Strength properties of xanthan gum and guar gum treated kaolin at different water contents

Nowadays, using biopolymer as a ground improvement method has become very popular. However,since biopolymers are organic and degradable, their long-term effect is not fully known. In this study, the effects of biopolymers on the mechanical behavior of kaolin clay were investigated through a comprehensive program of experiments. Two types of biopolymer, i.e. xanthan gum and guar gum were chosen to investigate the effect of biopolymer type. For this purpose, specimens were prepared using standard Proctor energy at four different water contents(25%, 30% 35% and 40%) with 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and 2%biopolymer inclusions. The specimens were cured for 1 d, 7 d, 28 d and 90 d. Moreover, some of the specimens were kept in the curing room for 3 years to observe the long-term effect of the biopolymers.At the end of the curing periods, the specimens were subjected to unconfined compression test, and scanning electron microscopy(SEM) analysis was performed to observe the mechanism of strength improvement. The results revealed that the unconfined compressive strength(UCS) of the specimens treated with biopolymers increased in all biopolymer inclusion levels and water contents up to a 90-d curing period. For specimens containing xanthan gum, the maximum strength increase was observed at 25% water content and 2% xanthan gum with 90-d curing. The strength increased 5.23 times induced by xanthan gum addition when compared to the pure clay. Moreover, the increase in strength reached 8.53 times in specimens treated with guar gum. Besides, increasing water content caused more ductile behavior, thus increasing the axial deformation.     

土的自适应应力认识与研究

设计了一种0K状态不同等应变或等应力速率连续对土样轴向加载的单轴固结试验方案,该试验方案可让土样同时经受不同荷重率、应力历时、应力路径、应力历程的作用。经过对重塑饱和黄土的单轴连续加荷、三轴连续加荷、分级加荷单轴固结试验研究,结果表明:若定义土在单轴压缩不同侧向约束条件下反应的侧压力为自适应应力;单轴侧限压缩试验主动施加的竖向压力与实测的侧向土压力之差为土的自适应剪应力,除了不受孔隙水压力的影响外,更重要的是,实测与分析结果证明,土的单轴侧限压缩应变量与自定义的自适应剪应力具有唯一的影响关系。     

Estimation of In-Situ Undrained Strength of Soft Soil Deposits by use of Unconfined Compression Test with Suction Measurement

Unconfined compression tests have been widely used in Japan for the purpose of determining undrained strengths of clay samples, but the unconfined compressive strengths are usually scattered even if specimens tested seem to have been subjected to the same stress history. This is due to the characteristic of the test itself, which is performed under unstable confining stress given by capillary pressure of the sample itself. In order to make clear the cause of scattering of measured strengths, three series of tests simulating the process from sampling to unconfined and triaxial compression tests on saturated soil samples are performed with three remolded and three undisturbed clays together with an undisturbed peat, and the influence of stress release and mechanical disturbance of the test specimen on the undrained strength is examined. Based on the test results, a practical method for estimating the in-situ undrained strength of soft soils from the results of a routine unconfined compression (UC) test together with suction measurement is proposed. From comparisons of the undrained strength profiles estimated by the proposed method with the strength profiles obtained by in-situ sounding test, it is found that the strength obtained by UC test can be reasonably corrected to estimate the in-situ undrained strength of soft soil deposits.     

Yielding of cement-treated marine clay

This paper presents the findings of an experimental study on the primary yielding and post-yield behavior of cement-treated Singapore marine clay. The study was conducted using unconfined compression tests and triaxial tests. The results show that all the primary yield loci for the cement-treated marine clay have a consistent shape regardless of the mix ratio, curing stress or curing period. Three relationships are proposed for determining the size of the primary yield locus. The first two involve the direct determination of the isotropic primary yield stress, whereas the third makes use of the unconfined compressive strength. The first two relations are valid only for 7-day specimens. The third appears to have slightly larger scatter, but it is also applicable over a wider range of curing period and curing stress. Post-yield, over-consolidated samples were obtained by compressing specimens isotropically under effective stress levels higher than their isotropic primary yield stress and then allowing them to swell back to a lower effective confining stress prior to shearing. The normalized yield loci of these pre-yielded samples show a “collapse” from steep arches to more-rounded ellipses, while the yield loci expand with isotropic pre-compression pressure.     

