Overview of Single-phase Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems

Abstract

A still booming installation of solar photovoltaic systems has been witnessed worldwide. It is mainly driven by the demand of “clean” power generation. Grid-connected photovoltaic systems will become an even more active player in future mixed power systems, which are linked by a vast of power electronics converters. To achieve reliable and efficient power generation from photovoltaic systems, stringent demands have been imposed on the entire photovoltaic system. In return, it advances the development of power converter technology in photovoltaic systems. This article thus takes an overview of the advancement of power electronics converters in single-phase photovoltaic systems, being commonly used in residential applications. Demands to single-phase grid-connected photovoltaic systems as well as the general system control strategies are also addressed in this article.     

Overview of Maximum Power Point Tracking Techniques for Photovoltaic Energy Production Systems

Abstract—A substantial growth of the installed photovoltaic systems capacity has occurred around the world during the last decade, thus enhancing the availability of electric energy in an environmentally friendly way. The maximum power point tracking technique enables maximization of the energy production of photovoltaic sources during stochastically varying solar irradiation and ambient temperature conditions. Thus, the overall efficiency of the photovoltaic energy production system is increased. Numerous techniques have been presented during the last decade for implementing the maximum power point tracking process in a photovoltaic system. This article provides an overview of the operating principles of these techniques, which are suited for either uniform or non-uniform solar irradiation conditions. The operational characteristics and implementation requirements of these maximum power point tracking methods are also analyzed to demonstrate their performance features.     

交互式数字光伏阵列模拟器设计

在基于太阳能光伏阵列的电力电子系统开发过程中,如果以真实的太阳能光伏阵列作为检测设备,系统的研发将受到成本、体积及环境条件等诸多因素限制。为解决这一问题,提出了一种由半桥DC/DC变换器、数字信号处理器(DSP)及LabVIEW人机交互界面组成的交互式数字光伏阵列模拟器。人机交互界面的设计实现了模拟器模拟情况的多样化和操作人员对系统控制的可视化。多项式简化拟合算法及变步长工作点快速查找算法的设计,使DSP通过PWM对半桥DC/DC变换器的控制兼顾了快速与精确这两个优点。样机实现了对输出功率1 kW以下的太阳能光伏阵列的模拟。     

Simulated power source based on output characteristics of solar cell

Numerous studies were performed to evaluate the performance of photovoltaic power systems (PV systems), including maximum power control of the solar cell, effects of the PV systems on distribution feeders, long-term performance of the PV systems, etc. To estimate the performance of PV systems, the output characteristics of the solar cell should be taken into consideration. This paper proposes a new method of the simulated power source (SPS) to analyze the PV system. The SPS is under the control of the 10 cm² reference solar cell, hence, the output characteristics of the SPS are in proportion not only to the static output characteristics of the reference solar cell, but also the dynamic ones.     

Integration of a Photovoltaic Panel with an Electric City Car

Abstract—Autonomy of light electric vehicles with limited mobility can be improved by assisting onboard energy sources, such as battery and ultra-capacitors, by solar energy. This article discusses the integration of a photovoltaic panel with an electric city car. The Photovoltaic Geographical Information Systems of Joint Research Center, Europe, is used for estimating the solar irradiance. Based on the estimations, a DC-to-DC boost converter topology is considered to interface the panel with the DC bus of the electric car. Experimental evaluation of the performance is carried out under a real climatic situation. An analytical loss model is used to comment on the associated losses and to explain the measured changes in gain and efficiency under varying irradiance. Acceptable extension in the autonomy of the electric city car is predicted from the results.     

光伏并网发电及无功补偿的统一控制

针对常规光伏并网发电系统逆变主电路的结构特点,提出了将无功功率补偿与光伏并网发电相结合的新型控制方案,使光伏并网发电系统在向电网提供有功电能的同时也能够提供电网所需的无功电能,从而简化系统结构,提高供电能力,并节省设备投资.文中详细分析了系统控制结构、瞬时无功检测、并网电流的合成及并网电流的跟踪控制方法.系统以DSP数字信号处理器为基础,在30kVA光伏并网功率调节器实验样机中成功地实现了光伏并网发电和无功功率补偿的统一控制.     

Evaluation of photovoltaic modules considering spectral solar radiation

For the optimum design of photovoltaic power systems, it is very important to estimate their annual maximum amount of output. In general, the annual maximum amount of output has been calculated by using photovoltaic module efficiency under irradiance of 1 kW/m² at AM 1.5 with solar cell temperature of 25°C. Since the spectral distribution of solar radiation changes with weather, season and time, the efficiency of solar cells is not always constant. This paper describes a method evaluating the maximum amount of output in photovoltaic modules, ‘the spectral method,’ by using the measured annual spectral solar radiation and the spectral response of various photovoltaic modules. The calculated values using the spectral method agreed well with the measured values for amorphous silicon photovoltaic modules from March 1991 to February 1992. The spectral method proved most effective for optimum design of amorphous silicon photovoltaic power systems.     

