NaCl对细颗粒泥沙静水絮凝沉降动力学模式的影响

细颗粒泥沙的絮凝沉降对泥沙输移、土壤渗透性以及污染物迁移有重要作用。在泥沙初始浓度为5g/L、10g/L、20g/L时，作者用吸管法研究了不同浓度NaCl对细颗粒泥沙静水絮凝沉降的影响，认为细颗粒泥沙相对浓度随时间的变化符合双曲线型动力学模式，泥沙絮凝沉降越快，研究发现泥沙中值沉速（中值粒径）随泥沙初始浓度和NaCl浓度的增大而增大，但泥沙初始浓度和NaCl浓度较高时渐趋缓慢；细颗粒泥沙絮凝度与分散粒径呈幂函数关系，细颗粒泥沙絮凝临界粒径为0．0245mm。     

NaCl对细颗 粒泥沙静水絮凝沉降动力学模式的影响

细颗粒泥沙的絮凝沉降对泥沙输移、土壤渗透性以及污染物迁移有重要作用. 在泥沙初始浓度为5g/L、10g/L、20g/L时, 作者用吸管法研究了不同浓度NaCl对细颗粒泥沙静水絮凝沉降的影响, 认为细颗粒泥沙相对浓度随时间的变化符合双曲线型动力学模式, 泥沙絮凝沉降越快, 研究发现泥沙中值沉速(中值粒径)随泥沙初始浓度和NaCl浓度的增大而增大, 但泥沙初始浓度和NaCl浓度较高时渐超缓慢; 细颗粒泥沙絮凝度与分散粒径呈幂函数关系, 细颗粒泥沙絮凝临界粒径为0.0245mm.     

电解质对细颗粒泥沙絮凝影响的试验研究

在影响泥沙絮凝的因素中,电解质的影响是主要的,也是复杂的。为了研究电解质对泥沙絮凝的影响,取用长江口的细颗粒泥沙置于不同阳离子浓度的天然海水、人工海水、NaCl溶液和MgCl₂溶液中,并测量泥沙Zeta电位,分析其沉降速度,研究电解质种类和浓度与细颗粒泥沙絮凝的关系,并利用扫描电子显微镜观察絮凝体,从微观角度进一步验证实验结论。研究发现,电解质种类和浓度均会影响泥沙颗粒的Zeta电位,而且细颗粒泥沙Zeta电位绝对值越小,其絮凝现象越明显。     

絮凝剂作用下黏性细沙絮凝沉降规律研究

细颗粒泥沙广泛分布于河流、水库、河口及海岸水体中,其絮凝沉降及输移规律是泥沙运动力学中一个重要课题。采用自制沉降实验装置,实验观测了不同絮凝剂浓度、不同浓度黏性细颗粒泥沙的絮凝沉降过程,分析研究了黏性细沙絮凝沉降规律。结果表明：聚合氯化铝(PAC)絮凝剂比较稳定,PAC溶液浓度对不同泥沙浓度絮团沉速的影响均较小,最佳投放浓度可统一采用0.08 g/L。阳离子型聚丙烯酰胺(CPAM)絮凝剂对泥沙浓度的反应最为敏感,絮凝剂最佳投放浓度随着泥沙浓度的变化分为3个稳定段和2个敏感段,稳定段CPAM最佳投放浓度分别为0.08、0.10和0.12 g/L,敏感段CPAM最佳投放浓度可采用区间插值方法选取。阴离子型聚丙烯酰胺(APAM)絮凝剂最佳投放浓度随着泥沙浓度的变化分为2个稳定段和1个敏感段,稳定段APAM最佳投放浓度不随泥沙浓度的变化而变化,分别为0.08和0.10 g/L,敏感段APAM最佳投放浓度可采用区间插值方法选取。絮凝剂APAM的絮凝效果最好,絮凝剂CPAM的絮凝效果次之,絮凝剂PAC的絮凝效果较差。     

黏性泥沙受紊动剪切作用下的絮凝效果研究

我国水库运行一直面临着泥沙淤积的问题,而水动力条件的改变对泥沙的絮凝有莫大的影响,针对此问题,研发了一套絮凝沉降装置,以三峡库区长寿河段泥沙为样本,利用多层震动格栅在圆柱形沉降筒中产生各向同性均匀紊流,结合絮凝沉降观测装置,研究分析紊动剪切作用对黏性泥沙絮凝的影响,并得出了基于试验的最优剪切率。结果表明:紊动对于泥沙颗粒的絮凝有较明显的促进作用,且随泥沙浓度的增大(0. 3~1. 0 g/L),絮凝程度也相应地增加;紊动剪切对于中、大颗粒絮体(0. 048~0. 384 mm)的分布具有较大影响;泥沙颗粒在进入沉降柱后可以在几十分钟内快速完成絮凝,在30 min左右即可观测到最大颗粒絮体,随后颗粒最大粒径逐渐下降直至平衡;随着紊动剪切率的增加,其对于絮凝的作用呈现先促进后抑制的规律。     

