天然和人工合成蛇纹石作为纳米润滑油添加剂的摩擦学性能比较

以滑石和MgO为原料采用水热合成法制得蛇纹石粉体,通过高能球磨得到天然蛇纹石粉体,采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)对2种粉体成分与形貌进行表征分析。将经表面修饰的2种粉体样品添加到PAO4基础油中,利用MMW-1A万能摩擦磨损试验机测试其摩擦学性能,采用金相显微镜观察磨损表面的形貌并测量磨斑直径,采用能谱仪分析磨损表面的元素组成。结果表明:合成的蛇纹石主要呈纤蛇纹石一维中空纳米管结构,而天然蛇纹石则呈利蛇纹石结构。经修饰后的蛇纹石粉体作为润滑油添加剂可显著减小四球摩擦副的摩擦因数和磨斑直径,这是由于其可通过摩擦化学作用而在磨损表面生成具有良好减磨抗摩性能的自修复层,自修复层中含有Mg、Si、O等元素;人工合成纤蛇纹石在PAO4基础油中的抗磨减摩效果优于天然利蛇纹石。     

蛇纹石粉体的水热合成及其摩擦学性能

以MgO和SiO 2为原料,通过高温水热法合成表面修饰的蛇纹石粉体,利用X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜和红外光谱仪表征粉体的物相组成、微观形貌和表面结构.将表面修饰的蛇纹石粉体稳定地分散在46#机械油中,利用MRS 10A四球摩擦磨损试验机考察其摩擦学性能.结果表明:合成粉体粒径为1~3μm,表面被有机物化学修饰;机械油中添加蛇纹石粉体后极压性能和抗磨性能显著提高,摩擦因数在添加量为1%和2%时分别降低10.49%和5.16%;蛇纹石粉体的抗磨和自修复作用对抑制摩擦副磨损加剧作用显著.     

超细蛇纹石粉体改善润滑脂摩擦学性能研究

为提高锂基润滑脂的摩擦学性能,以超细蛇纹石粉体为添加剂,研究粉体的加入方式、加入量及载荷变化对锂基润滑脂摩擦学性能的影响,并采用SEM、EDS等手段对钢球表面磨斑进行分析。结果表明,分散后加入超细蛇纹石粉体的润滑脂摩擦学性能优于直接加入蛇纹石粉体的润滑脂;合适的超细蛇纹石粉体加入质量分数为0.7%,此时润滑脂摩擦因数略有升高,但抗磨性能明显地提高,其作用机制在于蛇纹石粉体在钢球表面具有自修复作用;含超细蛇纹石粉的润滑脂更适合在中低载荷下工作。     

羟基硅酸镁粉体添加剂含量对金属表面自修复膜生成的影响及机制

采用羟基硅酸镁粉体作为润滑油添加剂,在MMU-5G材料端面摩擦磨损试验机上,研究了不同添加剂含量对45#钢/45#钢摩擦副磨损表面自修复膜生成的影响及其机制,借助SEM及EDX测试分析摩擦副的表面形貌及表面成分组成。结果表明,自修复添加剂的含量对羟基硅酸镁粉体添加剂在磨损表面形成自修复膜影响显著。在添加剂质量分数为2%,3%和5%的工况条件下,试样磨损表面有自修复膜生成。添加剂质量分数为2%时,易于短时间内达到磨损-自修复动态平衡,自修复效果最为理想。自修复膜的生成过程包含磨粒磨损和摩擦化学反应2个阶段。自修复膜的生成使得试样摩擦磨损表面平整光滑,可以有效降低金属磨损。     

催化剂对蛇纹石粉体减摩抗磨性能的影响

采用UMT 3摩擦磨损试验机,在高接触压力下考察蛇纹石粉体及其与催化剂组合作为润滑油添加剂对45#钢的减摩抗磨作用.结果表明:在高接触压力下,润滑油中添加蛇纹石粉体后摩擦因数和磨损量都变大;相对于蛇纹石粉体,以蛇纹石和某种催化剂组合作为润滑油添加剂,可有效地降低摩擦因数和磨损量,并提高摩擦因数的稳定性.     

硅酸盐粉体作为润滑油添加剂在金属磨损表面成膜机制

在润滑油中添加蛇纹石硅酸盐粉体,采用MM-200摩擦磨损试验机研究了45#钢-45#钢摩擦副磨损表面的自修复陶瓷膜层形成机制,借助SEM及EDAX测试分析自修复陶瓷膜层的表面形貌及表面成分组成。结果表明摩擦能量对硅酸盐添加剂在磨损表面形成自修复膜层有很大的影响:自修复膜层为氧化物陶瓷材料,主要成分来自于硅酸盐添加剂。在低载荷300 N时,摩擦因数减小,硅酸盐添加剂不能转移到磨损表面,不能形成自修复膜层,仅仅起到减磨作用。下试样的失重随磨损时间增加而增加;在试验时间为20 h时,试样失重达到最大值,随后试样的失重反而减小。在载荷为600 N、900 N,试验时间30 h摩擦磨损后,在金属表面形成自修复保护膜,磨损表面比较平整光滑,无明显的片层剥落和犁沟,摩擦发生在自修复陶瓷材料之间,摩擦因数增加。硅酸盐添加剂在机械剪切作用下变形,在金属的磨损表面上铺展,并且在摩擦磨损过程中不断向摩擦表面转移,形成了均匀光滑的自修复膜层。自修复膜层隔离了金属摩擦表面的直接接触,摩擦磨损发生在自修复膜层之间,有效地降低了金属的磨损。     

