硅粉氮化输送床内气固反应过程数值模拟

以单个硅颗粒氮化反应缩核模型为基础,本文建立了硅颗粒在输送床内反应、辐射与对流传热耦合的数学模型,并借助CFD软件FLUENT对输送床内能质传输过程进行了数值模拟,分析了输送床壁面温度、氮气流量、预热温度、硅粉粒径等因素对输送床内温度场和硅粉氮化率的影响。在数值计算域内将单个颗粒反应过程转化为颗粒群整体反应过程,实时监测颗粒粒径及未反应硅颗粒粒径,为数值模拟颗粒流反应提供一种新思路。当壁面温度高于1723K时,输送床内会出现一高温区加速硅粉氮化反应;反应温度越高、颗粒粒径越小,氮化过程越剧烈,硅粉到达完全氮化所需时间越短。模型表明为使粒径为2.5μm的硅粉达到完全氮化且输送床内最高温度不超过氮化硅的分解温度2173K,应控制输送床壁面温度在1773K,氮化时间在170s以上,预热温度在1273K,粉气质量比为0.2,稀释剂比例为0.5~1。     

球型固体热载体煤粉热解过程传热计算及分析

为了优化球型固体热载体煤粉热解反应器和操作条件,建立了热载体球煤粉热解过程的传热模型。计算了不同热载体与煤质量比、热载体初始温度及煤粒径下的煤颗粒温度分布。结果表明:增加质量比、提高热载体的初始温度能够提高煤热解平衡温度,缩短达到平衡温度所需时间;减少煤粒径同样可以缩短达到热解平衡温度所需时间。在热载体初始温度973.15 K,煤初始温度373.15 K,热载体与煤质量比大于4时,煤热解温度才能高于732 K。     

热解条件对煤膨胀和球形度的影响

针对粉煤密相输运床气化技术,使用滴管炉对云南褐煤(YN)、山东次烟煤(SD)和内蒙烟煤(NM)进行快速升温热解实验,应用数字成像颗粒分析仪同时获得颗粒粒径和球形度,研究了不同煤阶、粒径、温度、预烘干除水对煤焦形貌参数的影响.结果表明:随着煤阶提高,热解膨胀度和球形度均提高,1 273 K热解后YN褐煤因收缩和破碎,膨胀度为0.66;SD煤和NM煤的膨胀度均大于1;焦的球形度因热解软化,较原煤均略有提高;NM烟煤随着热解温度的提高,膨胀度降低,球形度先增加后减小;小粒径NM煤颗粒的膨胀度和球形度均更高.干燥NM煤的膨胀度显著高于含水原煤,且随温度升高,膨胀度提高,变化规律与含水原煤相反;球形度随温度变化规律相似,但却低于原煤,预烘干除水对NM煤焦形貌的影响显著.     

非等温热重分析长焰煤热解过程与动力学特征

为提高煤热解过程中焦油的产率,用非等温热重分析方法研究了不同粒径、热解终温和升温速率条件下长焰煤的热解过程和机理,分析了20和100℃/min升温速率下长焰煤热解过程特征,并求解了热解动力学参数。结果表明,煤颗粒在2.8mm以下时,粒径对热解过程影响较小;热解终温越高,热解最终固体产物中挥发分产率越低;升温速率越快,挥发分的析出速率越快。在同一升温速率下,不同热解温度段得到的活化能呈现两头大中间小的特征,且指前因子随活化能的增大而增大。     

气流床气化炉综合模型及颗粒粒径对气化结果的影响研究

采用颗粒停留时间分布表征炉内颗粒流动,建立了一种考虑了炉体结构、颗粒粒径以及煤焦反应动力学的气流床气化炉综合模型,其中包含了煤脱挥发份、均相反应、非均相反应、气-固相能量方程、相间传热等子模型。模拟结果与多喷嘴对置式水煤浆气化炉工业运行数据吻合良好,考察了气相组分、温度以及不同粒径颗粒的碳转化率和温度在炉内的一维无因次分布。对模拟结果的分析表明:煤颗粒的预热、脱挥发份和燃烧过程在约30 ms内完成,气化过程占颗粒反应历程的绝大部分;气化炉内100μm以下的小颗粒升温速率快,且温度较高,碳转化率基本接近100%;而200μm以上的大颗粒升温速率较慢,碳转化率较低,影响了气化炉整体碳转化率。     