鄱阳湖黏性细颗粒泥沙絮凝特性研究

黏性细颗粒泥沙是鄱阳湖悬浮物的主要组成部分,其絮凝作用对鄱阳湖泥沙冲淤及湖床演变具有明显影响。采用鄱阳湖湖区泥沙的现场样品,通过室内泥沙静水沉降试验对鄱阳湖黏性细颗粒泥沙的絮凝特性进行了分析。研究结果表明,鄱阳湖黏性细颗粒泥沙絮凝临界粒径为0.028 mm;黏性细颗粒泥沙沉降过程包括分选沉降、絮凝沉降和絮凝平衡三个阶段,含沙量越大,絮凝沉降加速阶段持续时间越长。含沙量对絮凝沉速的影响存在临界现象。含沙量0～3 kg/m³范围内絮凝沉速随含沙量增加而增加,而3～5 kg/m³含沙量时对絮凝沉速的影响已不明显。     

不同环境条件对土壤细颗粒絮凝沉降的影响研究

水体中土壤细颗粒凝聚直接影响着泥沙颗粒沉降、搬运和淤积等过程,对物质生物地球化学循环起着十分关键的作用。采用吸管法和正交实验分析了不同环境因素对黄壤和紫色土细颗粒絮凝沉降的影响。结果表明：土壤细颗粒沉降分为快速沉降和慢速沉降两个阶段;在正交设计值范围内,随着电解质浓度升高,黄壤和紫色土平均沉降速度〖AKω-〗均减小;随着温度升高,黄壤的〖AKω-〗基本不变,紫色土的〖AKω-〗由先快速减小逐渐变稳定;pH值对两种土壤细颗粒絮凝沉降影响较大;BaCl₂电解质体系土壤的颗粒平均沉速约是NaCl电解质土壤的2倍,而与AlCl₃电解质土壤的沉降效果相差不大。获得的两种土壤细颗粒最佳絮凝条件为三峡库区水体生态环境安全提供了基础数据。     

深圳湾淤积泥沙自重沉积固结试验

以深圳河及深圳湾水底淤积泥沙为研究对象,通过室内沉降柱模拟淤积泥沙自重沉降固结过程,研究了河、海相淤积泥沙的沉降固结特性。结果表明:①泥沙沉降过程可分为自由沉降、阻滞沉降、自重固结沉降3个阶段,其中自由沉降历时3~6 h、阻滞沉降历时30 d左右、固结沉降历时10~400 d,沉降历时主要与泥沙初始浓度、黏粒含量相关;②泥沙初始浓度、黏粒含量均影响着泥沙的体积分数,初始浓度越大,体积分数越大,黏粒含量主要与黏粒絮凝效应的相对大小相关;③初始泥沙浓度为60~70 g/L时,能够得到较为优化的泥沙沉降结果,可以有效地减小疏浚清淤的工程量。     

基于电解质浓度参数的泥沙沉速公式研究

电解质含量是影响黏性细沙絮凝现象及絮凝体清浑水交界面沉速的主要因素。基于黏性细沙沉降试验,引入Image-Pro Plus图像处理软件与MATLAB编程软件,采用自动定义阈值与盒计维数计算方法,得到了不同泥沙浓度及电解质浓度下的絮凝体孔隙率ε与分形维数D;结合吸附等温方程,建立了含有电解质浓度参数的黏性细沙絮凝体的沉速公式,并用实测沉速值对公式进行了验证,结果表明,计算值与实测值符合良好。     

粘性泥沙在静水中沉降特性的试验研究

本文通过对我国一些港口、河口粘性泥沙的静水沉降试验,初步勾绘出粘性泥沙在不同含沙浓度下的沉降性态及物理图案,大致可区分为四个区段,即絮凝沉降段、制约沉降段、群体沉降段和密实段。在稳定含盐静水中的絮凝沉速取决于泥沙粒径和类型、含沙浓度、沉距和水温等因素。通过试验资料分析,获得静水絮凝沉速的结构式为式中F为絮凝因子,它表征泥沙粒径对絮凝的影响,可表达为本文还通过对群体沉速的现有公式的分析,建议采用修订过的Richardson型公式。     

