Hierarchically structured superhydrophobic coatings fabricated by successive Langmuir-Blodgett deposition of micro-/nano-sized particles and surface silanization

The present study demonstrates the creation of a stable, superhydrophobic surface by coupling of successive Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) depositions of micro-?and nano-sized (1.5?μm/50?nm, 1.0?μm/50?nm, and 0.5?μm/50?nm) silica particles on a glass substrate with the formation of a self-assembled monolayer of dodecyltrichlorosilane on the surface of the particulate film. Particulate films, in which one layer of 50?nm particles was deposited over one to five sublayers of larger micro-sized particles, with hierarchical surface roughness and superhydrophobicity, were successfully fabricated. Furthermore, the present 'two-scale' (micro-?and nano-sized particles) approach is superior to the previous 'one-scale' (micro-sized particles) approach in that both higher advancing contact angle and lower contact angle hysteresis can be realized. Experimental results revealed that the superhydrophobicity exhibited by as-fabricated particulate films with different sublayer particle diameters increases in the order of 0.5?μm>1.0?μm>1.5?μm. However, no clear trend between sublayer number and surface superhydrophobicity could be discerned. An explanation of superhydrophobicity based on the surface roughness introduced by two-scale particles is also proposed.     

表面粗糙度对PS-PVD热障涂层陶瓷层沉积的影响

研究基于等离子喷涂-物理气相沉积(PS-PVD)工艺的沉积表面的粗糙度对YSZ陶瓷层结构的影响,初步阐明了表面粗糙度对陶瓷层气相沉积过程的影响和涂层结构的形成规律。采用PS-PVD工艺在预制有NiCoCrAlYTa黏结层的K417G高温合金上制备YSZ陶瓷层;采用SEM、粗糙度检测仪、3D表面形貌仪等方法分析PS-PVD YSZ陶瓷涂层的形貌和结构特征。基体表面粗糙度对PS-PVD涂层结构有很大影响。结果表明:当基体表面粗糙度分别为 R a≤2μm, 2μm< R a<6μm, R a≥6μm时,涂层粗糙度分别在3.5~5,6~10,10~15μm区间;特征表面形貌"菜花头"的直径随着基体表面粗糙度的增加而逐渐增大, d P=38.5μm, d 280S =25.5μm, d 60S =38.7μm, d 24S =102μm, d S=137μm。表面粗糙度主要通过PS-PVD气相沉积过程中的阴影效应来影响涂层生长和形成差异性结构,随着基体表面粗糙度的增加,YSZ陶瓷层受阴影效应影响增大,表面形貌"菜花头"尺寸和柱状结构间间隙增大,形成更加疏松的结构。     

长导轨直线度分段测量拼接方法研究

激光干涉仪测量超长导轨直线度时,因导轨长度超出干涉仪直线度测量范围,需分段测量后拼接,测量数据易受噪声和激光漂移等因素影响,导致拼接可能引入较大误差。通过分析拼接过程中的影响因素,结合长导轨结构特性,提出了一种将拼接公共点分布在相邻两节子导轨上,利用相邻两节子导轨夹角的稳定特性来实现长导轨直线度拼接的方法。通过仿真与实验,对比了30 m范围内的直接测量法与坐标变换拼接法的测量结果,2种方法的直线度结果相差<10μm,表明所提出的方法能有效减小拼接误差。将此方法应用于72 m导轨的直线度测量,并与电子水平仪测量方法比较,2种方法结果相差10μm,表明所提出的方法可实现高精度的直线度拼接。     

航空发动机叶片粗糙度测量方法研究

航空发动机叶片表面弯扭大,加工过程中难以保证表面粗糙度一致。针对现阶段粗糙度测量方法在测量叶片时缺少测量位置和方向的定义,导致测得的粗糙度值无法判定叶片粗糙度合格性的问题,开展了叶片粗糙度测量方法研究。基于叶片实测截面数据,利用坐标测量机上搭载的粗糙度测头,通过对不同类型的叶片进行多位置多方向的粗糙度测量实验,分析不同位置、不同方向的粗糙度测量结果差异,得到了叶片粗糙度测量方法。本方法将叶片粗糙度与叶片型面相关联,解决了叶片粗糙度的测量位置和测量方向缺乏规范的问题。研究结果对准确、有效、规范地评估叶片表面质量的合格性具有重要意义。     

Closely packed hexagonal conical microlens array fabricated by direct laser photopolymerization

We apply femtosecond laser direct writing in photopolymers for manufacturing of conical microlenses and closely packed arrays thereof. We demonstrate the fabrication of high optical quality axicons of 15?μm in radius, having 150°, 160°, and 170° cone angles. Their optical properties and performance are modeled using the finite-difference time-domain method and compared with experimentally measured data. Additionally, optimization of the laser direct writing parameters regarding these types of micro-objects is presented. Possible applications of closely packed arrays of axicon microlenses are discussed, having potential attractivity in the fields of modern microscopy, light-based material processing, particle manipulation in microfluidic, and optofluidic applications.     

