The Jordan River Basin: 2. Potential Future Allocations to the Co-riparians

Abstract

The Jordan River drains parts of four States and one territory (Lebanon, Syria, Israel, Jordan and Palestine), and is an important regional source of water. A previous paper in this series discussed the flow allocations from the Jordan River to the co-riparians which were proposed in the Johnston Plan of 1955, noting that recently declassified documents shed new light on the allocation proposed for Israel. The present paper discusses potential future allocations of water from the Jordan River basin to the co-riparians, providing alternative methods of calculating these using basic principles which are considered to generally reflect customary international water law. It is concluded that whilst certain of the downstream co-riparians are undoubtedly “water-stressed” an acceptable solution to the allocation of water within the region is attainable. However, this will depend on coupling the allocation of the existing resources to the strategic development of additional fresh water resources in the region, which will also encourage the joint management of the resulting system.     

霍林河流域水权制度建设特点及思考

霍林河流域初始水权分配试点的主要工作内容,是霍林河流域水量分配方案的编制,即以现状用水为基础,考虑发展需求,按照分水原则制定出一套省(自治区)际水量分配成果。在下游生态用水和上游工业用水的权衡中,将湿地作为用水户进行水量分配,分配相对充足的水量以保证湿地生态。在工业用水和农业用水分配方案中,优先考虑农业用水。本次水量分配方案考虑了弱势方的基本权利保障,为后续的水权制度建设奠定了基础。     

数字流域中的水环境信息化关键技术

数字流域是我国流域管理的发展方向，是流域现代化管理的重要技术手段．水环境信息化作为数字流域的重要组成部分，提供了对流域水环境进行监测、管理、分析、控制的综合手段．文中提出了流域水环境信息化综合系统的结构，分析了流域水环境信息化的关键技术，对其中的主要环节进行了讨论．     

流域管理中水质监控技术发展探讨

 水环境质量直接关系到流域可持续发展和水资源的综合利用,水环境质量实时监控则是水环境管理的耳目和依据。总结目前我国水质监控体系的基本状况,综合分析监控体系中存在的问题,指出了监控体系与水环境管理要求不相符的主要制约因素是：在线监测能力不足、监测方法自动化程度不高、缺乏定性监测和具有一定覆盖面的监测手段等。并根据国内外水环境监控的发展趋势和流域水环境管理的要求,针对性地提出了建立多级水质监控体系及点面结合、实测与模拟并重的水环境质量监控思路。     

Conflicts over Water Resource Management in Brazil: A Case Study of Inter-Basin Transfers

Developing countries such as Brazil, with limited track-records in dealing with environmental conflicts on a participatory basis, or whose legal frameworks establishing water resource management practices have been introduced only recently, need mechanisms that streamline and strengthen democratic negotiating and decision processes. Increasingly common worldwide, transferring water is developing into a specific source of disputes whose solutions are becoming significant, particularly in the developing countries. This paper analyzes the application of the strategic choice methodology in a dispute over transferring water between two river basins, which is a situation not covered by specific legislation in Brazil. This analysis leads to the conclusion that the application of this methodology is particularly relevant in cases such as this, where decisions are taken on an incremental basis over time, within a context of political, administrative and legal uncertainties.     

新疆玛纳斯河流域水资源利用与管理

随着社会经济发展,生活水平的提高以及城市规模的扩大,玛纳斯河流域内水资源供需矛盾日益突出,用水结构发生重大变化,水资源污染日趋恶化。探讨流域水资源在利用与管理过程中出现的诸多问题,并提出改进的几点意见与建议。     

德国WASY流域水资源信息管理系统在太湖流域的应用

介绍了德国WASY流域水资源信息管理系统（WISYS）的软件架构、数据库结构和主要功能;针对太湖流域实际和流域水资源综合利用信息管理的要求,充分借鉴和吸收了WISYS软件系统的设计理念和技术思路,定制了太湖流域水资源综合管理系统;通过消化与应用开发,总结了WISYS软件的特色,可为水资源信息管理系统的建设提供借鉴。     

