Clinical supervision: the Cartmel NDU experience

Much has been written about clinical supervision, but there is little published evidence to demonstrate its effectiveness. This article describes the introduction and development of clinical supervision in a mental health nursing development unit, charting the consequent change of culture to one in which nurses were able to pioneer innovative models of care.     

历史教学中自主学习方法的运用

在现代教育中学习不仅仅是指获得经过别人分类的系统知识,而是指掌握获取知识的能力.在素质教育中教会学生学习方法,培养学生自主学习的能力,这是教育工作者必须认真思考和实践的问题.     

The oral health of Indiana's independent, disabled adults

This epidemiological study was conducted to measure the oral health and related variables of one of Indiana's special population groups: adults who are developmentally disabled, work in sheltered workshops and do not live in staffed residential facilities. Fifteen sheltered workshops in ten Indiana counties cooperated with this study in which 393 individuals were interviewed and received oral screening. Information was gathered regarding oral health status, history of utilization of dental services, availability of dental insurance or Medicaid and use of tobacco products. This study was conducted by the Indiana Foundation of Dentistry for the Handicapped and was funded by the Indiana State Department of Health.     

The temperature independent plateau stress of solid solution crystals

A calculation of the plateau stress in solid solution crystals is presented assuming an arbitrarily oriented dislocation loop of lengthL, that moves under an applied stress. At high concentrations of solute atoms the dislocation segment does not interact with an individual solute atom but instead with all the solute atoms along the dislocation segment within a certain radius. The macroscopic flow stress is assumed to be determined by the maximum force that is encountered when a dislocation is moved over a distance equal to the distance between the position at zero stress and the critical position of an activated Frank-Read source. If the dislocation segment is assumed to be large compared to atomic distances, the interaction with groups of atoms will lead to an athermal process and therefore can explain the origin of the temperature independent flow stress in solid solution crystals. From this model the flow stress can be calculated with the help of statistical methods similar to those used in calculations of the movement of Bloch walls in magnetic materials. Besides the proper temperature dependence of the plateau stress the above model yields a dependence of the plateau stress upon the square root of the solute concentration, a result that is in good agreement with the measurements on silver, gold, and copperbased alloys. A linear relation between the solid solution hardening parameter dT/d√c and the strength of the solute atoms is obtained which is confirmed by the experimental results on copper-based alloys.     

The independent metabolic effects of halothane and isoflurane anaesthesia

Twelve healthy, unpremedicated women scheduled for total abdominal hysterectomy were given either isoflurane (n = 6) or halothane (n = 6) anaesthesia. They all received general anaesthesia for a period of 3 h, with surgery being carried out only in the last hour. The anaesthesia consisted of thiopentone, pancuronium and a mixture of oxygen-enriched air (FiO2 = 34%) supplemented with 1 MAC of either isoflurane or halothane. The patients were maintained normothermic, and with an arterial SaO2 above 95% throughout the period of the study. The following measurements were made before, during and after anaesthesia (with and without surgery): oxygen consumption (VO2), carbon dioxide production (VCO2); circulating concentrations of various hormones (insulin, growth hormone and cortisol); various metabolites; selected amino acids and albumin; forearm arterio-venous concentration difference of glucose, lactate, free fatty-acids and selected amino acids (four patients in each group). Whole body VO2 decreased significantly by over 20% during anaesthesia (with or without surgery), P < 0.05). Although the circulating concentration of most amino acids showed little or no change during anaesthesia alone, there was a tendency for the flux of most metabolites to decrease, and this persisted during surgery (P < 0.05). During anaesthesia alone there was a twofold reduction in the plasma cortisol concentration (P < 0.05), and a decrease in albumin concentration (P < 0.01). With the onset of surgery, plasma cortisol concentration increased rapidly (in association with several other hormones and metabolites) but hypoalbuminemia persisted.     

The stability of interpersonal judgments in independent situations.

Ranking of self in relationship to position in a group was related to ratings of self. Ranking was relatively independent of specific content of rating but dependent upon size of group. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The promise and problems of an independent graduate school.

Describes the Graduate School of the Wright Institute, which offers a course of study and research leading to the degree of PhD in social-clinical psychology. The school was conceived with emphases on the integration of social and clinical perspectives in consideration of human behavior and social issues, the commitment to maximal personal development of faculty members and students, and a broad range of student recruitment. The program is described in terms of its students, faculty, curriculum, philosophy of education, financing, and problems. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The over-claiming technique: Measuring self-enhancement independent of ability.

Over-claiming is a concrete operalization of self-enhancement based on respondents' ratings of their knowledge of various persons, events, products, and so on. Because 20% of the items are nonexistent, responses can be analyzed with signal detection formulas to index both response bias (over-claiming) and accuracy (knowledge). Study 1 demonstrated convergence of over-claiming with alternative measures of self-enhancement but independence from cognitive ability. In Studies 2-3, the validity of the over-claiming index held even when respondents were (a) warned about the foils or (b) asked to fake good. Study 3 also showed the utility of the over-claiming index for diagnosing faking. In Study 4, the over-claiming technique was applied to the debate over the adaptive value of positive illusions. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The independent study program at the University of Wisconsin Medical School

A program for 30 additional medical students for the first two years of the University of Wisconsin Medical School curriculum has been developed, and two groups of students have advanced to the clinical years. Design included providing modules of course materials to students and utilizing faculty predominantly in the developmental and managerial role. Preliminary results are based on student and faculty opinion of the program in categories of faculty acceptance, faculty-student interaction, certifying examinations, student attitudes, material developed, and course objectives. The course has been accepted as a continuing part of the medical school curriculum and provides a more flexible track for some students. There has been no significant difference in performance on Part I of the examination of the National Board of Medical Examiners for the first two groups. The concepts of individualized medical education have strengthened the basic science and core curriculum of the medical school.     

