shows that the contents of Cr and Mo increased by two orders of magnitude after loop operation, which means that an obvious material corrosion occurs. The level of moisture and oxygen, which is the main reason that cause fluoride corrosion, should be controlled considerably lower than the original design level of 100 μL/L.     

Development of diagnosis algorithm for the check valve with spectral estimations and neural network models using acoustic signals

We have developed a method for detecting and diagnosing a disk wear failure and a foreign object failure among the various failure modes of check valves. The method is based on the acoustic emission sensors which can detect the sound wave of the leakage flow and the estimation of the power spectral densities with an auto-regressive model. For validating the method, we implemented a hydraulic test loop with an artificially failed check valve. We have found that the frequency spectrums from the acoustic signals are strongly dependent on the failure modes of the check valve and that they are nearly independent of the failure size and operating pressure through an estimation of the power spectral density with an auto-regressive signal processing model. In addition, the root mean square values of the acoustic signal and the amplitudes of the power spectral density as well as the loop pressure have a strong dependency on the failure size in each failure mode of the check valve. We developed a diagnosis algorithm by using neural network models in order to identify the type and size of the failure in the check valve. The diagnosis algorithm consists of a hierarchical model composed of three back-propagation neural networks. The results of our research and the experiments show that the diagnosis algorithm is proven to be a good solution for identifying the failures of the check valves without any disassembling work.     

核电厂事故后安全壳内置换料水箱碎片传输性能分析

为避免事故后安全壳内置换料水箱（IRWST）内滤网堵塞,保证IRWST下游泵的安全运行,需对IRWST内碎片传输效果进行精细评估。针对某核电厂双环池型IRWST,采用计算流体动力学（CFD）方法对其流场进行了模拟,通过高速区和高湍动能区体积比定量评价事故后碎片传输效果。结果表明,事故后各工况下IRWST内碎片传输比均未超过滤网的设计值,保证了事故后滤网及相连系统的安全性;只有内环滤网A投运时,滤网的负载最大;影响事故后碎片传输效果的主要因素是流场的高速区。针对IRWST的现有布置空间,提出了增大外环搅混管线管径的优化方案,可以显著降低事故后IRWST内碎片传输比,提升事故后核电厂的安全性。      

方形封闭旁支管流致声共振实验研究

流致声共振是发生在特定结构中的流场与声场相互作用的现象。针对方形封闭旁支管结构的声共振特征开展实验,研究了主管道流速和旁支管长度对封闭旁支管声共振现象的影响,获得了声共振发生区域和压力脉动特征。实验研究的3种旁支管长度分别为L/d=5、6和7,实验的雷诺数Re=2.74×10⁴~2.429×10⁵,马赫数Ma=0.025~0.218。研究结果表明,声共振频率随流速的增加表现出频率锁定特征,随旁支管长度的增大,共振工况声压幅值降低,声共振频率降低。在本实验结构中,声共振现象发生在斯特鲁哈数为0.3~0.6和0.7~1.0的区域内。     

Density Wave Instability in Once-Through Boiling Flow System, (I)

Density wave instability in a once-through boiling flow system was systematically observed using a uniformly joule-heated water loop operated at system pressures ranging from 20 to 43 ata. The test section consisted of two heated tubes connected in parallel and further paralleled by an unheated by-pass. The oscillatory behavior is analyzed as well as the effects brought on the threshold of instability by changes in the operating variables—mass velocity, system pressure, inlet resistance, inlet subcooling, by-pass ratio and exit quality. The experimental data are also presented in form convenient for verifying various analytical methods devised to predict the stability boundary.     

非能动余热排出换热器换热能力数值分析

基于多孔介质模型,对AP1000非能动余热排出换热器(PRHR-HX)运行初始阶段进行了数值模拟。一回路的入口温度及流量采用RELAP5的计算结果,并以此作为CFD计算的边界条件。采用多孔介质模型处理C型管束区,添加管束区分布阻力。通过商业CFD软件FLUENT计算得到安全壳内置换料水箱(IRWST)侧冷却剂的三维温度及速度分布,通过用户自定义函数UDF完成一回路侧与IRWST侧的耦合换热计算,获得一回路温度分布及换热量。计算结果表明,随着IRWST内冷却剂温度升高,换热器热负荷降低,并出现明显的热分层现象,同时证明采用多孔介质模型与耦合换热计算是分析PRHR/IRWST系统瞬态热工水力特性的有效方法。     

自然循环铅基快堆一回路系统驱动力的关键影响因素研究

为深入研究影响自然循环铅基快堆一回路系统驱动力的关键因素,以自然循环铅基快堆SNCLFR-10为研究对象构建描述反应堆一回路自然循环稳态运行模型;从理论上量化分析冷/热池的热量传递、热源和热阱温度非线性分布、反应堆压力容器壁散热3种因素对自然循环能力的影响,并开展了相关数值模拟验证。结果表明,数值模拟结果与本研究理论计算值吻合较好;3种自然循环能力影响机制耦合作用将降低SNCLFR-10系统自然循环能力,导致自然循环流量与功率之间不再满足理论所得的1/3次方关系。