Synthesis and characterisation of large chlorapatite single-crystals with controlled morphology and surface roughness

This work describes the synthesis of chlorapatite single crystals using the molten salt method with CaCl₂ as a flux. By manipulating the processing conditions (amount of flux, firing time and temperature, and cooling rates) it is possible to manipulate the crystal morphology from microscopic fibres to large crystals (up to few millimetre long and ~100?μm thick). The crystal roughness can be controlled to achieve very flat surfaces by changing the melt composition “in situ” at high temperature. The Young modulus and hardness of the crystals are 110?±?15 and 6.6?±?1.5?GPa respectively as measured by nanoindentation. Crystal dissolution in Hanks solution starts around the defects. Several in vitro assays were performed; ClAp crystals with different size and shape are biocompatible. Cell apoptosis was very low at 5, 10, and 15?days (Caspase-3) for all the samples. Proliferation (MTT) showed to be influenced by surface roughness and size of the crystals.     

Characterization of PZT thick films fabricated by micro-pen direct-writing

Lead zirconate titanate thick films have been deposited on platinum coated alumina substrates using micro-pen direct-writing technique. The viscosity, film thickness, interface, surface roughness, dielectric, and ferroelectric properties were investigated with different paste rheology, scanning speed and distance between lines. The results showed that in order to obtain good film, the viscosity values should below 10 Pa S in the writing range, and the proper writing speed should be kept at 4 mm/s, while the distance between lines should be kept as 300 μm. Comparing with the sample prepared by screen printing, the dielectric constant was increased from 710 to 750 and the dielectric loss was decreased from 0.015 to 0.012. Moreover, the two samples had similar ferroelectric properties with the remanent polarization P _r is 30 μC/cm² and the coercive field E _c is 18 kV/cm. These results mean that the Micro-pen writing is a very effective method to prepare thick films.     

Dependence of thermal conductivity in micro to nano silica

This work presents the measurement of thermal conductivity of nano-silica particles using needle probe method. The validation test of thermal probe was conducted on ice and THF hydrates using our experimental set up and the results are satisfactory when compared with the literature data. The nano silica used in this study is with particle sizes in the range 50–1000 nm. The sand powders sieved in different sizes ?<75 and 75  μ m ?>? d ?>? 250  μ m were also studied to probe the particle size dependence on thermal conductivity. Thermal conductivity decreased by about 70% in silica nano powders.     

Fabrication of high performance surface enhanced Raman scattering substrates by a solid-state ionics method

Silver nanostructures were prepared by a solid-state ionics method using fast ionic conductor RbAg(4)I(5) films under a direct current electric field (DCEF). The surface morphology of the silver nanostructures grown under different constant current fields was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Rhodamine 6G (R6G) aqueous solutions were used as probe molecules to detect the Raman enhancement performance of the silver nanostructure substrates. The effect of external electric field current intensity on the surface morphology of the silver nanostructures during the preparation was studied in detail. The enhancement effect of the silver nanostructure surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates with different surface morphologies toward R6G was determined. We found that disordered silver nanowires (DSNW), ordered silver nanowires (OSNW), densely arranged silver nanobamboo arrays (SNBA) and compactly arranged silver nanobud clusters (SNBC) were respectively obtained when the constant current intensity was 3?μA, 5?μA, 8?μA and 12?μA under the same vacuum evaporation plating conditions. The limiting concentrations of R6G for these SERS substrates were found to be 10(-7)?mol?l(-1), 10(-13)?mol?l(-1), 10(-13)?mol?l(-1) and 10(-16)?mol?l(-1), respectively.     

Surface-modified CdS nanoparticles as a fluorescent probe for the selective detection of cysteine

We present a novel method for the selective detection of cysteine, a sulfur-containing amino acid, which plays a crucial role in many important biological functions such as protein folding. Surface-modified colloidal CdS nanoparticles have been used as a fluorescent probe to selectively detect cysteine in the presence of other amino acids in the micromolar concentration range. Cysteine quenches the emission of CdS in the 0.5-10?μM concentration range, whereas the other amino acids do not affect its emission. Among the other amino acids, histidine is most efficient in quenching the emission of the CdS nanoparticles. The sulfur atom of cysteine plays a crucial role in the quenching process in the 0.5-10?μM concentration range. Cysteine is believed to quench the emission of the CdS nanoparticles by binding to their surface via its negatively charged sulfur atom. This method can potentially be applied for its detection in biological samples.     