蛇纹石和油酸作为润滑油添加剂的减摩抗磨性能

利用高能球磨机制备平均粒径约1 μm的蛇纹石超细粉体,并将其与油酸按质量比2∶1混合分散到PAO10基础油中,利用四球试验机探究其作为润滑油添加剂的减摩抗磨性能,利用白光干涉仪分析磨斑表面三维形貌,并用EDAX对磨斑表面元素进行分析。结果表明：蛇纹石与油酸混合加入基础油中具有更好的减摩抗磨效果;蛇纹石粉体与油酸混合后能够在摩擦副表面形成含有Si、Mg元素的修复膜,而单一的蛇纹石粉体在摩擦过程中不能成膜,这是因为,油酸作为分散剂能够吸附摩擦过程中产生的金属磨粒并使其分散到润滑油里,减少磨粒对摩擦表面造成的磨粒磨损;油酸有机修饰层吸附到蛇纹石颗粒表面,改善了蛇纹石颗粒在基础油中的分散性。     

超细蛇纹石粉体的材料特性、摩擦学介入行为及其工业应用

采用X射线衍射分析(XRD)、差热分析(DTA)、氮吸附-脱附(Nitrogen adsorption-desorption)等方法测试超细蛇纹石粉体在物理形态、表面特征、晶体结构、热反应和相变等方面的材料特性。初步分析其之所以能成为减摩修复剂主要功能组分的材料学基础。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和纳米压痕法(Nano-indentation)等手段对摩擦磨损试验的试件进行摩擦因数、表面形貌和表面硬度的观测,证实在润滑油中介入以这种粉体为主的功能材料可使摩擦表面改性,继而提高表面摩擦学性能。而以超细蛇纹石粉体为主要原料的金属减摩修复剂在铁路内燃机车柴油机应用的初步成效,则从生产实践上证明这种功能物质介入摩擦副的有效性和它的实用价值。     

不同分散剂修饰的纳米铋粉在基础油中分散稳定性研究

研究了油酸(OA)、硬脂酸(SA)和12-羟基硬脂酸(HSA)3种分散剂修饰的纳米铋粉在基础油500SN中的悬浮稳定性能.利用酸碱滴定、红外光谱测量和表征了3种分散剂在粉体表面的吸附量及吸附状态.研究结果表明:油酸及硬脂酸对粉体表面的修饰作用主要为化学吸附,12-羟基硬脂酸主要为物理吸附;悬浮液的分散稳定性能随着分散剂在粉体表面吸附量的增多而增强,12-羟基硬脂酸在纳米铋粉表面吸附量最大,其悬浮稳定性能最好,其次为硬脂酸,最后为油酸.     

偶联剂改性人造石墨对摩擦材料摩擦磨损性能的影响

采用硅烷偶联剂KH-550、KH-560和钛酸酯偶联剂NDZ-401对人造石墨进行改性,并采用XD-MSM定速式摩擦试验机和MPX-2000磨损试验机分别考察3种不同偶联剂改性人造石墨对酚醛树脂基摩擦材料摩擦磨损性和速度/压力敏感性的影响,利用扫描电镜分析摩擦表面的形貌。结果表明:与未改性人造石墨相比,偶联剂改性人造石墨可提高摩擦材料的摩擦磨损性能和抗速度/压力敏感性。其中钛酸酯偶联剂NDZ-401改性人造石墨利于提高摩擦材料的摩擦因数稳定性和抗速度/压力敏感性;而硅烷偶联剂KH-560改性人造石墨可以提高摩擦材料抗磨损性能。     

Minimal Realization of Linear Graph Models for Multi-physics Systems

An engineering system may consist of several different types of components,belonging to such physical"domains"as mechanical,electrical,fluid,and thermal.It is t...     

INTEGRAL EQUATION METHOD＇S APPLICATION IN HOLE-EDGE STRESS OF COMPOSITE MATERIAL PLATE WITH DIFFERENT SHAPED HOLES

The strength of composite plate with different hole-shapes is always one of the most important but complicated issues in the application of the composite material. The holes will lead to mutations and discontinuity to the structure. So the hole-edge stress concentration is always a serious phenomenon. And the phenomenon makes the structure strength decrease very quickly to form dangerous weak points. Most partial damage begins from these weak points. According to the complex variable functions theory, the accurate boundary condition of composite plate with different hole-shapes is founded by conformal mapping method to settle the boundary condition problem of complex hole-shapes. Composite plate with commonly hole-shapes in engineering is studied by several complex variable stress fimction. The boundary integral equations are founded based on exact boundary conditions. Then the exact hole-edge stress analytic solution of composite plate with rectangle holes and wing manholes is resolved. Both of offset axis loadings and its influences on the stress concentration coefficient of the hole-edge are discussed. And comparisons of different loads along various offset axis on the hole-edge stress distribution of orthotropic plate with rectangle hole or wing manhole are made. It can be concluded that hole-edge with continuous variable curvatures might help to decrease the stress concentration coefficient; and smaller angle of outer load and fiber can decrease the stress peak value.     