Demand Side Management for Stand-Alone Microgrid Using Coordinated Control of Battery Energy Storage System and Hybrid Renewable Energy Sources

Abstract

Distributed generation with battery energy storage (BES) system is an alternative solution for stand-alone AC supply systems. This article addresses the issue of voltage variability of stand-alone microgrid with the adoption of intelligent micro-source controllers. The high energy density of the BES system is used to compensate the voltage fluctuation. A control mechanism is designed to regulate the flow of electrical energy from BES system. The control structure of DC–AC microgrid integrated with BES system is proposed, and the study is extended to explore the mechanism of demand side management (DSM) with the incorporation of voltage-droop characteristics. The BES system is interlinked to maintain the voltage to a desirable range and the proposed work is intended to show the introductory concept on DSM accomplished through voltage-reduction at the consumption-side. The proposed control strategy not only achieves frequency-regulation in adherence to IEEE Standard-1547, but also maintains customers’ quality of service while customizing voltage for regulating DSM. The basis of regulating the nickel-metal-hydride battery is state-of-charge of BES system and voltage generated by the hybrid sources consist of photovoltaic and wind energy systems. The adequacy of the proposed control scheme with BES-module is validated using time-domain simulation studies considering voltage-dependent-loads.     

基于两象限DC/DC变换器的光伏发电系统

传统MPPT电路串联在光伏组件和负载之间.光伏板产生的所有电能都要经过DC/DC变换器进行处理.因此.整个光伏发电系统的效率就要依赖于DC/DC变换器的效率.针对离网型光伏发电系统提出一种两象限DC/DC变换电路,并将最大功率跟踪电路与其并联,主要能完成蓄电池充放电,升降压电路的功能.由于与主电路并联,仅有少部分能量通...     

Nonlinear Decentralized Feedback Linearizing Controller Design for Islanded DC Microgrids

This paper aims to design decentralized controllers for different components in islanded DC microgrids. The major components in the DC microgrid as considered in this paper include a fuel cell, solar photovoltaic (PV) unit, and battery energy storage system (BESS) along with critical and non-critical loads. The main control objective is to maintain the power balance within the DC microgrid through the regulation of the common DC-bus voltage. The controllers are designed based on the dynamical models of the fuel cell, solar PV unit, and BESS. The feedback linearization technique is employed to obtain the control laws, which simplifies the original dynamical models and decouples different components in the form of several subsystems. In this way, the feedback linearization technique allows different components in DC microgrids to achieve the desired control objectives by using only the local information (i.e., in a decentralized manner). The performance of the proposed decentralized controllers for different components is evaluated on a test DC microgrid under different operating conditions. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed control scheme performs in a much better way as compared to an existing proportional integral controller.     

光伏太阳能系统在变电站直流系统中的应用

文章针对变电站直流系统的特点,论述了光伏太阳能系统在变电站直流系统中的应用,并给出了如何选择太阳能光伏电池,如何组建光伏太阳能系统,如何设置控制策略等具体技术方案。     

Evaluation of output and unit cost of power generation systems utilizing solar energy under various solar radiation conditions worldwide

Characteristics and economics of three power generation systems which utilize solar energy were investigated and compared for systems located in five different regions. The three systems investigated were a solar thermal system, a solar photovoltaic system, and a CO₂‐capturing hybrid power generation system utilizing solar thermal energy (referred to as the hybrid system) which has been proposed by the authors. The net generated power energy and the net exergetic efficiency of the hybrid system have been estimated to be larger and higher, respectively, than those of the others. Economic evaluation reveals that the unit cost of generated power energy of the solar thermal system changes most widely corresponding to the change in solar radiation condition and that the cost of the hybrid system changes the least. In general, the most economical system has been estimated to be the solar thermal system in a location which is superior in solar condition and to be the hybrid system in a not so good solar condition. The solar photovoltaic system has the possibility of being the most economical if its construction cost is greatly improved, though the hybrid system is still the most economical under considerably worse solar conditions such as in Osaka. © 1999 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 127(3): 1–12, 1999     

Maximum power point tracking without current sensor for photovoltaic module integrated converter using Zigbee wireless network

In this paper, a simple maximum power point tracking method for series-connected DC–DC converter module of photovoltaic power conditioning systems is proposed. This approach enables maximum power point tracking control with the converter’s output voltage information instead of calculating solar array power, which significantly simplifies the sensor network by removing any current sensor. Furthermore, there is no multiplication process of power calculation for perturbation-and-observation algorithm to track the maximum power point because the power calculation is replaced by simple output voltage sensing. This simple tracker realization can reduce the cost and size, and can be utilized with a low performance/low cost controller. For the implementation of the proposed control strategy, Zigbee (Xbee-pro) wireless communications and DSP’s Series Communications Interface are utilized. Then, a couple of series-connected hardware prototype of photovoltaic modules was built and tested for the performance evaluation.     