Enhanced field emission from injector-like ZnO nanostructures with minimized screening effect

Injector-like zinc oxide (ZnO) nanostructures have been synthesized on Si substrate by the vapour phase transport method. Samples with different areal densities were obtained by controlling the temperature. The field emission properties of the injector-like ZnO nanostructures showed a clear dependence on the areal density of the nanostructures, which is due to the screening effect. The samples with a needle length of 850?nm and an areal density of 1 × 10(8)?cm(-2) showed the lowest field emission turn-on field of 1.85?V?μm(-1) at a current density of 10?μA?cm(-2), and the current density reaches 1?mA?cm(-2) at an applied field of 4.7?V?μm(-1).     

On some parameters of interaction of glass neodymium laser beam with metal surfaces having different roughness

Samples of 45 steel and MO60 brass with the surface roughness ranging from 0.5 ÷ 8 μm were irradiated with strong pulses of a glass neodymium laser working in ordinary generation régime (λ = 1.06 μm, E = 6 J, τ = 2 ms). The parameter of roughness h? was determined by means of an optical reflexometric method. The dependences of the chosen parameters of the interaction, i.e. the amount of the mass Δ m removed from the crater, the depth H and the mean radius r_o of deep cavities being formed were examined as a function of h?.     

Damage threshold determination of bulk polymer samples using pulsed photothermal deflection technique

Photothermal deflection technique was used for determining the laser damage threshold of polymer samples of teflon (PTFE) and nylon. The experiment was conducted using a Q-switched Nd-YAG laser operating at its fundamental wavelength (1-06μm, pulse width 10 nS FWHM) as irradiation source and a He-Ne laser as the probe beam, along with a position sensitive detector. The damage threshold values determined by photothermal deflection method were in good agreement with those determined by other methods.     

Universal, geometry-driven hydrophobic behaviour of bare metal nanowire clusters

A parallel array of isolated metal nanowires is expected to be hydrophilic. We show, however, that a clustering of such nanowires brought about by vacuum drying produces a 'dual-scale roughness' and confers a strongly hydrophobic property to the surface. The mean size of the nanowire clusters as well as the contact angle are both found to be related to the wire length, and the critical wire length above which the surface becomes hydrophobic is ≈10?μm. Surface roughness is generally known to enhance water-repellent properties, but this is the first report of roughness-induced hydrophobicity on a bare (uncoated) metallic surface.     

Static and dynamic flexural strength of 99.5% alumina: Relation to surface roughness

The dynamic flexural strength of ceramics is an important property for all applications involving impact loading conditions. Therefore, this work reports a systematic comparison of static and dynamic flexural strength results for 99.5% commercial alumina, obtained using a recently reported adaptation of the 1-point impact experimental technique. Specimens of the same size and systematically varying surface roughness conditions were used in this study to assess the influence of the latter on the static and dynamic strength of this material. The investigated roughness levels ranged from 0.8 μm (coarse) to 0.05 μm (fine, polished). Under static loading, reducing the surface roughness causes a 10% increase in flexural strength for polished specimens. By contrast, the dynamic flexural strength is apparently not influenced by the surface roughness. A thorough microstructural and fractographic examination reveals the presence of bulk (surface) pore-like flaws that are not obliterated by the polishing process and therefore govern the failure process. It is suggested that strength improvements can be reached by suitable surface preparation, provided no bulk pores are native in the material, some of which are present on its surface. The identification of the role of surface flaws is expected to clarify the discrepancy found in the literature as to the influence of surface roughness on the mechanical properties of brittle materials.     

Influence of surface roughness created by admixing smaller particles on improving discharge particle flowability of main particles

Particle flowability can be improved by admixing with particles smaller than the main particles. However, the mechanism by which this technique improves flowability is not yet fully understood. In this study, we focused on vibrating discharge particle flowability as one type of flowability and investigated the influence of the main particle roughness created by the adhesion of the admixed particles on improving the flowability. The diameters of the main and admixed particles (MPs and APs) were 41.4 or 60.8?μm and 8 or 104?nm, respectively. The main and admixed particles were mixed in various mass ratios, and the discharge particle flow rates of the mixed particles were measured. Scanning electron microscopy images were acquired from two different angles to determine the three-dimensional surface roughness using image analysis software. We then calculated the coating structure parameters from the obtained three-dimensional surface roughness. The observed trends for improving the vibrating discharge particle flowability were found to differ from those reported for compression particle flowability. Furthermore, the main particle roughness conditions that led to the greatest improvement involved the presence of several admixed particle agglomerations between the main particles.     