掺废旧沥青混合料的水泥稳定基层力学特性研究

对废旧沥青混合料进行有效利用是路桥工程中环境保护的重要一环,常将废旧沥青混合料进行处理后制备水泥稳定基层材料.研究发现,试样无侧限抗压强度随着水泥掺量的增加呈现先提高后稳定的趋势,而随着废旧沥青混合料的掺加呈现先提高后降低的趋势.水泥和废旧沥青混合料的最佳掺量分别为6％和15％.养护温度的升高对水泥水化反应和沥青成分的...     

碱性氧化剂对水泥固化淤泥强度的影响研究

为消除淤泥中有机质对水泥固化淤泥的不利影响,提出了氧化降解有机质、减薄双电层厚度、维持pH值稳定等对策来提高水泥固化淤泥的强度。采用高铁酸钾和碳酸氢钠作为碱性氧化剂,配合水泥对淤泥进行固化处理。通过无侧限抗压强度试验,初步了解碱性氧化剂对水泥固化淤泥强度的影响规律,并利用有机元素试验、动电电位试验、比表面积试验和SEM等手段,进一步探究碱性氧化剂的固化机理。研究结果表明:掺碱性氧化剂的水泥固化淤泥7d无侧限抗压强度达到了1.536 MPa。碳酸氢钠通过中和有机酸,维持水泥固化淤泥为p H=9～10的碱性环境;该条件下,高铁酸钾能高效降解有机质,除去黏土颗粒表面聚合态的有机质胶膜,有利于SiO_2与Al_2O_3游离于孔隙溶液中,促进水泥水化产物的生成。同时,孔隙溶液中游离的高价阳离子与黏土颗粒表面低价阳离子交换吸附,减薄双电层厚度,引起土颗粒的絮凝团聚。     

固化粉土小应变剪切模量与强度增长相关性研究

小应变剪切模量和无侧限抗压强度是表征固化土刚度和强度特性的两个重要参数。简要介绍了弯曲元测试技术的原理及其在试验中存在的问题,采用压电陶瓷弯曲元测试技术对水泥和木质素固化剂固化粉土试样在不同养护龄期下的小应变剪切模量进行了测试,同时对相应龄期下试样进行了常规无侧限抗压强度试验,通过引入归一化参数G28和UCS28对不同固化土的小应变剪切模量和无侧限抗压强度之间的相关关系进行分析,提出了固化土刚度与强度的相关性模型,可为地基处理中固化土的无损测试与加固效果评价提供新的方法。结果表明,水泥、木质素固化粉土的小应变剪切模量随养护龄期增加而增加,养护龄期28 d内增长显著,28 d后增长趋于平稳;相同类型固化土不论固化剂掺量多少,其小应变剪切模量随养护时间的发展在本质上是相同的;固化土归一化无侧限抗压强度表现出与小应变剪切模量相似的发展趋势;提出的固化土归一化模型可作为一种土体强度无损检测的新方法。     

上海水泥固化黏土的强度与硬度相关性研究

现场施工过程中,往往需要对水泥固化土的无侧限抗压强度进行快速检测。针对目前水泥固化黏土无侧限抗压强度检测中存在的操作不简便、试验时间长、测试费用高等缺点,提出通过水泥土硬度估计强度的方法,对现场水泥土强度进行快速检测。本文以上海地区黏性土为研究对象,对上海地区水泥固化黏土强度与硬度的相关性进行了试验研究;探讨了加固土的硬度与养护时间、水泥掺量以及强度与硬度之间的关系。试验结果表明:上海黏土水泥土强度和硬度呈正比相关,对数坐标下的强度和硬度有着形如lnq_u=ap+b的线性关系。养护初期,硬度增长速度大于水泥土强度增长速度。养护后期,强度增速大于硬度增速。     

Rapid field evaluation of the strength of cement-stabilized clayey soil

Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment - This paper presents an investigation into the hardness and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of cement-stabilized Shanghai clay. Various...     

