Effect of ammonium hydroxide on ultrastructure and tenderness of buffalo meat

This study was conducted with an objective to improve the tenderness of tough buffalo meat using ammonium hydroxide. Buffalo meat chunks from Biceps femoris muscle were marinated with distilled water (control), 0.1%, 0.5% and 1.0% solution of ammonium hydroxide for 48 h at 4±1 °C and subjected to various physico-chemical analysis and ultrastructural studies. Ammonium hydroxide increased (P<0.05) the pH, water holding capacity (WHC), collagen solubility, total and salt soluble protein extractability and cooking yield. Reduction (P<0.05) in Warner-Bratzler shear force values were observed in all ammonium hydroxide treated samples compared to non-treated control. Electrophoretic pattern of muscle proteins exhibited reduction in the intensity and number of certain protein bands for 0.1% and 0.5% ammonium hydroxide treated samples compared to control. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy also revealed breakdown of endothelium layers surrounding muscle fibers and weakening of Z-discs respectively, in treated samples compared to controls. These results suggest that ammonium hydroxide might be used to tenderize tough buffalo meat.     

Effect of carnosine preblending on the quality of ground buffalo meat

A study was conducted on carnosine preblending at 0%, 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% levels with ground buffalo meat obtained from spent, adult, male Murrah buffalo carcasses, to identify the level of carnosine required for improving the quality of the meat during refrigerated storage at 4 ± 1 °C. It was observed that meat samples containing 1.0% and 1.5% carnosine significantly inhibited metmyoglobin formation and brown colour development. Carnosine also improved meat pH, and water-holding capacity and lowered cooking loss and 2-thiobarbituric acid-reacting substances (TBARS) values as compared to control sample. Carnosine also improved desired visual colour and odour, and gave higher LTCU ‘R’ and chroma of meat samples. Visual colour was inversely correlated with metmyoglobin, aerobic mesophiles and psychrotrophs plate count, and odour was inversely correlated with TBARS values. Use of 1.0% carnosine for preblending extended the shelf life of ground buffalo meat up to 8 days under refrigerated storage.     

Relationship between the solubility,dosage and antioxidant capacity of carnosic acid in raw and cooked ground buffalo meat patties and chicken patties

Antioxidant capacity of oil soluble and water dispersible carnosic acid (CA) extracted from dried rosemary leaves using HPLC was evaluated at two different dosages (22.5 ppm vs 130 ppm) in raw and cooked ground buffalo meat patties and chicken patties. Irrespective of total phenolic content, CA extracts reduced (p < 0.05) the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) by 39%–47% and 37%–40% in cooked buffalo meat and chicken patties at lower dosage (22.5 ppm) relative to control samples. However, at higher dosage (130 ppm) the TBARS values were reduced (p < 0.05) by 86%–96% and 78%–87% in cooked buffalo meat and chicken patties compared to controls. The CA extracts were also effective in inhibiting (p < 0.05) peroxide value and free fatty acids in cooked buffalo meat and chicken patties. The CA extracts when used at higher dosage, were also effective in stabilizing raw buffalo meat color.     

Effect of comminution temperature on the quality and shelf life of buffalo meat nuggets

Buffalo meat nuggets were prepared after equilibrating the ingredients to temperatures of 4, 10, 25 and 37 °C. Following comminution for 6 min, the temperatures of the batters were 16.3, 19.3, 27.4 and 34.8 °C and their pH and emulsion stability ranged from 6.18 to 6.29 and 88.76 to 95.33%, respectively. Increasing temperature of comminution led to increased cooking losses and TBARS values. However, even at 37 °C, complete emulsion breakdown did not occur as the cooking losses were still only about 12%. Texture profile analysis revealed an inverse relationship between chopping temperature and shear force. Sensory evaluation indicated that, at least up to comminution temperatures of 27.4 °C, the nuggets were acceptable. The aerobic mesophilic bacterial counts were higher for the nuggets made from batters with higher temperatures but, even at the 21st day of storage, the counts were well below the levels likely to cause spoilage in meat products. Results suggested that comminuted buffalo meat products can be manufactured in conditions where refrigeration is not available, by a preservation system (mostly chemical) to decrease microbial and chemical spoilage and also by devising an efficient marketing system for their early distribution (preferably 14 days).     