长江中下游江段泥沙对Pb2+的吸附特征

以长江中下游武汉至上海崇明岛江段河床泥沙样品为研究对象,通过振荡吸附试验研究了泥沙对Pb²⁺的吸附特征,分析了泥沙浓度、泥沙粒径、有机质含量等对Pb²⁺吸附的影响。结果表明:泥沙对Pb²⁺的吸附平衡时间为20 h,吸附动力学过程可以用准一级动力学、准二级动力学、Elovich方程对试验数据进行分析拟合,拟合系数均在0.85以上,尤以准二级动力学方程为佳,其拟合系数高达0.997 8。Langmuir模型对Pb²⁺的等温吸附的拟合系数R²均达到0.9以上,Pb²⁺的等温吸附过程为单分子层吸附,吸附大多发生在泥沙表面,主要为物理吸附过程。随着泥沙浓度的增加,吸附效率显著提高,当泥沙浓度增加为1 g/L时,吸附效率达到最大值(≈99.8%)。泥沙对Pb²⁺的吸附热力学参数ΔG<0,ΔH>0,表明该过程可以自发进行,升高温度有利于提高泥沙对Pb²⁺的吸附量;泥沙中有机质含量越高,平均吸附键能越大,两者呈显著正相关关系(R²=0.968 2, p<0.01)。泥沙对Pb²⁺吸附量总体呈现出随泥沙的粒径减小而增大的趋势,泥沙对Pb²⁺的吸附主要发生在粒径<0.074 mm的粒径分组中。应该加强对长江中下游水体含沙量及颗粒级配的监测,以随时掌握水沙变化对Pb²⁺等污染物迁移转化的影响。     

黄河水质COD监测与评价问题研究

通过研究原状水样COD值与含沙量的关系,推导出水样COD值与泥沙有机质含量间的转换关系式。经实验验证,原水样的COD值与其中悬浮泥沙的有机质含量定量相关,在一定条件下,泥沙COD值与有机质含量可以通过关系式互相换算。在此基础上对黄河原状水样评价结果的合理性进行了分析,得出“水相未受污染时,评价结果不能合理反映水质客观情况;水相受污染时,评价结果难以区分污染影响”的结论。另外,还对黄河COD澄清水监测与评价方案的合理性进行了分析,认为黄河水质COD监测与评价采用原状水和澄清水同时进行的方案为最优,建议在水中含沙量不大于200mg/L时监测评价原状水,大于200mg／L时监测评价原状水和澄清水。     

Estimates of the remineralization and burial of organic carbon in Lake Baikal sediments

Sediment cores collected from several stations throughout Lake Baikal in water depths from 100 m off the Selenga River delta to the deepest basin of the lake (~1640 m), have been analyzed for sedimentary organic carbon, nitrogen, and the remineralized components in pore water. The organic carbon content of surface sediments generally varied from 2.3 to 3.2% by weight, and profiles typically showed an exponential decrease in both organic carbon and nitrogen in the upper 20–30 cm of the sediment column. Steady state models of organic matter diagenesis yield first order decomposition rate constants which range from 0.0009 to 0.022 y⁻¹. The calculated residence times for the metabolizable fraction of the organic matter in these sediments increases roughly with increasing water depth and is on the order of 50–300 years. Pore water concentration profiles were determined for dissolved inorganic carbon, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), methane, and dissolved ammonium. At depth (25–30 cm) methane concentrations ranged from 50 to 800 μmol L_pw⁻¹ and DOC from 400 to 900 μmol L_pw⁻¹. Estimation of carbon recycling rates based upon diffusion along pore water concentration gradients at the sediment-water interface, indicate that combined DOC and methane fluxes generally contribute <15% of the overall turnover of sedimentary organic carbon. Comparisons to Laurentian Great Lakes environments show trends in sediment deposition, organic matter remineralization, and the time scales of carbon recycling across nearly two orders of magnitude with the fraction of organic content buried generally decreasing with decreasing sedimentation rates.     

Characterization and degradation process of sludge profiles inside a facultative pond (Patagonia, Argentina)

To investigate the characteristics and degradation process in sludge profile, three sampling sessions were made in three different places inside the primary facultative pond of Puerto Madryn city, which was located in a region with a temperate climate in coastal Patagonia (Argentina). The sludge showed an extremely negative redox potential (between -441 and -282 mV) and elevated water content and organic matter concentration, ranging from 83.3 to 97.1% for porosity and from 22.5 to 64.4% for organic matter. The surface layer at the Outlet station during the summer showed the greatest concentration of pigments, reaching a maximum value of 10.6 mg/g for chlorophyll-a and 40.9 mg/g for phaeophytin, and a fast diminution with sediment depth. The important concentration of pigment in the surface layer, coincident with phytoplankton bloom in the water column, could support the importance of nitrogen removal via uptake and organic sedimentation in the water column. In warm months the degradation rate was clear, as reflected in a decrease in sediment layer, and even part of the clay bottom was captured inside an 8 cm core sample, registering extremely low concentrations of pigments, carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. The season and the degree of treatment have an influence on sludge characteristics and the organic matter degradation process.     

