Research and prospects of bamboo bolts in China: state of the art

Bamboo has been used as a structural material for thousands of years. Due to its advantages in carbon absorption, mechanical properties, material supply and growth rate, etc., many bamboo products, especially engineered bamboo, were proposed and applied in buildings and structures. In this process, more than 40 years have passed since bamboo bolts were first applied. However, the shortage of strength and durability rendered the stagnated development of bamboo bolts, leading to the risk of being completely displaced. To arouse this environmental-friendly and high-specific-strength material in the application of ground anchorage, this paper summarised and further discussed the achievements of bamboo bolts and related products in China, including their classification, mechanical properties, anchorage performance, etc. According to the results, bamboo bolts still have vitality as a means of reinforcement if the shortcomings can be overcome. Therefore, a self-anchored bamboo bolt with a U-anchor head has been proposed in the following, which can give full play to the parallel-to-fibre tensile strength of bamboo strips and thus realise the efficient transformation from material properties to anchorage performance.

     

我国竹材材性与加工利用研究新进展

简要介绍了竹类资源,竹材材性和加工利用的研究现状;重点分析了毛竹和其它竹种的材性,材性与培育和加工利用的相关关系;比较了现有竹质人造板产品、竹炭、竹纤维、竹醋液等研究概况.提出了关于竹材材性研究和利用的几点建议.     

竹原纤维及其应用前景分析

竹原纤维是通过物理方法生产的一种绿色环保型纤维。它除了具有其它天然纤维的优良性能外．还具有抗茵、除臭等保健功能。本文介绍了竹原纤维的特点、开发的意义，并对其应用前景进行了分析。     

竹原纤维及其应用前景分析

介绍了竹原纤维的特点。竹原纤维是通过物理方法生产的一种绿色环保型纤维。它除了具有其他天然纤维的优良性能外,还具有抗菌、除臭等保健功能。分析了竹原纤维开发的意义及其应用前景。     

欧洲木质纤维素生物质精炼的现状与前景

2012年,欧洲生物经济战略正式启动,欧盟正式将生物经济定义为:利用和生产可再生生物质资源,并将这些资源和一些废弃物转化为高附加值的生物质产品的经济模式。在该战略及其有关方案的推动下,生物质精炼逐渐成为未来生物经济的重要组成部分。目前,欧洲共有40多家木质纤维素生物质精炼厂,本文主要介绍生物质精炼领域的关键要素,包括原料来源、加工方法和生物质产品市场等,以及这一新产业面临的挑战和未来的发展机遇。欧盟旨在支持该行业实现气候和生物质能源目标,推动欧洲范围内生物质精炼以及生物经济的发展,在一定程度上也为其他国家和地区发展生物经济提供了蓝本。     

Bioactive compounds in bamboo shoots: health benefits and prospects for developing functional foods

Juvenile bamboo shoots have long been used as food and in traditional medicine in many Asian countries, but scientific evidences of its health benefits have been highlighted recently. According to ancient Chinese medicinal books, the consumption of young shoots helps in improving digestion, relieving hypertension, sweating, preventing cardiovascular diseases and cancer. The young shoots are delicious and rich in nutrient components such as proteins, carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins and bioactive compounds. The health benefits of the young shoots are attributed to the presence of bioactive compounds mainly phenols, phytosterols and dietary fibres, which play a potential role in health promotion and providing protection against many chronic and degenerative diseases. Phenolic compounds in bamboos have multiple biological effects such as antioxidation, anti‐ageing, antifatigue, antimicrobial and prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Dietary fibres and phytosterols have a beneficial effect on lipid profile and bowel function and reduce total serum cholesterol and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol level. This study discusses the bioactive compounds in bamboo shoots and how, due to its nutritive value and health benefits, the shoots can be utilised as an ingredient in the development of functional foods.     

舒席竹编艺术在旅游产品设计中的应用

舒城竹编自西汉至今已有几千年发展历史,始终是我国民间工艺和非物质文化遗产的重要组成部分,其蕴含的造物理念、传统美学思想、朴素材料应用观、绿色设计理念、可持续发展造物方式以及传统文化的思考,对未来旅游产品设计的发展有着重要的启示意义。     

湿、热条件对竹原纱线强伸性能的影响

竹原纤维是一种新型的纺织材料,在生产和使用过程中,经常会受到湿、热条件的作用.文章对竹原纱线在湿态下的力学性能进行了测试分析,得出其标准状态和湿态下力学性能的变化规律;通过对竹原纱线在不同温度条件下强伸性能的测试分析,得到断裂强度和断裂伸长随温度的变化曲线.可为竹原纤维制品的纺织染整生产及日常使用提供理论指导.     