Comparison of quality and shelf life of buffalo meat patties stored at refrigeration temperature

Scientific investigation on the quality changes of processed meat products will boost and sustain the meat production and utilization in buffalo abundant countries. A programme was undertaken to compare the quality of buffalo meat patties made from intensively reared young male, semi extensively reared spent male and female groups and stored at refrigeration temperature (4 ± 1 °C). Buffalo meat patties were evaluated for shelf life attributes by analysing the changes in physicochemical, microbiological and sensory attributes. The overall acceptability of patties was better in spent buffalo group than young male group. Increasing storage time resulted in significantly higher pH, TBARS, total aerobic mesophils, coliforms, Staphylococcus aureus and psychrophilic counts but decreased appearance, flavour, juiciness, tenderness, connective tissue residue and overall acceptability scores of buffalo meat patties. The patties were well acceptable within 20 days in young male group and 25 days in spent buffalo group respectively during refrigerator storage.     

Effect of age and gender on the processing characteristics of buffalo meat

Comparison of processing characteristics of meat from young male, spent male and spent female buffaloes was made to find the suitability of the meat for developing ready to eat meat products. Intensively reared young male buffalo meat showed higher moisture, collagen solubility, sarcomere length, myofibrillar fragmentation index and water holding capacity than meat from the other animals. A higher pH, total meat pigments, salt soluble protein, emulsifying capacity and lower collagen solubility were observed in spent male buffalo meat. Spent female buffalo meat had higher fat, total collagen, muscle fibre diameter and shear force value. Sensory evaluation of pressure cooked meat chunks indicated a marked toughness in spent male and female buffalo meat samples. These results suggest that young male buffalo meat is more suitable for processing in chunks and spent male and female buffalo meat is more suitable for processing in smaller particles.     

高温加工方式对肉品质的影响

以猪肉(红肉)、鸡鸭肉(白肉)为原料,以色泽、全质构(TPA)等为指标,研究高温加工方式(煎制、炸制、烤制)对常见红、白肉食用品质的影响。结果表明:3种加工工艺对3种肉样的色泽、剪切力、TPA影响均显著(P0.05)。经煎、炸、烤制工艺处理后,3种肉样L~*、b~*值均显著增大(P0.05),猪肉a~*值减小(P0.05),而鸡肉a~*值增大(P0.05);3种高温工艺处理后,猪肉、鸭肉剪切力值显著增大(P0.05),鸡肉剪切力变化均不显著(P0.05);煎、炸、烤3种工艺均能显著增大猪肉硬度(P0.05),对于白肉,除煎制2,3 min及炸制3min 3组外,肉样硬度均显著增大(P0.05);经3种高温工艺处理后,猪肉、鸡鸭肉弹性均显著增大(P0.05)。     

广西本地水牛与黄牛肉品质的比较

为挖掘水牛作为肉用开发潜力,选取广西本地沼泽型杂交水牛与黄牛各6头进行了肉品质的比较分析。结果表明,水牛与黄牛里脊肉和背最长肌肉的大理石花纹等级、L*、a*、b*值均无显著差异(p>0.05),但水牛里脊肉和背最长肌肉的肌肉颜色等级评分均显著高于黄牛肉(p<0.05)。水牛背最长肌肉中的干物质、蛋白质及钙含量显著低于黄牛(p<0.05)。水牛里脊肉的p H显著低于黄牛(p<0.05),但是在背长肌中却未见显著差异(p>0.05)。水牛肉与黄牛肉的熟肉率均在63%以上,但两者差异不显著(p>0.05)。水牛里脊肉中除豆蔻酸低于黄牛(p<0.05)外,其他脂肪酸均无显著差异;水牛背最长肌的豆蔻酸、棕榈酸、亚油酸显著低于黄牛(p<0.05),但其硬脂酸、油酸和亚麻酸要显著高于黄牛(p<0.05)。两者不同部位肌肉中的脂肪酸含量均以油酸含量为最高。水牛里脊肉和背最长肌肉外观颜色比黄牛肉更为暗红;水牛除背最长肌肉干物质、蛋白质、钙、豆蔻酸、棕榈酸及亚油酸含量显著低于黄牛肉,而硬脂酸、油酸和亚麻酸显著高于黄牛外,两者在其他营养指标方面没有显著差异,所测脂肪酸类别中均以油酸含量为最高。以上结果表明,长期作为役用的水牛具有与黄牛类似的肉用潜力。      