FD模型应用于煤热解过程的数值模拟

为将煤热解FD模型引入对煤热解实际过程的数值计算与分析,提出了适用于煤热解实际过程的数值计算方法。分别对3种不同的煤在热管反应器中的热解过程进行了数值计算,并与实验结果以及已有的FG-DVC模型、CPD模型的数值计算结果进行了对比分析。并分析了热解温度、颗粒粒径对煤热解产物的影响。结果表明,与FG-DVC模型、CPD模型相比,FD模型的计算精度更高,能更好地用于数值计算煤热解的实际过程;随着热解温度的升高,气体产量先快速增大,当热解温度高于1373 K时,气体产量的变化很小;而随着热解温度的升高,焦油产量一直逐渐减小,且达到焦油产量最大值所需的时间也缩短;随着颗粒粒径的增大,气体与焦油的产量都逐渐减小,而达到焦油产量最大值所需的时间却延长。     

FD模型应用于煤热解过程的数值模拟

为将煤热解FD模型引入对煤热解实际过程的数值计算与分析,提出了适用于煤热解实际过程的数值计算方法。分别对3种不同的煤在热管反应器中的热解过程进行了数值计算,并与实验结果以及已有的FG-DVC模型、CPD模型的数值计算结果进行了对比分析。并分析了热解温度、颗粒粒径对煤热解产物的影响。结果表明,与FG-DVC模型、CPD模型相比,FD模型的计算精度更高,能更好地用于数值计算煤热解的实际过程;随着热解温度的升高,气体产量先快速增大,当热解温度高于1373 K时,气体产量的变化很小;而随着热解温度的升高,焦油产量一直逐渐减小,且达到焦油产量最大值所需的时间也缩短;随着颗粒粒径的增大,气体与焦油的产量都逐渐减小,而达到焦油产量最大值所需的时间却延长。     

非等温动力学研究煤的着火特性

以乌煤和自洗蒙古煤为原料,采用TG-DTG法,应用非等温动力学方法研究了升温速率和粒径对煤着火特性的影响,并得出两种煤燃烧过程的动力学参数.根据煤燃烧产物释放特性指数R的大小来确定煤的燃烧性能.在实验条件下得出以下结论:1)乌煤在升温速率较低时,挥发分释放特性指数R值大,燃烧特性好,对煤着火有利;而升温速率对自洗蒙古煤的燃烧性能影响不大;2)乌煤:粒径0.2 mm～0.3 mm失重量最大,粒径小于0.15 mm和0.15 mm～0.2 mm失重量基本一致.自洗蒙古煤:粒径0.2 mm～0.3 mm失重量最小,粒径小于0.15 mm失重量和0.15 mm～0.2 mm失重量基本一致;3)通过对两种煤燃烧过程的动力学分析,得出乌煤燃烧过程的活化能高于自洗蒙古煤.     

基于半焦为过滤介质的颗粒床过滤器除尘性能分析

为解决粉煤热解工艺中干馏气含尘量较大及颗粒床过滤器滤料再生问题,在颗粒床过滤器除尘实验装置上比较了半焦和石英砂两种滤料的过滤性能,分别采用单因素和正交实验法,考察了表观气速、滤料厚度、滤料粒径和粉尘进料浓度对颗粒床除尘性能的影响。结果表明:多孔介质半焦对粉尘的过滤效率明显高于石英砂;随着过滤时间的延长,除尘效率均呈现先增大后减小的趋势;从过滤质量因子角度考虑,当表观气速为0.35 m/s,滤料厚度为150 mm,滤料粒径为0.83 mm～1.25 mm时,颗粒床过滤器具有较高的过滤性能;粉尘进料浓度增加,在过滤前期除尘效率随之增大,但在过滤后期高进料浓度下除尘效率下降的速率较快。各因素对颗粒床过滤器最大除尘效率影响程度由大到小依次为:表观气速、滤料厚度、滤料粒径、粉尘进料浓度。当表观气速为0.25 m/s,粉尘进料浓度为10 g/m~3,床层厚度为150 mm,滤料粒径为0.38 mm～0.83 mm,除尘效率最大,为99.20%。     

焦煤预热调湿过程煤脱湿动力学

利用实验室气力脱湿小试装置考察了流化床和模拟输送床热气流时,不同气体温度、气速和煤粒径条件下洗精煤的脱湿特性.结果表明,在流化床条件下,气体温度503～543K、气速3.0～4.5m/s时,粒径3mm的煤在5s内可脱湿到含水6%～9%(ω);在模拟输送床热气流条件下,气体温度423～523K、气速7～10m/s时,粒径3mm的煤在5～7s内可脱湿到含水6%～9%(ω).且两种条件下脱湿动力学符合Page模型.     

