浙江省水体中天然放射性水平调查

本文介绍了浙江省水体中天然放射性核索水平调查方案和分析工作的质量保证措施,给出了江河、湖泊、水库、海、泉和自来水中 U、Th、~(226)Ra 和~(40)K 的含量。调查结果表明,尚未发现浙江省水体中有明显的放射性污染;但石煤、磷矿和铀矿的开采使钱塘江下游支流中天然放射性核素浓度有增高的趋势。     

广东省水体中天然放射性核素浓度调查研究

本文报道了广东省（含海南省）江河、湖泊、水库、温泉、自来水和近海海域海水中天然放射性核素浓度的调查结果。全省各类水体中共布设采样点１４４个，采集平，枯两期水样２２０年，调查结果表明，广东省各类水体中天然放射性核素浓度属正常本底水平。     

全国水体中天然放射性核素浓度调查（1983—1990年）

本文报道在1983—1990年由国家环境保护局组织的中国各类水体(不包括水生物和底质)中天然放射性核素 U、~(226)Ra、Th 和~(40)K 浓度调查的方法、质量保证和主要调查结果。全国共调查了以七大江河为重点的外流河282条、内陆河29条;包括五大淡水湖在内的淡水湖101个,咸水湖27个;大、中型水库279座;温泉(含地热水)130个、冷水泉159个;农村浅水井713眼、深水井76眼;近海海域55处;还调查了城镇自来水厂702家;甘肃、宁夏部分农村窖水13处。本次调查共布点4021个,采集平、枯两水期水样6611个;所用分析方法为国家标准分析方法或经质量保证单位认可的、成熟的分析方法。调查结果表明,我国六类水体及城镇自来水、农村窖水中天然放射性核素浓度属正常本底水平,受海水影响的入海河段及部分成水湖中~(40)K 浓度较高并发现个别点 U 和~(226)Ra 浓度异常偏高。本次调查基本摸清了我国大陆各类水体及近海海水中天然放射性核素浓度的现状水平及其分布状况,为水体放射性环境管理及有关法规的制定提供了基础资料。     

北京市水体中天然放射性核素浓度调查研究

本文报道了北京市河流、湖泊、水库、温泉、井和自来水中天然放射性核素浓度的调查方法及主要结果。全市各类水体共布设了64个采样点,采集平、枯两水期水样125个。调查结果表明,北京市水体中天然放射性核素浓度属正常本底水平。     

湖北省水体中天然放射性核素浓度调查研究

本文报道了湖北省江河、湖泊、水库、温泉、农村井水和城市自来水中天然放射性核素浓度的调查结果。全省各类水体共布设采样点201个,采集平、枯两水期水样358个。调查结果表明,湖北省各类水体中天然放射性核素浓度属正常本底水平。     

铀尾矿废渣回填治理区植物中铀放射性水平调查

为了解北方某铀矿尾渣回填区内放射性核素铀在植物体中富集情况,为进一步探讨利用植物修复技术对铀矿区进行土壤修复的可行性,以及寻找放射性核素污染土壤治理的方法提供理论依据,采集矿区内堆浸工位与矿区外尾渣回填治理区常见植物样本,采用ICP-MS测定植物和土壤中放射性铀水平,针对植物对铀的耐受性和富集能力进行评估,筛选出富集能力较强的植物,进一步探索利用植物修复技术对放射性废物治理。结果表明,经对采集的植物中铀含量检测发现植物的地下部分铀含量高于地上部分,铀主要集中在根部,植物各部位铀含量由高到低分别为根、叶、茎。矿区内堆浸工位处的大籽蒿根部铀活度为 64.26 Bq/kg;在矿区外尾渣回填区同一植物根部铀活度为0.86 Bq/kg。所调查的北方某铀矿尾渣回填区内所采集的植物中铀含量极低,远小于矿区内堆浸工位所采植物样品中铀含量。深埋回填铀矿尾渣是切实有效可行的。     

山东省水体中天然放射性核素浓度调查研究

本文报道了山东省河流、湖泊、水库、泉（包括温泉）、井、近海海域和自来水中天然放射性核素浓度的调查方法和主要结果。全省各类水体中共布设采样点１０２个，采集平、枯两期水样２４５个。调查结果表明，山东省各类水体中天然放射性核素浓度属正常本底水平。     

宁夏回族自治区水体中天然放射性核素浓度调查研究

本文报道了宁夏回族自治区河流、湖泊、水库、泉、农井、自来不和窑水中天然放射性核浓度的调查方法是及主要结果。全区各类水体共布设了８４个采样点，采集平、枯两水期水样１１７个。调查结果表明，宁夏回族自治区水体中天然放射性核素浓度属正常本底水平。     

湖南省水体中天然放射性核素浓度调查研究

本文报道了湖南省江河、湖泊、水库、泉、井和自来水中的天然放射性核素浓度的调查结果。全省共设采样点165个,共采集平、枯水期水样330个。调查结果表明,湖南省水体中天然放射性核素浓度属正常本底水平;四大水系中湘江水系的天然放射性水平最高,沅江和澧水水系最低;湖泊和水库水中天然放射性水平与江河水相近。     

1995—2009年我国部分湖泊、水库水体放射性水平监测

报道1995—2009年,我国9个省、自治区、直辖市的19个湖泊和水库水体中放射性核素活度浓度的监测结果。监测结果表明,与1983—1990年的本底调查值相比,除个别湖泊、水库外,其他水体中天然放射性核素U、Th、226Ra4、0K的活度浓度处于正常水平,总α、总β活度浓度均在标准限值范围内。     

Increase in internal friction in uranium with change in temperature

On the basis of the previously described increase in internal friction in uranium during heating, a semiquantitative evaluation was made of the dependence of increase in internal friction on the rate of heating, frequency and amplitude of vibrations. The results of the calculations agree satisfactorily with data obtained experimentally. A study was made of the effect of the initial state of the specimen on the increase in internal friction at the initial stages of heating.     