民国丝绸旗袍纹样装饰艺术探微

丝绸旗袍作为民国女装的典型,巧妙地衬托出女性优雅的身型,释放着女性魅惑的神情,其纹样装饰兼收并蓄,较之清代旗袍变化显著。文章针对民国丝绸旗袍,从发展动因、造型特征、色彩特征、装饰内涵等方面对纹样装饰进行探究,客观反映民国染织艺术水平。研究表明:伴随款式的不断改良和丝绸面料的激增,以及科技、文化、教育等社会背景的助推,民国丝绸旗袍纹样在造型上吸收西方光影表现技法,较清代更加立体,且"花小叶大"形式更为突出;配色上由崇尚纯色对比转向清丽雅淡,且大量应用复色;装饰内涵上淡化等级象征,体现出以人为本的设计目的,以及中西交融的文化含义。     

中国竹炭产业研究新进展及发展建议

系统地总结了近年来我国竹炭的生产开发研究状况,综述了竹炭的应用领域,最后讨论了我国竹炭产业发展存在的问题,并提出建议.     

State of the art and future prospects of the biological control of postharvest fruit diseases

Synthetic fungicides are the primary means to control postharvest diseases of fruits. Biological control has emerged as one of the most promising alternatives to chemicals. During the last 20 years, several biological control agents have been widely investigated for use on different pathogens and fruit crops. Many biological control mechanisms have been suggested for use on fruit including antibiosis, parasitism, induced resistance in the host tissue and competition. With the aim of extending the use of the biofungicides, there have been many studies on the application of various combinations of control agents, and on the application integrated with chemical and physical means of protection. The formulation and application methods are key issues for the efficacy and successful outcome of the commercial product. Genetic engineering may provide a useful tool in the enhancement of the biological control efficacy. Since biofungicides are usually not as effective as pesticides, this approach should be viewed as an important component of an integrated disease management scheme given that a significant and permanent reduction of pesticide use is our goal.     

Wet electroscrubbers for state of the art gas cleaning

Current trends observed in air pollution control technology are closely related to the development of new, more efficient hybrid systems, i.e., those, which simultaneously utilize two or more physical mechanisms for dust or gaseous contaminants removal. These systems can operate more economically than conventional devices, especially in the removal of PM2.5 particles. The electrostatic scrubber (electroscrubber), discussed in this paper, is one of such types of devices, which combines advantages of electrostatic precipitators and inertial wet scrubbers, and removes many shortcomings inherent to both of these systems operating independently. The electroscrubber is a device in which Coulomb attraction or repulsion forces between electrically charged scrubbing droplets (collector) and dust particles are utilized for the removal of particles from a gas. Unlike wet electrostatic precipitators in which particles are precipitated only on the collection electrode, in electroscrubbers, the collection of dust particles takes place in the entire precipitator chamber. Compared to inertial scrubbers, the electroscrubbers can operate at lower droplet velocities, but the collection efficiency for a single droplet can be larger than 1. The paper reviews the state-of-the-art of wet electrostatic scrubbing (electroscrubbing) technique used for gas cleaning from dust or smoke particles. Three groups of problems are discussed: (1) The fundamental problems concerning the charged dust particle deposition on a charged collector, usually a drop, with a focus on different models describing the process. (2) The experimental works of fundamental importance to our knowledge referring to the scrubbing process, which can be used for validating the theory. (3) The laboratory demonstrations and industrial tests of different constructions of electroscrubbers designed for effective gas cleaning. The electroscrubber is not designed to replace wet or dry electrostatic precipitators but can be used as a complementary device following the last stage of conventional electrostatic precipitator, which helps to remove submicron particles. It was shown in the paper that a higher collection efficiency of an electroscrubber could be obtained for higher values of Coulomb number (i.e., higher electric charges on the collector and particle), and for a Stokes number lower than5 (i.e., low particle-collector relative velocity).     

从蚕的生命到艺术：中国古代生命观的哲学表达

中国考古出土的蚕业实物及蚕的艺术形象比较丰富,蚕的艺术形象如蚕纹、陶蚕蛹、牙雕蚕、玉石蚕、铜蚕、金蚕等,可统称为蚕的模拟形态。对蚕的模拟形态的功用,已有的诸多解释都有待完善。研究表明,蚕的模拟形态或艺术形象表达的功用或为饰品,或为装饰图案,或有待进一步考究。但无论哪种功用,用蚕这一形象都蕴含了特有的用意。通过对中国古代生命观的考察,文章认为蚕的艺术形象折射出相应的中国古代哲学生命观,即中国古人追求的死而复生、生生不息、羽化成仙、长乐无极等观念。     