天然虾青素对鸭肉品质和脂质氧化稳定性的影响

研究天然虾青素对肉鸭的感官、肉质和储藏稳定性的影响。试验选择108只出壳健康商品樱桃谷肉鸭,随机分为2组,分别饲喂添加0mg/kg(对照组)和10mg/kg虾青素(试验组)的饲粮。结果表明:饲喂虾青素可显著改善肉鸭胫掌、喙的颜色,并可在肝脏、胸肌和腿肌中沉积,可显著降低胸肌鲜样和冰冻样中的丙二醛(MDA)含量。     

Microbiological quality of Australian sheep meat in 2004

The third national baseline microbiological survey of Australian sheep carcases and frozen boneless sheep meat was conducted in 2004. Carcases (n=1117) sampled at 20 slaughter establishments were found to have a mean log total viable count (TVC, 25°C) of 2.28 cfu/cm(2) and Escherichia coli was isolated from 43.0% carcases with a mean log 0.03cfu/cm(2) on positive samples. In samples from 10 boning (fabrication) plants (n=560) the mean log TVC for frozen boneless sheep meat was 1.85cfu/g and the mean log count for the 8.2% of samples with detectable E. coli was 1.39cfu/g. E. coli O157:H7 was isolated from 6/1117 carcases and from 1/560 boneless samples. Salmonella was isolated from 0/1117 carcases and from 3/560 samples of boneless product. Campylobacter sp. were isolated from 4/1117 carcases and from 1/560 boneless samples. Coagulase positive staphylococci were isolated from 23.4% to 32.7% of carcases and boneless sheep meat samples, respectively, with positive samples having a mean log count of 0.93cfu/cm(2) and 1.14cfu/g, respectively. The low level of bacteria described here is consistent with a very low risk to human health due to bacterial hazards in Australian sheep meat.     

低盐腌制对腌肉制品品质的影响

了解低盐腌制对腌肉品质的影响,以金华火腿和咸肉为参照,采用L16(45)正交实验,探讨了食盐、蔗糖和乳酸盐的添加量、腌制时间、脱水率对腌肉水分活度、蛋白质降解、颜色及质构的影响,结果表明,腌肉最优工艺条件为:食盐添加2.8%,白糖添加2%,乳酸盐添加5%,7℃腌制12d,15℃脱水39%。蔗糖和乳酸盐代替部分食盐进行低盐腌制可有效降低腌肉食盐含量和硬度,而不影响腌肉蛋白降解及贮存性。     

不同类型植物甾醇对肉鸭生长及肌肉品质的影响

旨在研究不同类型植物甾醇对肉鸭生产性能、体脂沉积、体成分及肌肉品质的影响。选用1日龄樱桃谷肉鸭540只,随机分为3组,每组6个重复,每重复30只,分别饲喂以下3种日粮:(1)对照组(C):基础日粮;(2)试验1组(Ⅰ):基础日粮+20 mg.kg-1植物甾醇A;(3)试验2组(Ⅱ):基础日粮+20 mg.kg-1植物甾醇B,饲养时间为42 d。结果表明:日粮中添加不同类型植物甾醇均极显著降低前期料重比(P<0.01);与植物甾醇A相比,日粮中添加植物甾醇B极显著增加了21 d平均体重和前期平均日增重(P<0.01),但极显著降低后期平均日增重(P<0.01);日粮中添加植物甾醇A和植物甾醇B,均能显著降低肝脏中胆固醇的含量,分别降低了15.92%(P<0.05)和24.57%(P=0.01);日粮中添加植物甾醇A极显著降低肉鸭胸肌的滴水损失(24 h和48 h)(P<0.01);日粮中添加20 mg.kg-1不同类型植物甾醇对肉鸭的肌间脂肪厚度、皮下脂肪厚度、水分、粗脂肪、粗蛋白、pH均无显著影响(P>0.05)。结果提示,日粮中添加植物甾醇A和植物甾醇B均能降低肉鸭肝脏胆固醇的含量,且前期添加植物甾醇B、后期添加植物甾醇A更有利于肉鸭的生长;植物甾醇A能够在一定程度上改善鸭肉品质。     

Effects of freezing temperature and duration of frozen storage on lipid and protein oxidation in chicken meat

This study examined the effects of freezing temperature and duration of frozen storage on lipid and protein oxidation in chicken leg and breast meat. The meat was frozen at three different temperatures (−7, −12 and −18 °C) and then stored at −18 °C for up to 6 months. A significant effect of frozen storage duration on lipid oxidation was detected in leg and breast meat, whereas freezing temperature had no significant effect. In leg meat, freezing at −7 °C had a significant impact on protein oxidation, measured as the increase in carbonyl groups and the decrease in total sulphydryl groups, after 3 months of frozen storage. Lipid and protein oxidation appeared to occur simultaneously in chicken meat during frozen storage and was more intense in leg meat than in breast meat.     

pH值对屠宰肉品质的影响

介绍了pH值的概念、pH值在家畜屠宰过程中的作用、pH值对内制品品质的影响.论述了pH值对内及肉制品产品加工的特性,通过控制加工过程中产品的pH值来保证产品质量.     

