细管道中流速的超声相关法测量

针对应用常规超声波方法测量极小管径(5 mm及以下)中流体速度的精度较低问题,文章应用相关函数法精确测量时延,降低噪声对测量结果的影响,提高了极小管径中流体速度的测量精度.首先,利用COMSOLMultiphysics有限元仿真软件建立管道传输模型,然后将被顺、逆水流影响后的超声波波形数据分别导入Matlab软件,用插...     

船用低噪声布风器设计与声学性能分析

在船舶与海洋平台中,空调管路系统噪声是舱室噪声的主要来源之一,风机与管路元件流动噪声通过管路系统与管口传递至舱室,布风器处于管路系统的末端,是连接管路系统与舱室之间的重要元件,在空调系统噪声控制中起重要作用.针对管路系统管口辐射噪声,在兼顾气动性能及声学效果基础上,提出新型低噪声布风器结构形式,采用数值模拟方法开展布风...     

薄膜型声学超材料的管道消声特性研究

针对管道低频流噪声难于有效控制的弊端,设计了一种薄膜型声学超材料及其性能测试装置,根据声波传递理论计算了管道内薄膜在声压作用下的振动特性。利用COMSOL软件的声固耦合模块研究了薄膜的消声特性,并进行了对比试验。结果表明:薄膜在低频范围内有较好的消声性能,薄膜的共振频率即为其消声工作频率;薄膜的振幅越大,传递损失值越高,最高达54 dB;薄膜参数的变化对超材料的消声性能有调节作用,通过改变施加在薄膜上的预应力和薄膜厚度,分别实现了传递损失峰值频率偏移120 Hz与110 Hz;通过改变附着质量块大小,实现了100 Hz及以下超低频消声。相关研究为主动声学超材料以及紧凑型管道消声器的设计提供了依据。     

船舶典型管路系统低噪声设计研究

针对船舶典型管路系统振动噪声控制涉及元件多、技术要求高和施工难度大等难题,提出一种综合考虑管路系统结构参数、流体性能和实船安装因素的低噪声设计方法.首先,采用传递矩阵法建立直管、弯管、法兰、弹性支撑、挠性接管等典型管路元件的传递矩阵,给出管路系统的固有频率和振动响应;其次,设计管路系统计算模型,通过ABAQUS有限元仿...     

基于三阶累积量及自适应滤波时延估计的管道定位方法

针对直接互相关被动时延估计法定位管道异常振动事件存在噪声干扰影响定位精度的问题,提出了基于三阶累积量及自适应滤波时延估计的管道异常事件定位方法。该方法对顺、反两路异常振动信号进行三阶自累积量和互累积量估计,抑制高斯相关噪声和对称分布噪声。然后利用自适应滤波时延估计算法对三阶自累积量和互累积量信号的时延进行迭代计算,在不依赖先验知识的情况下抑制非高斯相关噪声。经现场实验证明,该方法可以准确地对管道异常事件进行定位,对噪声具有很好的抑制作用,改善了直接互相关时延估计的性能。相对于直接互相关时延估计方法,相对定位误差由2.7%降低到0.6%,定位一致性提高了三倍,平均定位精度可达14m。     

T型三通管路仿生降噪技术研究

依据仿生学原理将生物结构进行简化后应用到T型通水管路,基于有限元方法对仿生设计前后的T型管的声学模态进行了分析;采用CFD计算流体力学的方法对原管和仿生管进行流场计算;基于自主搭建的循环水管路系统噪声实验平台,测试原T型管原管的流噪声,以验证数值方法的可靠性;采用边界元方法对比分析了仿生织构管路和原管的流噪声。结果表明：与原管相比,仿生织构 T 型管在交界处的高速区域与低速区域面积在整个流体域的占比均减少,仿生织构极大降低了附近的速度梯度,显著抑制漩涡的产生,仿生管的出流段流场也更均匀,从而揭示了T型管仿生织构的降噪机理。较低流速下,仿生管对降低流噪声的改善效果低于1dB,对T型管流噪声的综合影响不大;较高流速下,仿生管降低流噪声接近7dB,综合改善效果十分明显;仿生织构的应用基本不会改变T型管的声学模态,对于仿生管耦合模态的第四阶、第五阶稍有变化,但随着壁面厚度的增加变化逐渐变小;对于流激振动噪声的控制,仿生织构设计仅适用于管壁较薄的T型三通管路,对管壁较厚的T型三通管路的降噪效果不明显。     

供水管道泄漏声信号及其传播特性

相关仪利用供水管道泄漏时产生的泄漏声波对漏点定位。泄漏信号验证为高斯分布,泄漏声波主要是在管道里的水中传播,与管壁发生流固耦合作用,引起管壁振动。用FIR滤波器对管道系统建模,采用最小均方误差(LMS)自适应系统辨识方法得到管道的冲激响应函数,与线性相位FIR滤波器的冲激响应相比较,表明泄漏声波在传播过程中存在频散。泄漏声信号受各种噪声干扰,根据互谱相位谱信息估计泄漏信号的频带范围,对信号滤波后作时延估计,结果表明,提高了泄漏定位的置信度。     