Invited review: Dairy intake and bone health: a viewpoint from the state of the art

The aim of this review was to focus on the complex relationships between milk and dairy products intake and bone health, with particular emphasis on osteoporosis. The literature was extensively examined to provide an objective overview of the most significant achievements on the subject. Osteoporosis can be defined as a disease characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue, leading to enhanced bone fragility and a consequent increase in fracture risk. Although the major determinants of peak bone mass and strength are genetic, major factors during childhood and adolescence may affect the ability to achieve peak bone mass. These include nutrition, particularly calcium and protein intake, physical activity, endocrine status, as well as exposure to a wide variety of risk factors. The role of calcium intake in determining bone mineral mass is well recognized to be the most critical nutritional factor to achieve optimal peak bone mass. The greatest amount of dietary calcium is obtained from milk and dairy foods, which also provide the human diet with vitamin D (particularly for products fortified with vitamin D), potassium, and other macro- and micronutrients. Although studies supporting the beneficial effects of milk or calcium on bone health are predominant in the literature, perplexity or discordance on this subject was expressed by some authors. Discordant data, mainly on the risk of fractures, provided limited proof of the unfavorable effect of dairy intake. More often, discordant works indicate no effect of dairy consumption on bone safety. Some considerations can be drawn from this viewpoint. Milk and dairy products are an optimal source of calcium as well as of other limiting nutrients (e.g., potassium and magnesium), with important effects on bone health. Bioactive components occurring in milk and dairy products may play an essential role on bone metabolism, as shown by in vivo and in vitro studies on colostrum acidic proteins and milk basic proteins. Calcium intake positively affects bone mass and is crucial in childhood and youth for correct bone development. In elderly people, calcium intake as well as vitamin D availability should be carefully checked. As a general conclusion, calcium is essential for bone health, although it will not prevent bone loss due to other factors; in this context, milk and dairy foods are bioavailable, relatively inexpensive sources of calcium for the human diet.     

Antimicrobial properties of chitosan and mode of action: a state of the art review

Owing to its high biodegradability, and nontoxicity and antimicrobial properties, chitosan is widely-used as an antimicrobial agent either alone or blended with other natural polymers. To broaden chitosan's antimicrobial applicability, comprehensive knowledge of its activity is necessary. The paper reviews the current trend of investigation on antimicrobial activities of chitosan and its mode of action. Chitosan-mediated inhibition is affected by several factors can be classified into four types as intrinsic, environmental, microorganism and physical state, according to their respective roles. In this review, different physical states are comparatively discussed. Mode of antimicrobial action is discussed in parts of the active compound (chitosan) and the target (microorganisms) collectively and independently in same complex. Finally, the general antimicrobial applications of chitosan and perspectives about future studies in this field are considered.     

形势与未来:烟草科技发展展望

综述中国烟草过去几十年、特别是近十年重要科研突破,总结中式卷烟产品在关键技术领域取得的重要创新成果,分析了我国烟草科技发展的现状与形势,在此基础上,遵循科技发展一般规律,围绕卷烟产品这一核心和中式卷烟产品开发基本原则,研判提炼各领域技术创新的共同要素特征,提出并阐释了"烟叶生产精准化,卷烟加工智能化,产品设计数字化,降焦减害持续化"的"烟草科技四化"发展趋势。结合中国烟草发展实际,得出今后相当长时间内中式卷烟仍将是我国烟草消费主流形态的判断,而实现"烟草科技四化"是支撑中式卷烟品牌稳定发展的必然选择,是进一步巩固卷烟民族品牌的认同度和市场竞争力的有力保障。      

我国竹工机械发展现状及未来趋势

回顾了我国竹材加工机械的发展历史,提出了竹工机械的范畴及分类方法,简述了我国竹工机械发展现状,指出了我国竹工机械存在的问题,并对未来发展趋势提出了预判.     

竹纤维针织物的性能分析

分别采用18.2tex的纯竹纤维纱和棉纤维纱在30G多针道单面机上织成布样,并进行织物性能测试和比较分析。结果表明,竹纤维针织物的透气性、悬垂性、折皱回复性均优于棉针织物的,而抗起毛起球性能比后者的差。     

我国竹工机械区域布局及未来走势分析

介绍了我国竹工机械的内涵及分类方法,回顾了我国竹工机械的发展历史,从产业规模、产业布局方面阐述了我国竹工机械的现状;从国内需求、产品结构和技术发展方向三方面对我国竹工机械的发展趋势进行了预测,同时还指出了我国竹工机械存在的问题,并提出政策建议。