Design and fabrication of tapered microfiber waveguide with good optical and mechanical performance

In this paper, the inherent dependence of optical and mechanical characteristics of tapered microfiber waveguide on its contour profile is studied. Both theoretical analysis and experimental investigation are given. In theory, the optimal profile parameters of the tapered microfiber are proposed to improve the microfiber performance, where it is better to make the tapered microfiber keep two longer than 5-mm-long transition regions which have a decaying exponential profile. And the uniform waist diameter of the tapered microfiber should be more than 600?nm and less than 1?μm. In this case, the microfiber indicates several favorable advantages, such as low loss, strong evanescent field and relatively shorter transition region. In experiment, according to the profile parameters we proposed, we successfully fabricated a tapered microfiber with a low loss of 0.05?dB in air and 0.8?dB on a MgF₂ substrate at the wavelength of 1550?nm, and it has low surface roughness.     

表面粗糙度对PS-PVD YSZ陶瓷层性能的影响EI北大核心CSCD

采用PS-PVD工艺在预制有NiCoCrAlYTa黏结层的K417G高温合金上制备YSZ陶瓷层;采用万能拉伸试验机、粒子冲刷仪、静态氧化炉等设备测试PS-PVD YSZ陶瓷涂层的结合强度、抗粒子冲刷和抗高温氧化性能;采用SEM和EDS分析涂层表面、截面形貌和元素分布等。结果表明:表面粗糙度对YSZ陶瓷层拉伸结合强度、抗粒子冲刷和抗高温氧化性能的影响很大。随着粗糙度的增大,结合强度先增大而后减小。Ra=0.40μm表面上沉积的YSZ涂层,其结合强度最高,达到23.5 MPa。拉伸断裂发生在涂层内部,并距离黏结层40~70μm的位置。随着表面粗糙度的增大,冲刷速率先减小而后增大,Ra=0.40μm涂层的抗粒子冲刷性能最好,冲刷速率仅为2.8×10^-3 g/g,表面起伏小和孔隙率低是涂层具有良好抗粒子冲刷性能的重要原因。不同表面粗糙度制备的YSZ涂层均能生成致密连续的热生长氧化物(TGO)层。粗糙度大则生长的TGO起伏大,更容易导致局部增厚和应力集中而失效。     

Wafer-scale patterning of sub-40 nm diameter and high aspect ratio (>50:1) silicon pillar arrays by nanoimprint and etching

We demonstrate wide-area fabrication of sub-40?nm diameter, 1.5?μm tall, high aspect ratio silicon pillar arrays with straight sidewalls by combining nanoimprint lithography (NIL) and deep reactive ion etching (DRIE). Imprint molds were used to pre-pattern nanopillar positions precisely on a 200?nm square lattice with long range order. The conventional DRIE etching process was modified and optimized with reduced cycle times and gas flows to achieve vertical sidewalls; with such techniques the pillar sidewall roughness can be reduced below 8?nm (peak-to-peak). In some cases, sub-50?nm diameter pillars, 3?μm tall, were fabricated to achieve aspect ratios greater than 60:1.     

Low threading dislocation Ge on Si by combining deposition and etching

Blanket and selective Ge growth on Si is investigated using reduced pressure chemical vapor deposition. To reduce the threading dislocation density (TDD) at low thickness, Ge deposition with cyclic annealing followed by HCl etching is performed. In the case of blanket Ge deposition, a TDD of 1.3 × 10⁶ cm^− 2 is obtained, when the Ge layer is etched back from 4.5 μm thickness to 1.8 μm. The TDD is not increased relative to the situation before etching. The root mean square of roughness of the 1.8 μm thick Ge is about 0.46 nm, which is of the same level as before HCl etching. Further etching shows increased surface roughness caused by non-uniform strain distribution near the interface due to misfit dislocations and threading dislocations. The TDD also becomes higher because the etchfront of Ge reaches areas with high dislocation density near the interface. In the case of selective Ge growth, a slightly lower TDD is observed in smaller windows caused by a weak pattern size dependence on Ge thickness. A significant decrease of TDD of selectively grown Ge is also observed by increasing the Ge thickness. An about 10 times lower TDD at the same Ge thickness is demonstrated by applying a combination of deposition and etching processes during selective Ge growth.