大型压力输水管道泄漏监测方法的试验研究

为研究一种针对大型压力输水管道泄漏问题的在线监测方法,设计了4种不同压力工况(0.2 MPa、0.4 MPa、0.6 MPa、0.8 MPa)和4种不同泄漏孔直径工况(2 mm、4 mm、8 mm、14 mm)的管道模型试验。试验通过控制阀门开闭、阀门孔径大小和输水管压力变化来模拟实际运行管道的泄漏状态,并用水声检波器采集泄漏状态和非泄漏状态下的管道噪声数据来比较信号差异。经过分析,推导出了泄漏孔面积、管道压力与管道噪声信号振幅三者的关系。试验结果表明,通过利用水声检波器监测管道噪声变化进而监测管道泄漏是可行的,且泄漏信号主要由偶极子声源组成,泄漏状态下振幅随泄漏孔面积和管道运行压力均呈幂函数的关系增长。     

Effect of bias field and stress on Barkhausen noise in pipeline steels

Surface Barkhausen noise (SBN) and encircle Barkhausen noise (EBN) measurements have been made on pipeline steel under different positive and negative DC bias field conditions. The effects of bias field on both SBN and EBN are found to be similar. With increasing positive and negative bias the Barkhausen noise (BN) is found to decrease, and at higher bias fields the BN disappears. The results confirm that magnetization in the low-field region (below 0.5 T) takes place by 180° wall motion which gives rise to magnetic BN. Tensile and compressive stresses have been applied in a section of the pipe and SBN measurements made. The SBN voltage is found to increase with tension and to decrease with compression.     

组合声源测试消声器传递损失的噪声信号修正方法

针对某些传递损失较大的消声器,现有白噪声测试设备的单一噪声源发生器无法满足消声量的测试需求。通过采用低频和中频两种声源发生器,利用过渡管道与测试管道垂直连接的方式,实现了两种声源组合发声对消声器声学性能的测试。为了解决过渡管道与组合声源系统连接处声阻抗变化,导致输出的噪声信号频谱特性随机波动的问题,提出了一种噪声信号的修正方法。该方法基于四传感器法测量过渡管道声阻抗,根据过渡管道传递矩阵,以随机白噪声为激励源输出的管口噪声作为输出声压信号,得到组合声源系统的输入声压信号,实现了对组合声源系统声音信号的补偿。实验结果表明,与传统均衡器调节方法相比,该方法能够在较宽的测试频率范围内输出平稳的声压信号;其次,利用修正前后的声学信号对扩张腔的传递损失进行测量,修正后得到的测试曲线与理论值吻合度较高,证明了该方法的可行性。     

Basic properties of AC noise

The noise characteristics of ac demagnetized particulate media with special emphasis on correlation function analysis are discussed. The recording samples were specially prepared iron-oxide media coated on glass substrates by means of a spin coating technique. The media were nonoriented, which meant that the particles in the dried coating constituted a virgin state which is different from the ac erased state. The noise spectra for the virgin state and the ac demagnetized state appear to be equal for wavelengths longer than about 20 μm; for shorter wavelengths, the difference is about 2 dB. A correlation function measurement was made for the long wavelength region. The noise voltage was digitized and stored in a computer. After the measurements, the correlation between different noise voltages was computed. As a result, no correlation was found at all (ρ = 0) between virgin noise and ac noise. When the sample was ac demagnetized again, there was a well-defined correlation (ρ = 0.32) between successive ac noise levels. This can be explained on the basis of the ac demagnetization process.     

阻振质量在出海管路减振降噪中的应用

探讨了现代船舶的海水管系水噪声问题。通过对这种水噪声特性的分析,提出了一种工程上易于实现的出海管路减振降噪新方法,在管道表面添加阻振质量,分析了阻振质量对振动波传播的影响,同时基于FEM/BEM法,讨论了阻振质量对出海管道声辐射的影响。结果表明,阻振质量具有明显的减振降噪效果,这对现代舰船出海管路的减振降噪具有重要的参考意义。     

Use of Microwaves for the Detection of Water as a Cause of Corrosion Under Insulation

Corrosion under insulation is a significant cause of pipeline failure in the oil and gas industry. This paper describes the initial developmental stages of a technique which uses the structure of an insulated pipeline as a coaxial waveguide to support the propagation of microwaves. These microwaves are used to inspect the insulation layer for the presence of water, which will indicate the regions of the pipe at risk from corrosion. The practical requirements to achieve a low coherent noise level are identified, and the structures and dispersion characteristics of the modes which propagate in coaxial waveguides are examined to determine if these requirements can be met. An antenna array design proposed for pure mode excitation of the TEM mode and its effectiveness is demonstrated experimentally on a 12″ diameter coaxial waveguide. In particular, a signal-to-coherent-noise ratio as high as 39 dB is obtained with this arrangement. The sensitivity of the technique to the presence of water within the waveguide is investigated and it is found that water volumes with a cross-sectional area in the plane perpendicular to the waveguide axis of as little as 5% produce reflections that are readily detectable from the coherent noise floor.     