长江流域大型水利水电工程水量调度初步探讨

鉴于长江流域水情、工程条件的变化,长江流域大型水电工程的水量调度已成为未来流域水资源管理的重要组成部分。对大型水电工程水量调度的需要进行了分析,介绍了长江流域目前开展水量调度工作的现状和存在的问题,分析了各干支流大型水利水电工程参与水量调度的能力。在此基础上,初步探讨了长江流域实施水量调度的总体框架,包括调度目标与原则、工程筛选标准、调度内容、管理制度形式和管理支撑条件。研究结论将为长江流域未来实施水量统一调度管理提供参考。     

长江水利发展战略

经过几十年来的建设发展,长江治理开发与保护取得了举世瞩目的巨大成就。然而受自然与气候条件变化与流域经济社会各种因素的影响,现阶段治江工作所面临的新问题、新矛盾仍然较为突出。根据新的治江形势与任务要求,提出了新时期治江工作总的战略思想;明确了“保障防洪安全、合理开发利用、维系优良生态、稳定河床河势”的四大战略目标;阐述了长江水利发展划分三个阶段的战略步骤和需要突出研究解决的重点战略问题。同时以战略思想为指导,论述了加强流域水利管理,确保战略目标实现的五项战略举措。     

黄河流域气候与水资源演变特点研究

以观测资料和前人研究成果为基础,阐述了气候变化对黄河流域水资源总量、极端水文事件、水生态环境等的影响;指出气候变化已经影响到了黄河流域水资源系统的各个环节,这种影响是否是趋势性的．未来影响程度如何,有待进一步研究。黄河流域气候变化对水资源影响评估研究正在兴起．黄河流域气候变化研究应该着重极端气象水文事件变化对流域水沙调控体系建设、水资源统一管理和调度、黄土高原区和河口区生态环境等的影响及其适应性管理对策研究,以促进流域综合管理。     

松辽流域水资源统一管理的目标和任务

为加强流域水资源的统一管理,优化配置水资源,松辽委积极探索水资源流域管理与行政区域管理相结合的模式,以适应全面建设小康社会和振兴东北地区老工业基地等发展战略.今后一个时期水资源统一管理的目标和任务是:做好流域水资源使用权初始分配工作,努力推进节水型社会建设,继续开展涉水事务一体化管理改革,开展流域与区域相结合的水资源管理机制研究和实践.根据水资源承载能力制定区域发展政策,进一步完善水资源管理法规体系,依靠科技进步和经济杠杆,发挥"松辽管理模式"的作用,进一步加强流域水资源统一管理.     

Application of Expert and Decision Support Systems for Optimizing Water Supply in the Jordan Valley

Abstract

Expert System (ES) and Decision Support System (DSS) are becoming essential tools that support decision makers, professionals, and managers in their efforts to operate, control, and develop decisions on a sound and integrated basis. Applications of ES and DSS are not limited to a certain sector or field, but are typically used in sectors that involve management and planning. The purpose of this paper is to elaborate on the application of these systems in Jordan and specifically in managing and operating the water demand and supply of the main water carrier in the Jordan Valley, the King Abdullah Canal (KAC). This canal extends from the upper part of the valley at Adasiya down to the Dead Sea with a total length of 110 km connecting one of the most complicated irrigation and conveyance systems in the region. At present, the Jordan Valley Authority (JVA), which is responsible for all the activities in the Jordan Valley, is operating and managing the water of KAC using the JVA Water Management Information System (WMIS) and JVA Hydraulic Model. After five years of implementing this management system, there was enough information to analyze and evaluate it as well as to determine the areas of shortcomings. This paper focuses on analyzing these results and providing the necessary recommendations. These recommendations are in the form of software and hardware that will improve using both the Expert System and Knowledge Base System and make it a successful model of water optimization for the country and region.     

Minute 319 of the International Boundary and Water Commission between the US and Mexico: Colorado River binational water management implications

On 20 November 2012, Minute 319 of the International Boundary and Water Commission was signed by the commissioners of Mexico and the United States. It establishes measures for binational water management until 2017.This agreement aims to combine the efforts of officials of the two countries to find cooperative mechanisms that address water shortage in the Colorado River basin. The agreement mostly refers to the storage of Mexican water by the Hoover Dam in the United States, which, under the rule of the 1944 Water Treaty, should be suitably managed by the two countries, in view of predicted climate change impacts such as extreme drought and the consequent reduction of water availability at the basin level. This article addresses some likely implications for the signing countries regarding the implementation of measures established in the minute.     