黄土的非饱和特征参数与结构性的试验研究

黄土既有非饱和性,又有结构性。本文首先在控制基质吸力条件下进行了原状黄土和重塑黄土的非饱和直接剪切试验,分析了两种结构性状非饱和土的基质吸力对净应力强度指标,Fredlund抗剪强度公式中参数b,以及Bishop抗剪强度公式中参数χ的影响。表明两种土的黏聚力随基质吸力的增大而增大,b和χ均随基质吸力的增大而减小;在相同基质吸力条件下,原状黄土的黏聚力、b和χ均大于重塑黄土。其次,通过无侧限抗压强度试验,测试了不同含水量原状黄土、重塑黄土和饱和黄土的单轴抗压强度,得到了不同含水量下原状黄土和重塑黄土的构度值。最后,探讨了非饱和黄土的构度与基质吸力、净应力强度指标、参数b和χ之间的关系。     

The role of carbide lime and fly ash blends on the geotechnical properties of clay soils

Carbide lime is a by-product obtained during the manufacturing of acetylene from the reaction of calcium carbide and water. A major portion of carbide lime is dumped in waste deposition areas, creating an environmental problem. Carbide lime and fly ash have possible applications in slope stabilization, subgrade improvement of roads, and soil treatments under shallow foundations. A series of Atterberg limits tests, compaction tests, unconfined compressive strength tests, ultrasonic pulse velocity tests, and wetting–drying tests were performed on carbide lime and fly ash treated clay soils to evaluate the effects of additive content, curing time, strength development, and the effects of wetting and drying. A total of 8% of carbide lime constituted the fixation point, and peak strength was achieved at 12% carbide lime content. A total amount of 25% additive was found as a threshold changing the Atterberg limits. Test results indicated that the strength of the treated soil improved by the existence of carbide lime and fly ash; best performance was observed in 28-day specimens with 10% carbide lime and 20% fly ash content reaching to 8 times larger strength than untreated soil. The failure patterns of the specimens reflected the curing time and wetting–drying effects. Although, the application of wetting–drying cycles deteriorated the treated soil, the presence of carbide lime partially prevented the strength loss. New relationships between normalized strength and curing time depending on carbide lime content were proposed. Furthermore, a linear relationship between the unconfined compressive strength and the ultrasonic pulse velocity of the treated soils was established.

     

上海奉贤粉质粘土与水泥加固体的强度试验研究

以上海奉贤区粉质粘土与水泥混合后的加固体为研究对象,对其进行了多组无侧限抗压强度试验,通过对试验数据的整理分析,得出了以下两方面的结果：不同掺量下无侧限抗压强度与龄期的关系;不同龄期的无侧限抗压强度与掺量的关系。     

活性MgO碳化固化土的干湿循环特性试验研究

碳化固化技术是一种利用二氧化碳对搅拌有活性氧化镁的土体进行碳化,以达到快速提高强度的低碳搅拌处理软土的创新技术。通过室内试验研究干湿循环对碳化固化土物理力学特性的影响,并与相同掺量下水泥固化土进行对比。结果表明:活性Mg O固化粉土碳化3 h试样的无侧限抗压强度可达5 MPa,粉质黏土碳化24 h试样可达2.6 MPa;干湿循环后碳化固化土的干密度降低,而水泥土干密度基本不变;6次干湿循环后粉土碳化试样的无侧限抗压强度仍然能达到4 MPa以上,为水泥固化粉土强度的2倍,具有较好的抗干湿循环性能;经过6次干湿循环后,粉质黏土碳化试样的残余强度仅为35%,而水泥固化粉质黏土降到65%,表明固化粉质黏土的抗干湿循环性能均较差,且粉质黏土碳化试样的抗干湿循环能力不及水泥固化粉质黏土试样。通过X射线衍射(XRD)、电镜扫描(SEM)及压汞试验(MIP)测试表明干湿循环对粉土碳化试样的累计孔隙影响不大,因此粉土试样仍然具有比较大的密实度来保证试样强度;粉质黏土碳化试样因孔隙增加明显而变得疏松,因此强度显著降低。     