Effect of coal blending on particle agglomeration and defluidisation during spouted-bed combustion of low-rank coals

The possibility of blending coals to alleviate particle agglomeration and bed defluidisation during fluidised-bed combustion (FBC) of several low-rank coals was exploited. A laboratory scale spouted bed combustor was employed to fire coal blends from two lignites with a sub-bituminous coal at ratios of 50:50 and 90:10, at temperatures ranging 800°C. Experiments showed significant improvements in FBC operation with the coal blends compared to the raw lignites. No particle agglomeration and bed defluidisation were evident after 15 h of operation with the blends at 800°C. Chemical analyses indicated that the formation of low temperature eutectics was suppressed by calcium aluminosilicate phases from the sub-bituminous coal, rendering the surface of ash-coated particles dry and less sticky. This was identified as the key mechanism for the control of particle agglomeration and bed defluidisation in FBC, which led to extended combustion operation with the coal blends.     

Experimental study of NO reduction over biomass char

Some biomass fuels produce more NO_x than coal on the basis of heating value, giving rise to the necessity and importance of controlling NO_x emission in biomass combustion. The present study investigated the NO reduction over biomass char in a fixed bed quartz reactor in the temperature range of 973–1173 K. The reaction rates of three biomass chars (sawdust, rice husk and corn straw) with NO were compared with Datong bituminous coal char. The results show that the reaction orders of biomass chars for NO are of fractional order and independent of temperature. Biomass chars are more active in reducing NO than coal char. The characteristics of biomass char affect NO conversion. Biomass char formed at high pyrolysis temperature, especially large in particle size, is less active in reducing NO. To some extent, increase of reaction temperature and char loading enhance NO conversion. There exists an optimum bed height for the highest NO conversion. Moreover, NO reduction over biomass char is also enhanced in the presence of CO, O₂ and SO₂.     

耦合传质的羰基化固定床反应器传热模拟分析

固定床反应器中进行强放热反应时, 反应器的热点温度对操作参数变化敏感,容易引起飞温,导致转化率下降,影响催化剂寿命。为强化羰基化固定床反应器内热质传递与化学反应的协同性,建立考虑颗粒内扩散影响的羰基化固定床反应器拟均相一维传热模型,考察操作参数对床层热点温度、反应转化率、床层温升的影响。不仅体现传热传质和反应的协同作用,而且影响关系明晰、求解方便。为保证反应转化率,本实验条件下确定催化剂颗粒直径小于等于1.5 mm。反应器入口温度/冷却剂油温既要满足床层热稳定性需求,又要使反应转化率和床层温升都在合理范围内。模拟结果表明在床层入口温度升高的同时,可通过降低冷却剂油温获得良好的反应转化率和较小的床层温升。在此基础上,考察入口环氧乙烷浓度对反应转化率和床层温升的影响。本研究可为固定床反应器满足转化率要求、床层合理温升而选择催化剂颗粒直径、床层入口温度、冷却剂油温和床层入口浓度等操作参数提供计算依据。     

TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT OF COAL PARTICLES IN SHOCK-HEATED AIR

Temperature histories of coal particles in shock-heated air up to 2200 K are measured using the two-wavelength pyrometry. A very small amount (less than 10) of coal particles of various sizes (40,100, and 200 μm) is subjected to simultaneous heating, so that the resulting temperature history may represent that of a single particle. The results show that the initial particle temperature rise is extremely high and that the particle temperature is in general higher than the surrounding gas temperature.     

Modeling and experimental studies on single particle coal devolatilization and residual char combustion in fluidized bed

Single particle devolatilization followed by combustion of the residual coal char particle has been analyzed in a batch-fluidized bed. The kinetic scheme with distributed activation energy is used for coal devolatilization while multiple chemical reactions with volume reaction mechanism are considered for residual char combustion. Both the models couple kinetics with heat transfer. Finite Volume Method (FVM) is employed to solve fully transient partial differential equations coupled with reaction kinetics. The devolatilization model is used to predict the devolatilization time along with residual mass and particle temperature, while the combined devolatilization and char combustion model is used to predict the overall mass loss and temperature profile of coal. The computed results are compared with the experimental results of the present authors for combustion of Indian sub-bituminous coal (15% ash) in a fluidized bed combustor as well as with published experimental results for coal with low ash high volatile matter. The effects of various operating parameters like bed temperature, oxygen mole fraction in bulk phase on devolatilization time and burn-out time of coal particle in bubbling fluidized bed have been examined through simulation.     