Predicting suspended sediment concentration from nephelometric turbidity in organic‐rich waters

Nephelometric turbidity is an optical index for the side scattering of light caused by fine particles suspended in water. When a mixed composition of suspended inorganic and organic materials, including dissolved organic material, is present, turbidity measurements can be affected by the different optical properties of the organic and inorganic materials present, and different turbidimeters are more or less sensitive to these influences. Two different methods of nephelometric turbidity measurement were assessed (using instruments confirming to two different turbidity standard methods: EPA 180.1 and ISO 7027). We investigated the influence of particulate organic matter and coloured dissolved organic matter on relationships between turbidity and suspended sediment concentration for rivers in diverse Otago catchments, in the South Island of New Zealand. The presence of organic matter and dissolved colour affected turbidity measurement owing to light absorption; however, turbidity measurement following the ISO 7027 standard, which specifies near infrared radiation at wavelengths where organic absorption is very weak, was less affected by organics. As a result, rating equations between suspended sediment and turbidity may be significantly different with ISO 7027 compared with EPA 180.1 methods.     

Effect of fine sediment deposition and channel works on periphyton biomass in the Makomanai River,northern Japan

The Makomanai River in northern Japan has suffered considerable fine sediment deposition, especially in a reach where channel works have been constructed. Four contiguous reaches were examined for deposition of fine sediment and the effects of such on periphyton biomass; two of the reaches had channel works and bank protection, respectively, the other two being unmodified. The influence of fine sedimentation on epilithic periphyton biomass (chlorophyll a weight and organic matter weight) and the autotrophic index (AI), and the relationship between these and hydraulic variables was emphasized. Fine sediment increased, chlorophyll a decreased and AI increased in the reach with channel works and in the unmodified reach immediately upstream. In addition, the current velocity and Froude number tended to decrease in the reach with channel works. Correlation analysis showed that with an increase in fine sediment, chlorophyll a decreased and non‐living periphyton, indicated by AI, increased. It was also confirmed that fine sediment increased with an increase in weight of periphyton organic matter and decreased with an increase in current velocity or Froude number. These results suggest that accumulation of fine sediment, which substantially reduces light penetration for photosynthesis under low current velocity conditions, results in lowered periphyton levels. The channel works have lowered the current velocity, thus promoting deposition of fine sediment and an increase in non‐living periphyton. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Early Diagenesis of Mercury in the Laurentian Great Lakes

The early diagenesis of mercury in deep lake environments was investigated by examining the distribution of mercury among waters and sediments from several depositional basins in the Laurentian Great Lakes. Partitioning of mercury among different sediment phases was examined by sequential chemical extraction (using procedures specifically designed for mercury). Mercury in porewaters and sediment extracts was analyzed by flow-injection/hydride-generation atomic absorption spectroscopy.Results indicate that mercury is affected by early diagenesis at all of the sites studied. Much of the mercury is enriched in the surface layer of sediments, where it is primarily associated with organic matter and iron oxides. The redox cycling of iron and manganese influences the behavior of mercury; concentration profiles suggest that as oxides begin to dissolve in reduced sediments, nearly all of the adsorbed mercury is released. Organic matter decay also appears to release significant amounts of mercury. Porewater profiles suggest that most of the dissolved mercury released from decaying organic matter or from dissolving iron oxides may be taken up by freshly deposited organic matter and iron oxides in the near-surface layers. Much of the mercury that reaches the sediment column is thus recycled near the sediment-water interface, increasing both the residence time and the concentrations of mercury in surface sediments of these deep lake basins.     

不同来源区洪水对黄河下游游荡河段河床横断面形态调整过程的影响

以黄河下游实测流量过程等水文资料为基础 ,从流域系统的角度出发 ,以洪水作为联系流域系统各子系统耦合关系的指标 ,揭示了不同来源区洪水对黄河下游游荡河段洪水前后河床横断面形态变化的不同影响及其原因。上少沙来源区洪水使河床形态变宽浅为主 ,变宽浅主要由于主槽淤积所造成 ;下少沙来源区洪水使河床宽深比以变窄深为主 ,主要由于主槽冲刷所造成 ;多沙粗沙来源区洪水造成河床宽深比减小 ,主要由于高含沙洪水淤滩刷槽所造成 ;多沙细沙来源区的洪水后宽深比变化不大 ,仅略减小 ,也存在淤滩刷槽的过程