Improvement of shelf-life of buffalo meat using lactic acid, clove oil and vitamin C during retail display

Buffalo meat steaks dipped in either (1) distilled water (control), (2) lactic acid (LA), (3) LA + clove oil (clove), or (4) LA + clove + vitamin C (Vit C) were displayed at 4 ± 1 °C, illuminated by a standard fluorescent lamp. The pH, 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), instrumental colour (CIE L^∗, a^∗, b^∗), aerobic plate counts (APC), psychrotrophic counts (PPC), coliform counts and sensory colour and odour were determined up to 12th day of display at 3 days interval. Results showed that, all the treatments have significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the TBARS values compared to control. Among treatments, use of LA + clove has exhibited significantly (P < 0.05) lowest TBARS values throughout display period than others. Buffalo meat steaks treated with either LA + clove or LA + clove + Vit C had significantly (P < 0.05) lower APC, PPC and coliform counts than control or LA treated samples. LA + clove + Vit C treated samples maintained significantly (P < 0.05) higher a^∗ and b^∗ values during display as well as improvement in sensory colour and odour than others. Treatment with either LA + clove or LA + clove + Vit C extended the display life of buffalo meat steaks at 4 ± 1 °C. There appears to be a significant advantage to using LA + clove or LA + clove + Vit C over LA alone.     

Influence of dietary conjugated linoleic acid on volatile profiles, color and lipid oxidation of irradiated raw chicken meat

Forty-eight, 27-week-old White Leghorn hens were fed a diet containing 0, 1.25, 2.5 or 5.0% conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) for 12 weeks. At the end of the 12-week feeding trial, hens were slaughtered, and boneless, skinless breast and leg meats were separated from carcasses. Meats were ground through 9 and 3-mm plates, and patties were prepared. Patties prepared from each dietary treatment were divided into two groups and either vacuum- or aerobic-packaged. Patties were irradiated at 0 or 3.0 kGy using a linear accelerator and stored at 4°C. Samples were analyzed for thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, volatile profiles, color and odor characteristics at 0 and 7 days of storage. Dietary CLA reduced the degree of lipid oxidation in raw chicken meat during storage. The content of hexanal and pentanal in raw chicken meat significantly decreased as dietary CLA level increased. Irradiation accelerated lipid oxidation in meat with aerobic packaging, but irradiation effect was not as significant as that of the packaging. Dietary CLA treatment improved the color stability of chicken patties. Color a*-value of irradiated raw chicken meat was higher than that of the nonirradiated meat. Dietary CLA decreased the content of polyunsaturated fatty acid and increased CLA in chicken muscles, which improved lipid and color stability and reduced volatile production in irradiated and nonirradiated raw chicken meat during storage.     

鹰嘴豆分离蛋白对减盐猪肉糜凝胶品质的影响

为探究鹰嘴豆分离蛋白(chickpea protein isolate, CPI)不同添加量对2种盐含量(质量分数1.4%和2%)猪肉糜凝胶品质的影响,将猪瘦肉与猪背膘斩拌成肉糜,分别设置不同盐含量和鹰嘴豆分离蛋白的处理组并加热制成凝胶。测定猪肉糜凝胶的色泽、乳化稳定性、质构、水分分布和流变特性。结果表明,在不添加鹰嘴豆分离蛋白的条件下,1.4%食盐质量分数的猪肉糜凝胶的汁液流失和硬度值显著高于2%食盐浓度的猪肉糜凝胶;相同食盐浓度条件下,随着CPI添加量的增加,猪肉糜凝胶的a^*值、b^*值、硬度、弹性、咀嚼性以及不易流动水比例均显著增加(P<0.05),动态流变储能模量G′值升高,汁液流失率显著降低(P<0.05),并在CPI添加量为1.2%时达到最大值或最小值;在相同CPI添加量条件下,1.4%食盐1.2%CPI的猪肉糜凝胶的储能模量G′值高于2%食盐1.2%CPI的猪肉糜凝胶,且2组凝胶的不易流动水比例、乳化稳定性、质构特性无显著差异(P>0.05)。综上,鹰嘴豆分离蛋白的添加能够在降低食盐用量的同时提升猪肉糜的凝胶品质...     