Transient thermal behaviour of a cylindrical wood particle during devolatilization in a bubbling fluidized bed

This work proposes a transient heat transfer model to predict the thermal behaviour of wood in a heated bed of sand fluidized with nitrogen. The 2-D model in cylindrical coordinates considers wood anisotropy, variable fuel properties, fuel particle shrinkage, and heat generation due to drying and devolatilization. The influence of initial fuel moisture content, thermal diffusivity, particle geometry, shrinkage, external heat transfer coefficient, chemical reaction kinetics and heats of reaction on temperature rise is presented. The cylindrical wood particles chosen for the study have length (l) = 20 mm, diameter (d) = 4 mm and l = 50 mm and d = 10 mm, both having an aspect ratio (l/d) of 5. The bed temperature is 1123 K. The model prediction is validated using measurements obtained from literature. The temperature rise in the wood particle is found to be sensitive to changes in the moisture content and thermal diffusivity and heat of reaction (in larger particles) while it is less sensitive to the external heat transfer coefficient and chemical kinetics. Also shrinkage is found to have a compensating effect and it does not have any significant influence on the temperature rise. Beyond an aspect ratio of three, the wood particle behaves as a 1-D cylinder.     

煤炭流化床燃烧与热天平燃烧动力学关系研究

通过对不同煤种在热天平中的单颗粒燃烧过程的分析发现:煤种、颗粒大小、氧气浓度对颗粒燃烧完全所需要的时间影响特别显著;而在一般流化床生产运行温度范围内,温度对颗粒燃烧完全所需要时间的影响有限;同一煤种不同颗粒煤焦孔隙率的影响很小.通过对单颗粒热天平燃烧实验,考查不同煤种及颗粒大小等各因素对颗粒燃烧过程的影响,可方便地指导流化床的设计以及生产运行过程中工艺的调整.     

管式炉中燃煤一次破碎特性的实验研究

燃煤在循环流化床锅炉中的破碎特性极大地改变了物料的粒度分布,对床内颗粒浓度、物料传热传质及煤颗粒的燃烧过程都有重要影响.由于循环流化床锅炉本身的复杂性及实验现象难于观察,在1台管式炉中研究了各种煤的一次破碎特性.实验发现,烟煤、贫煤、无烟煤和煤矸石的破碎形式并不相同.烟煤颗粒遵循环核分层破碎;贫煤、无烟煤既有表面破碎也有中心破碎,且少数颗粒因热爆性而迅速变为细小颗粒;煤矸石沿着颗粒层面发生破碎,破碎为一些碎片;此外,深入研究了颗粒粒径、炉膛温度和加热气氛对西山贫煤和阳泉无烟煤一次破碎特性的影响.     

Experimental and model investigation on the mass balance of a dry circulating fluidized bed for flue gas desulfurization system

A moderate temperature dry circulating fluidized bed flue gas desulfurization (CFB-FGD) process was developed using rapidly hydrated sorbent. This technique has the advantages of low cost, no water consumption, and a valuable dry product CaSO₄. To keep the system operation stable, a mass balance model, based on cell model considering flow state, particle abrasion, particle residence time, particle segregation and desulfurization processes, was built to predict the system state and optimize the operating condition. Experimental studies were conducted on a pilot-scale CFB-FGD system with rapidly hydrated sorbent made from CFB circulating ash and lime (circulating ash sorbent) or coal fly ash and lime (coal fly ash sorbent). Calculated results were compared with experimental results and the relative error was less than 10%. The results indicated that feed sorbent mass, feed sorbent size, superficial gas velocity, particle abrasion coefficient and cyclone efficiency had significant influence on the mass balance of CFB system. The circulating ash sorbent was better than the coal fly ash sorbent, for providing higher desulfurization efficiency and being better for the CFB-FGD system to achieve mass balance.     

Modeling and Numerical Analysis of an Atypical Convective Coal Drying Process

This work presents modeling and numerical simulation of batch convective coal drying in a deep packed bed after a high-pressure steam treatment (a part of the Fleissner coal drying process). The process is atypical, because ambient air is used to dry and cool hot particles, while usually, e.g., in the deep packed bed drying of biomaterials, hot air is contacting cold particles. Product-specific data (intraparticle mass transfer, gas-solids moisture equilibrium) for coal (here lignite) are taken over from literature. Available data on coal drying in packed beds of medium height are used for model validation. Then, the model is applied to the considered industrial process. The design point of the process is critically reviewed, and alternatives are developed by systematically simulating the influence of inlet air conditions (temperature, humidity, flow-rate) and coal particle size. This type of analysis is necessary for efficiently scheduling plant dryers, since coal particle size may change, and air inlet temperature and humidity are changing with the ambient conditions.