1/f noise of electrolytic capacitors as a reliability indicator

The electrical noise of capacitors and the relationship between typical imperfections in capacitors and their excess noise are described. It was assumed that a noisy capacitor is a poor-quality one. Investigations were aimed at the determination of a correlation between the inherent noise of capacitors and their reliability (time to failure) and also at the determination of an indicator to predict reliability. Investigations (noise measurements and reliability tests) were carried out on two samples of aluminium electrolytic capacitors. The method of reliability prediction for electrolytic capacitors based on their low-frequency noise is described. For reliability prediction the noise intensity G at a frequency of 2 Hz was used as a reliability indicator. It was found that the evaluated correlation coefficients between the noise parameter G and the time to failure, t, are statistically significant. It is concluded that it is possible to predict the lifetime of aluminium electrolytic capacitors on the basis of their 1/f noise. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

低噪声房间空调器

本文介绍一种新型房间空调器的设计方法，对现有窗式空调器结构进行改造，将噪声源全部移至室外，增加了风管系统，克服目前市售窗式空调器噪声太大、分体式空调器容易泄漏，故障率高等缺点，使室内噪声大大降低。     

深海海洋环境噪声垂直相关性研究

海洋环境噪声场是海洋中的固有声场,其空间结构特性是影响水声系统的重要因素之一。在风成海洋环境噪声波数积分模型的基础上,对深海噪声场的垂直相关性进行了研究。通过数值仿真讨论了深海环境下,海底声速、衰减系数、海面噪声源深度及接收器深度对均匀分布于海面附近的噪声源的垂直相关性的影响。仿真结果表明:噪声场的垂直相关随海底声速、衰减系数和接收器的绝对深度的变化较小;高频噪声的垂直相关性对噪声源的深度较敏感,低频噪声的垂直相关性受噪声源深度的影响几乎可以忽略。在此基础上,分析了某次海试噪声数据,并结合数值计算结果对实验测得噪声数据的垂直相关性进行了合理的解释。     

大型压缩机管道系统声振测试与仿真研究

某大型离心式压缩机管道系统噪声超标,对现场噪声与振动测试,得到压缩机及管道系统的噪声与振动分布。根据测试结果对压缩机和管道系统的噪声与振动分布进行分析。运用统计能量分析法(SEA)对该压缩机管道系统进行计算机建模和仿真,探究该管道系统噪声超标的原因,仿真与测试结果基本吻合,印证测试所作结论。SEA法对类似压缩机及管道系统的优化设计、噪声治理、监测与安全正常运行具有参考价值。     

石油管道超声检测信号的两级自适应噪声消除算法

针对石油管道缺陷超声检测信号的噪声消除问题, 研究了一种两级自适应噪声消除算法. 第一级自适应滤波器作为预处理级, 使信号获得较好的相关性和信噪比, 确保第二级自适应滤波器获得更优的性能. 实测超声信号两级自适应滤波结果表明: 两级自适应滤波算法能有效增强超声检测信号中的缺陷信号成分, 显著提高信噪比.     

两个宽带噪声矢量场模型的空间相关特性

针对宽带噪声矢量场的空间相关特性问题,文章讨论了各向同性噪声模型和表面噪声模型。在高频近似条件下,根据射线声学理论和简谐平面行波满足的欧拉公式,采用时域建模方法分别建立了宽带各向同性噪声和表面噪声矢量场模型。给出了噪声场相关函数的积分表达式和竖直方向空间相关系数的解析表达式。数值分析结果表明,相较于窄带噪声矢量场,宽带噪声矢量场各分量空间相关系数振荡幅度更小,随空间两点间距的增大更快地趋近于零;噪声源指向性对表面噪声场竖直方向上的空间相关特性的影响显著。相较于已有的宽带噪声空间相关系数计算方法,文中模型无需使用傅里叶合成方法,可通过时域建模直接获得宽带噪声空间相关函数。     

EMD信号分析方法的声发射管道泄漏检测研究

针对管道泄漏声发射检测信号的非平稳特征,提出了基于经验模态分解(EMD)的信号分析方法。该信号分析方法将管道泄漏产生的声发射信号通过EMD分解为多个平稳的固有模态函数(IMF)之和,选择包含声发射特征的若干IMF分量进行重构,可以提取到管道泄漏声发射信号的本质特征,消除噪声信号的干扰。通过对重构后的信号进行互相关分析计算,使基于声发射方法的管道泄漏检测的定位精度得到较大提高,验证了Hilbert-Huang变换是表征声发射信号的非平稳特征及信号参数提取的有效工具。