探索21世纪松辽流域现代水利发展之路

在建立与可持续发展相适应的防洪减灾、水资源供给和水生态保护三大保障体系中，松辽流域水利应搞好洪减洪灾保障体系、人给保障体系、水生态和环境保护体系的规划和实施，同时要按照“依法管水，统一管理，规划先行，科技第一”的原则做好流域水利管理工作。     

A Combined Methodology for Transboundary River Basin Management in Europe. Application in The Nestos–Mesta Catchment Area

Water management has been the focus of research, not only because of water scarcity, but also as a result of its sharing across national boundaries. Approximately 40% of the global population lives in tranboundary water basins, shared by more than one country, emphasizing the need for concerted management of transboundary water bodies and harmonization of policies. Under this view, water should be managed in an internationalized way, integrating methodologies and techniques used in natural as well as social sciences. Public participation and information are vital procedural safeguards of transboundary water recourses management and sustainable regional development. The paper presents a combined methodology based on traditional engineering oriented tools on the one hand and interactive public participation procedures on the other, applied in the Greek–Bulgarian transboundary Mesta/Nestos river basin.     

长江流域水体硅含量分布特征及影响因素研究综述

随着“长江大保护”的推进,长江流域水体中浮游生物的生长状态成为日益热门的话题。硅作为六大生源要素之一,是影响浮游生物生长繁殖的要素之一,对流域生态系统的结构和稳定起到至关重要的作用。首先介绍了河流中硅的形态分类,讨论了对不同形态硅的研究意义。随后综述了国内外研究成果,对长江流域硅含量的时空分布特征进行整理分析,探讨可能影响河流、水库及河口硅含量分布的因素,对比分析了长江与国内外其他河流硅含量差异的原因,展望了长江流域硅含量当前研究的不足及未来研究方向。研究成果可为硅元素对长江流域浮游生物生长的影响等相应研究提供思路与建议。     

流域综合治理一体化管控平台系统解决方案

为系统解决流域水环境问题,践行“流域统筹、系统治理”的理念,以某市流域综合治理项目为例,阐述流域综合治理一体化管控平台系统解决方案。该平台通过建设水质、污水管网等监测监控感知体系,并整合流域水环境、水务及市政相关管理信息资源,实现流域水质、管网等相关信息的实时处理与呈现,再经大数据分析,为流域提供实时水质预报、预警,并实现以目标为导向的智能化运维管理,为流域水环境长治久清提供信息化决策支持。该平台作为流域综合治理工程的重要非工程措施,其设计成果已通过专家评审,正在推进实施。     

黄河流域发展节水型农业的措施探讨

黄河流域水资源供需矛盾已变得十分突出。在分析了黄河不资源状况和流域农田灌溉水资源利用现状的基础上，指出了建立节水型 必要性，并针对目前农田灌溉及管理中存在的问题，提出了黄河了水灌溉应从推广应用新型节水技术，完善灌区管理体制和运行机制，加强水利法律，法规建设等方面入手，才能杜绝农田灌溉水资源浪费的现象，才能使灌区管理运行真正步入可持续发展的良性轨道。     

Better governance for integrated management of the Lake Biwa—Yodo River Basin

The present study discusses the efforts of the Union of Kansai Governments to resolve serious issues in the Lake Biwa—Yodo River Basin in Japan. It identifies many of the issues related to the basin on a ‘no man's land’ mindset of today's governmental framework, which has constrained both the will and the approach to remedy the associated problems. It also highlights better governance that not only encourages individual efforts, but also promotes collaboration and cooperation among the major stakeholders in the area, as important to developing acceptable solutions to relevant issues. The present study also recognizes objective scientific evidence as an effective driver for improving governance, being the basis for making informed decisions and highlighting the use of appropriate indicators to evaluate the conditions characterizing a specific location or the basin as a whole. The present study also describes the Union of Kansai Governments as a behind‐the‐scenes coordinator that gathers knowledge and intelligence on the basin, and works to integrate policies by getting basin stakeholders to gradually improve governance by repeating a cycle of: (a) recognizing the current situation; (b) identifying relevant issues to be addressed; (c) establishing a framework and policy for collaboration and corporation; and (d) taking necessary actions. To this end, the present study discusses the studies and efforts of the Union of Kansai Governments to develop and implement integrated management of this important interlinked lake–river water system in Japan.