广东省进出口食品中的放射性检验

报道了广东省商检中心放射性检验室开展的广东进出口食品中的放射性检验工作。介绍了检验工作采用仪器的主要性能及应用;给出了分析测量方法和探测下限以及实验的质量保证措施,并给出了检验室测量的广东省几种食品中的放射性含量范围,测量结果与我国食品中放射性活度变化范围大体一致。     

Tritium concentrations in precipitation in Shanghai

Tritium concentrations in precipitation can be used as a criterion to evaluate the tritium baseline of the environment. The tritium concentration in precipitation in Shanghai during 2014-2015 was determined. Values ranged from 0.68 ± 0.04 to 4.11 ± 0.39 Bq/L, and it showed a decreasing trend compared with historical data; however,the values were slightly higher than the natural background tritium level. Additionally, the tritium concentration shows a seasonal variation: It was higher in autumn and winter and lower in summer and spring. A comparison of concentrations in precipitation in Shanghai and around the Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant reveals no correlation,implying that the nuclear power plant operations may not affect the environment of Shanghai. Thus, the raised tritium concentrations in Shanghai might be due to the effects of monsoons, spring leak, raindrop, or other activities that generate tritium there. Those activities may include chemistry research that uses tritium as a tracer.     

微机在核物理实验应用中的抗干扰问题

本文简单介绍了计算机在核物理技术应用中的各种噪声，并初步探讨了抑制噪声的方法。     

Tritium concentrations in precipitation in Shanghai

Beamline BL17 U1 at Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility is an energy-tunable macromolecular crystallography beamline that has been in user operation since 2009. Growing demand from the user community for a small beam and related experimental methods have motivated upgrades of the devices in the endstation.Minibeam modes have already been developed for operation. A self-integrated diffractometer reduces the sphere of confusion of the rotatory axis to 1μm. The new diffractometer is equipped with an upgraded on-axis viewing system that can improve the resolving power. Additionally,the area detector was also upgraded to the newest generation of detectors, the EIGER X 16 M, which can collect data at 133 Hz. After these upgrades, the endstation became virtually new. This paper covers the upgrade of the endstation devices and gives the first data collection results.     

2010年的美国铀矿业

2010年,美国铀矿总共施工7 209个钻孔,总进尺1 493 520 m;生产铀1 628.55t;铀矿业总支出费用为2.773亿美元,其中铀矿地勘费支出为3 450万美元,占铀矿业总费用的12.44％.铀矿地勘钻探费用为4 460万美元,占铀矿业总费用的16.08％.     

我国东南沿海城市地下建筑氡浓度分布

为了解东南沿海城市地下建筑氡浓度的分布，用固体核径迹法(SSNTD’s)，分别在春、夏、冬3季对沿海7城市地下建筑室内氡浓度进行调查。结果表明，福州具有最高的平均氡浓度，上海的平均氡浓度最低。季节的变化对地下建筑室内氡浓度有影响，各城市氡浓度平均值夏季最高、冬季最低。各城市夏季氡浓度与该城市的年均值的比值与城市中各测点氡浓度之间的离散度有一定的相关性。夏季地下建筑室内氡浓度高的城市，它的平均氡浓度受某些具有高氡水平测点的影响大。     

Plutonium use in nuclear power in Russia

Conclusions The following concept of plutonium utilization based on the evolutionary development of the traditional technology in our country arises: The main problem of any short-term program of dealing with plutonium must be solved — reliable and safe storage of separated energy plutonium and freed weapons plutonium before utilization in reactors. Plutonium (mainly energy plutonium) is utilized primarily in BN-800 fast reactors and the development of technology using weapons plutonium in BN-600 reactors starts. In the future attention should be focused on nuclear-power centers patterned after the Industrial Association “Mayak” (RT-1 plant, Complex 300, BN-800) with reliable nonproliferation of weapons plutonium. It is extremely important to speed up work on the completion of Complex 300: This work must be completed before BN-800 is ready. In the future efforts must be concentrated on the following: development and implementation, in BN-800, of an economically more efficient plutonium-burning core; the possibility of building light-water reactors with the required degree of safety for effective plutonium utilization must be justified (including a “cold” core based on cermet fuel); and, development and implementation of technology for a safe and an ecologically acceptable closed nuclear fuel cycle based on plutonium and²³³U with burnout of Am, Np, and Cm. Ministry of Atomic Energy of the Russian Federation. Institute of Physics and Power Engineering. A. A. Bochvar All-Union Scientific-Research Institute of Standardization in Machine Building. Special Design Office for Machines. Translated from Atomnaya énergiya, Vol. 76, No. 4, pp. 326–332, April, 1994.