Effects of chestnut tannins on carcass characteristics, meat quality, lipid oxidation and fatty acid composition of rabbits

Seventy two male Bianca Italiana rabbits were used to study the effects of the inclusion (0%, 0.5%, and 1.0%) of a natural extract of chestnut wood (Silvafeed ENC) in the diet on productive traits, carcass characteristics, meat quality, lipid oxidation and fatty acid composition of rabbit meat. Results showed ENC had no significant effect on live weight, productive traits, hot carcass weight, dressing percentage, skin weight, pH, cooking losses, shear force and colour. The iron content was higher in Longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) muscle of rabbit fed the ENC 1.0% diet than the control group. TBARS average values in the group ENC 0.5% were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than in the control and ENC 1.0% groups. Myristic acid (C14:0; P < 0.01), palmitoleic acid (C16:1 cis-9; P < 0.05) and pentadecanoic acid (C15:0; P < 0.01) contents were lower in LTL muscle of rabbits fed the ENC 1.0% diet, whereas the palmitic acid (C16:0) content was higher (P < 0.05) in the rabbits of this group. Moreover, the rabbits fed with the ENC 0.5% diet had lower (P < 0.01) levels of trans-vaccenic acid (C18:1 trans-11) compared to rabbits fed with the control diet. No significant differences were observed in saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA), polyunsaturated (PUFA) fatty acids, as well as in PUFA/SFA and n − 6/n − 3 ratios among the groups.     

脂质和蛋白质氧化对肉品品质影响及交互氧化机制研究进展

为研究L-赖氨酸（L-lysine,L-Lys）对丙二醛（Malondialdehyde,MDA）诱导氧化下牦牛肉品质特性及蛋白氧化的影响。本文以MDA作为诱导剂建立模拟氧化体系,以牦牛肉为研究对象,经不同浓度L-Lys及氧化体系处理后,测定和分析其在贮藏期间食用品质、脂质氧化、蛋白氧化及肌肉组织学特性的变化。结果表明,L-Lys可使pH升高,缓解MDA引起的肌肉硬度和咀嚼性过度增加,并通过显著抑制氧合肌红蛋白转化成高铁肌红蛋白从而提高L^*值和a^*值（P<0.05）,使其保持良好色泽;此外,L-Lys对MDA诱导的脂质和蛋白氧化有明显抑制作用,表现为过氧化物值（Peroxide value,POV）的降低和硫代巴比妥酸（Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances,TBARS）值显著降低（P<0.05）,巯基和活性巯基显著增加（P<0.05）,10 mmol/L的L-Lys在贮藏前期可显著抑制蛋白羰基化（P<0.05）,且肌肉组织学特性表明L-Lys能在一定程度上维持肌纤维结构完整性,降低肌原纤维小片化指数（Myofibril fragmentation index,MFI）。综上,L-lys可有效修复MDA造成的氧化损伤,抑制肌肉脂质和蛋白氧化,提高肌肉氧化稳定性,延缓肌肉品质劣变,且整体来看,10 mmol/L的L-Lys效果较好。因此,L-Lys具有抑制牦牛肉制品氧化和改善其食用品质的潜在应用价值。     

Effect of an active packaging with citrus extract on lipid oxidation and sensory quality of cooked turkey meat

An antioxidant active packaging was prepared by coating a citrus extract, consisting of a mixture of carboxylic acids and flavanones, on polyethylene terephthalate trays. The effect of the packaging in reducing lipid oxidation in cooked turkey meat and on meat pH, colour characteristics and sensorial parameters was investigated. An untrained sensory panel evaluated the odour, taste, tenderness, juiciness and overall acceptability of the meat, using triangle, paired preference and quantitative response scale tests. A comparison between the antioxidant effects of the different components of the extract was also carried out. The packaging led to a significant reduction in lipid oxidation. After 2 days of refrigerated storage the sensory panel detected differences in odour and, after 4 days, rated the meat stored in the active packaging higher for tenderness and overall acceptability. Citric acid appeared to be the most important component of the extract with regard to its antioxidant potency.