棕榈丝加筋红黏土的无侧限抗压强度研究

红黏土是一种典型的特殊土,土体性质极不稳定,特别是遇水强度快速衰减,容易引发地基沉降或边坡坍塌等工程地质灾害。通过开展棕榈丝改良红黏土的无侧限抗压强度试验,研究不同棕榈丝掺量及长度对红黏土无侧限抗压强度的影响。结果表明,随棕榈丝掺量的增大,棕榈丝加筋土的无侧限抗压强度相应增加;随棕榈丝长度的增大,棕榈丝加筋土的无侧限抗压强度先增大后减小,棕榈丝加筋土的最优棕榈丝长度为20mm。棕榈丝可有效控制土体的变形,提高土体的残余强度。     

Effect of Specimen Size on Unconfined Compressive Strength Properties of Natural Deposits

In order to use the advantages of unconfined compression tests, a new testing procedure using S (or Small size) specimens (15 mm in diameter and 35 mm in height) is proposed and a new portable unconfined compression test apparatus with suction measurement is outlined. The effect of specimen size on unconfined compressive strength properties of natural deposits is discussed from laboratory tests. The standard deviations of the ratios of q_u and E₅₀ values of the S specimens to O (or Ordinary size) specimens (35 mm d and 80 mm h) were in the range of 0.09 to 0.16. The 10% variation from the mean value reflects the homogeneity of soils since the coefficient of variations of the undrained shear strength for the undisturbed and reconstituted soils were 8% to 17% (Matsuo and Shogaki, 1988). In an engineering sense, there was no difference in shear strength and deformation characteristics between the S and O specimens for soils having plasticity indexes ranging from 10 to 370 and unconfined compressive strengths of 18 kPa to 1000 kPa, that were taken from 26 different sites in the United Kingdom, Korea and Japan. These soils consisted of Holocene and Pleistocene clays plus diatomaceous mudstone and highly organic soils.     

引江济淮工程膨胀土水泥改性剂量研究

膨胀土具有遇水膨胀、失水收缩的工程特性,掺加一定量水泥对其进行改性是处理膨胀土的主要方法之一。选取引江济淮工程弱膨胀土,通过对素膨胀土和改性土的自由膨胀率、界限含水率及无侧限抗压强度的试验分析,揭示了水泥掺量和养护日期对引江济淮工程弱膨胀土的物理力学性质的影响。试验结果表明:(1)随掺灰率的增加,改性膨胀土的自由膨胀率、液限、塑性指数均降低,无侧限抗压强度增加;(2)随养护日期的增加,自由膨胀率、液限、塑性指数减小,无侧限抗压强度增大;(3)基于本研究试验结果,同时综合考虑工程实际,建议引江济淮工程弱膨胀土水泥改性剂量为4%。     

水泥加固酸污染土无侧限强度特征

污染土是利用水泥固化处理后,土体的强度得到提高。针对该项技术,采用水泥固化法处理酸污染土,通过两种试验方案,对水泥加固酸污染土的无侧限抗压强度特性进行研究。试验所用酸污染土用浓硫酸配置人工制备而成,并考虑了不同水泥掺量、不同硫酸浓度和不同龄期对水泥加固酸污染土强度的影响。试验表明:水泥固化酸污染土的强度与水泥掺量和硫酸含量有密切关系,二者共同作用决定其强度的变化。在一定硫酸浓度(2~16g/kg)条件下,伴随硫酸含量的升高,水泥掺量较低时,无侧限抗压强度整体呈明显下降的趋势;水泥掺量较高时,无侧限抗压强度呈缓慢上升的趋势。随着水泥掺量提高,土样的无侧限抗压强度达到峰值时所对应的硫酸含量也逐渐变大。     