The Multidimensional Fear of Death Scale: An independent analysis.

The factor structure and subscale reliabilities of the Multidimensional Fear of Death Scale were examined using the responses of 256 New Zealanders, predominantly undergraduates. Comparison with the results of a US study by J. W. Hoelter (see record 1980-00098-001) showed that both the subscale reliabilities and the factor structure were almost perfectly reproduced in the present analysis. Hoelter's claim of 8 effectively independent subscales with high reliabilities was strongly supported. (9 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

How independent are independent psychological examinations? A workers' compensation dilemma.

In recent years there has been an increasing demand for clinicians to conduct independent psychological examinations (IPEs) of persons involved in work-related injuries, with referrals coming from insurance carriers and attorneys. This article discusses the role of the psychologist in the workers' compensation system, specifically focusing on the challenges facing psychologists who accept the IPE assignment. Potential abuses of the workers' compensation process by psychologists and ethical considerations are also discussed. Several recommendations for improving the system are offered. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Discovering functionally independent mental processes: The principle of reversed association.

A joint aim of cognitive psychology and neuropsychology has been the decomposition of mental function—the isolation and characterization of basic processes underlying behavior. By convention, the principal techniques used to identify such processes are based on functional dissociation—the observation of selective effects of variables on tasks. Yet, despite their widespread use, the inferential logic associated with these techniques is flawed. The aims of this article are twofold: (a) to review and make explicit the inferential limits of single and double dissociation; and (b) to introduce a new technique that overcomes these limits. Called reversed association, this new technique is defined as any nonmonotonic relation between two tasks of interest. We argue that reversed association, in place of functional dissociation, offers a sounder basis for inferring the number of functionally independent processes underlying performance and, having fewer assumptions, offers researchers greater scope for discovering such processes and determining their nature and effects. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The Golgi and endoplasmic reticulum remain independent during mitosis in HeLa cells

Partitioning of the mammalian Golgi apparatus during cell division involves disassembly at M-phase. Despite the importance of the disassembly/reassembly pathway in Golgi biogenesis, it remains unclear whether mitotic Golgi breakdown in vivo proceeds by direct vesiculation or involves fusion with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). To test whether mitotic Golgi is fused with the ER, we compared the distribution of ER and Golgi proteins in interphase and mitotic HeLa cells by immunofluorescence microscopy, velocity gradient fractionation, and density gradient fractionation. While mitotic ER appeared to be a fine reticulum excluded from the region containing the spindle-pole body, mitotic Golgi appeared to be dispersed small vesicles that penetrated the area containing spindle microtubules. After cell disruption, M-phase Golgi was recovered in two size classes. The major breakdown product, accounting for at least 75% of the Golgi, was a population of 60-nm vesicles that were completely separated from the ER using velocity gradient separation. The minor breakdown product was a larger, more heterogenously sized, membrane population. Double-label fluorescence analysis of these membranes indicated that this portion of mitotic Golgi also lacked detectable ER marker proteins. Therefore we conclude that the ER and Golgi remain distinct at M-phase in HeLa cells. To test whether the 60-nm vesicles might form from the ER at M-phase as the result of a two-step vesiculation pathway involving ER-Golgi fusion followed by Golgi vesicle budding, mitotic cells were generated with fused ER and Golgi by brefeldin A treatment. Upon brefeldin A removal, Golgi vesicles did not emerge from the ER. In contrast, the Golgi readily reformed from similarly treated interphase cells. We conclude that Golgi-derived vesicles remain distinct from the ER in mitotic HeLa cells, and that mitotic cells lack the capacity of interphase cells for Golgi reemergence from the ER. These experiments suggest that mitotic Golgi breakdown proceeds by direct vesiculation independent of the ER.     

Phase rule and independent components

Although the Gibbs phase rule remains one of the cornerstones of thermodynamics, its usefulness has been severely limited by a lack of suitable framework to find the number of independent components in a system. This paper rectifies this shortcoming. It offers a comprehensive method, with suitable examples, to enable the determination of the minimum number of independent composition-parameters, which are to be understood as ‘components’ in the Gibbsian sense. The method offered here is particularly useful for complex systems composed of several elements and many phases. The present work also helps dispel much of the confusion that had beset the concept of independent components since the early days of Gibbs.     

Phase rule and independent components

Although the Gibbs phase rule remains one of the cornerstones of thermodynamics, its usefulness has been severely limited by a lack of suitable framework to find the number of independent components in a system. This paper rectifies this shortcoming. It offers a comprehensive method, with suitable examples, to enable the determination of the minimum number of independent composition-parameters, which are to be understood as ‘components’ in the Gibbsian sense. The method offered here is particularly useful for complex systems composed of several elements and many phases. The present work also helps dispel much of the confusion that had beset the concept of independent components since the early days of Gibbs.