光伏并网逆变器性能检测技术及智能检测平台系统研究

随着越来越多的光伏发电系统并入电网,为了保证电力设备、人员以及光伏系统本身的安全和发电系统的效率,有必要对作为光伏并网核心设备的光伏逆变器进行性能检测。为此,参考光伏逆变器测试标准CNCA-CTS004 2009A,设计了专业应对太阳能光伏并网逆变器试验检测用平台系统。该自动检测系统通过RS485和GPIB总线完成各模块间的通讯,实现全数据自动采集和智能分析。其中交流模拟电源装置能模拟公共电网的实际运行状况和实验室所需要的极限故障状态。直流模拟电源能够模拟太阳能电池的电压变化,为大功率光伏逆变器提供可编程的直流源。孤岛检测装置主要提供三种特性的负载,并能模拟谐振点发生,准确检测并网逆变器防孤岛效应保护功能。实验证明,该智能测试系统可自动实现光伏逆变器性能指标的检测与分析,精度高,可靠性强,可为其他光伏逆变检测系统提供研究依据。     

Assessing Cloud Transient Impacts of Solar and Battery Energy Systems on Grid Inertial Responses

To assess the dynamic impact of intermittency of rapidly increasing solar photovoltaic generation on the grid, this article presents the modeling and integration of the components that need to be considered, including the solar photovoltaic plant, battery energy storage system, grid-tied interface, and associated control systems. The complexity and accuracy of these models are suitable for evaluating the transient impact on bulk power systems. Of particular interest is the grid inertial response in such situations as different penetration levels of solar generation and fast cloud transient induced solar generation decrease coupled with outages that recurrently occur in the grid, e.g., a generator trip. The impact of such events on the grid frequency responses is investigated using a simplified simulation approach to account for the locational or spatial irradiance variation patterns and cloud movements. Responsive battery energy storage systems are recognized as an effective means to improve the inertial response.     

Maximum Power Point Tracking Using Disturbance Observer-Based Sliding Mode Control for Estimation of Solar Array Voltage

Abstract

The output power of solar panel in photovoltaic systems is affected by changes in environmental and load conditions. Most currently developed MPPT control algorithms require measurements of panel output voltage, output current, and converter output voltage. In this paper, a new scheme that can cater to uncertainties in the environmental and load condition, is developed using a disturbance observer-based sliding mode control (DOSMC). The proposed DOSMC scheme obviates the need of using a panel output voltage sensor. The proposed scheme does not use a discontinuous control, thereby overcoming the problems of chatter normally associated with the conventional sliding mode control (SMC). The stability is proven in the sense of ultimate boundedness. The proposed scheme is validated by extensive simulation and laboratory experimentation under various scenarios of irradiation, temperature, and load conditions and compared with two existing popular schemes.     

Renewable Energy Devices and Systems – State-of-the-Art Technology,Research and Development,Challenges and Future Trends

Abstract

In this paper, essential statistics demonstrating the increasing role of renewable energy generation are firstly discussed. A state of the art review section covers fundamentals of wind turbines and PV systems. Included are schematic diagrams illustrating the main components and system topologies and the fundamental and increasing role of power electronics as an enabler for renewable energy integration, and for the future power system and smart grid. Recent examples of research and development, including new devices and system installations for utility power plants, as well for as residential and commercial applications are provided. Fuel cells, solar thermal, wave generators, and energy storage systems are also briefly presented and illustrated. Challenges and future trends for 2025 are summarized in a table for on-shore and off-shore wind energy, solar power, including photovoltaic and concentering, wave energy, fuel cells, and storage with batteries and hydrogen, respectively. Recommended further readings on topics of electric power engineering for renewable energy are included in a final section. This paper also represents an editorial introduction for two special issues of the Electric Power Component and Systems Journal, 43(8–10) and 43(12), respectively.     

光伏直流系统在开关站的应用研究

以中排110kV开关站为例,论述了常规直流系统的模式结构和特点,从资源和环保的角度阐述了在开关站直流系统上采用光伏太阳能系统的重要性,并从技术的角度说明了实现的可能性和可靠性,给出了实现的原理接线图和主要设备的技术指标。实践表明,光伏直流系统在开关站的应用是行之有效的,与常规直流系统模式结构相比,其性价比更高、更加节能和环保,具有广阔的应用前景。     

一种光伏快速充电系统设计

基于太阳能光伏技术的迅猛发展,设计了一种基于单片机的快速智能充电系统;系统选用MSP430单片机作为控制核心,实现对蓄电池的充电控制;选用了一种新型开关模式充电器件MAX77818,设计了充电输入电压5 V,充电电流最高可达3 A的应用电路,其中光伏电压输入检测及电池电压检测采用二级运放,使用电流检测芯片INA194及二阶低通滤波器检测光伏电流和电池电流,并将检测电压与电流在LCD显示屏上显示。本设计集成度高,能够实现快速充电,电路设计简单,工作稳定,可在光伏系统中为多种型号的电池实现快速充电。     

光伏电池工程用数学模型及其模型的应用研究

以光伏电池输出特性为基础,给出了光伏工程实用数学模型,利用Matlab建立了光伏电池仿真模型,分析了在不同的太阳辐射强度、环境温度下的输出特性,此外,利用改进扰动观察法建立了最大功率跟踪模型(MPPT),并与Buck-Boost电路结合使用,通过PWM来获得控制信号以此来改变光伏电池的输出电压,能很好地实现光伏发电系统最佳工作点的跟踪,为整个光伏及微网系统进一步研究提供参考价值。