Peak and residual strength characteristics of cement-treated soil cured under different consolidation conditions

The shear strength of cement-treated soil can be changed by both cementation and consolidation during the early stages of hardening because of cement hydration. Based on the results of triaxial and unconfined compression tests, this paper describes the effects of isotropic and one-dimensional consolidation stress, applied during the curing period, on the undrained peak and residual shear strengths of cement-treated soil. The sample used was a mixture of fine-grained sand and ordinary Portland cement. A consolidated undrained triaxial compression test (ICU) was conducted on the specimens immediately after the cement treatment. Each test was conducted under different consolidation pressures, curing times and delayed loading times. The following conclusions were developed from the results and discussions: (1) the undrained peak shear strength of cement-treated soil, cured under different consolidation conditions, increases with an increase in either the consolidation pressure or the curing time, whereas it gradually decreases with an increase in the delayed loading time. (2) The rate of undrained strength increase resulting from consolidation differs significantly between isotropic and one-dimensional consolidations. (3) For a curing time of between one and seven days, the rate of strength increase by isotropic consolidation exceeds that by one-dimensional consolidation. The simultaneous volumetric change of cement-treated soil during consolidation depends on the stress conditions of the specimen, that is, the difference between isotropic and one-dimensional consolidations. (4) When the test is not conducted under nearly in-situ conditions, the undrained shear strength may be underestimated, depending on the time interval between the cement treatment and the start of consolidation. (5) The shear strength in the residual state is influenced by the consolidation pressure during curing. (6) As the consolidation pressure during curing increases, the specimens exhibit a higher residual strength.     

南阳中膨胀土水泥改性的室内试验研究

取南水北调中线工程南阳段自由膨胀率77%的中膨胀土,开展了一系列不同水泥掺灰率和不同龄期下,压实度为98%试样的物理力学特性试验。通过对素膨胀土与改性膨胀土的胀缩性、界限含水率、级配及无侧限抗压强度的对比,揭示了掺灰率及养护龄期对膨胀土改性效果的影响。试验结果表明:(1)随掺灰率的增加,改性膨胀土的胀缩性指标及反映黏土亲水性的液限和塑性指数均降低、胶粒含量减小、级配曲线随趋于平缓、无侧限抗压强度和弹性模量增加;合理的掺灰率应取6%;(2)随养护龄期的增加,胀缩性指标、液限、塑性指数、胶粒含量减小,无侧限抗压强度和弹性模量则增大。     

High-Strengthening of Cement-Treated Clay by Mechanical Dehydration

A technique called the cement-mixing and mechanical dehydration method (CMD) as one of recycling techniques for soft clay slurry is developed. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the CMD for increasing the strength of soft clay, a series of unconfined compression tests and several durability tests were performed together with the literature review of unconfined compressive strength in cement-treated soils. Moreover, a series of constant strain rate consolidation tests were also performed to evaluate the effects of cement content and dehydration speed on the permeability of cement-treated clay. The following conclusions are obtained: 1) Literature review and theoretical considerations on the shear strength of cement-treated soils show that an additional treatment for the purpose of increasing the density of cement-treated specimen is effective for increasing the shear strength of cement-treated soil. 2) The mechanical dehydration of soft clay with high pressure is accelerated by cement mixing, where the coefficient of consolidation of cement-treated clay increases as the cement content increases. 3) The high-strength specimen having the unconfined compressive strength of more than 20 MPa can be created from soft clay treated by the CMD with the cement content of over 20% and the dehydration pressure of 20 MPa.