Non-monotonic material contrast in scanning ion and scanning electron images

30 keV Ga⁺ focused ion beam induced secondary electron (iSE) imaging was used to determine the relative contrast between several materials. The iSE signal compared from C, Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo, Ag, and W metal layers does not decrease with an increase in target atomic number Z₂, and shows a non-monotonic relationship between contrast and Z₂. The non-monotonic relationship is attributed to periodic fluctuations of the stopping power and sputter yield inherent to the ion–solid interactions. In addition, material contrast from electron-induced secondary electron (eSE) and backscattered electron (BSE) images using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also shows non-monotonic contrast as a function of Z₂, following the periodic behavior of the stopping power for electron–solid interactions. A comparison of the iSE and eSE results shows similar relative contrast between the metal layers, and not complementary contrast as conventionally understood. These similarities in the contrast behavior can be attributed to similarities in the periodic and non-monotonic function defined by incident particle–solid interaction theory.     

Application of Feature Extraction through Convolution Neural Networks and SVM Classifier for Robust Grading of Apples

This paper proposes a novel grading method of apples,in an automated grading device that uses convolutional neural networks to extract the size,color,texture,an...     

分布动态载荷识别的抗噪处理

针对正交多项式频域法在用多种响应对矩形薄板进行载荷识别中抗噪性较差的问题,综合运用平均法、矩阵预处理和奇异值截断法等方法对之进行改善,并引入空间映射的思想,将该方法的应用范围拓展为复杂的模型.利用仿真算例,证实了该方法具有较好的抗噪性.     

基于MELTAC-N平台的核电厂安全级DCS环网研究与测试

针对工程实践中环网通讯相关问题的处理缺乏理论基础及国产化安全级DCS平台的开发缺乏成熟经验借鉴问题,对基于MELTAC-N平台核电厂安全级DCS环网的软硬件实现进行了研究。提出了安全级DCS环网双环网冗余设计、光切换开关设计等硬件设计方法,以及以RPR协议为基础,采用全数据收发策略的软件设计方法。在CPR1000安全级DCS平台上对安全级DCS环网的可靠性及实时性进行了评价,并进行了容错能力、响应时间及响应时间稳定性测试验证实验。结果表明,基于MELTAC-N平台安全级DCS环网软硬件设计具有较好的容错能力及响应时间稳定性。     

Short-Term Relay Quality Prediction Algorithm Based on Long and Short-Term Memory

The fraction defective of semi-finished products is predicted to optimize the process of relay production lines, by which production quality and productivity ar...     

End-to-End Multiview Gesture Recognition for Autonomous Car Parking System

The use of hand gestures can be the most intuitive human-machine interaction medium.The early approaches for hand gesture recognition used device-based methods....     

The laboratory simulation of abrasive wear

Abrasive wear has long been recognised as one of the most potentially serious tribological problems facing the operators of many types of plant and machinery; several industrial surveys have indicated that wear by abrasion can be responsible for more than 50% of unscheduled machine and plant stoppages. Locating the operating point of a tribological contact in an appropriate operational ‚map’︁ can provide a useful guide to the likely nature and origins of the surface degradation experienced in use, though care must be exercised in choosing the most suitable parameters for the axes of the plot. Laboratory testing of materials and simulations of machine contacts are carried out for a number of purposes; at one level for the very practical aims of ranking candidate materials or surface hardening treatments in order of their wear resistance, or in an attempt to predict wear lives under field conditions. More fundamentally, tests may be aimed at elucidating the essential physical mechanisms of surface damage and loss, with the longer term aim of building an analytical and predictive model of the wear process itself. In many cases, component surface damage is brought about by the ingress of hard, particulate matter into machine bearing or sealing clearances. These may be running dry although, more usually, a lubricant or service fluid is present at the interface. A number of standardised wear test geometries and procedures have been established for both two- and three-body wear situations, and these are briefly described. Although abrasive wear is often modelled as following an ‚Archard’︁ equation (i.e. a linear increase in material loss with both load and time, and an inverse dependence on specimen hardness) both industrial experience and laboratory tests of particularly lubricated contacts show that this is not always the case: increasing the hardness differential in an abrasively contaminated lubricated pair may not always reduce the rate of damage to the harder surface.     

Limits of topographic measurement by the scanning tunnelling and atomic force microscopes

Parameters describing the topographic character of a surface (height, surface wavelength, slope and curvature) can be derived from equivalent sinusoidal profiles. The response of a surface-measuring instrument may be modelled in terms of instrument parameters such as stylus radius, and scanning range and resolution. The performance of the instrument may then be mapped as a zone in amplitude-wavelength (AW) space to show the sinusoidal profiles it is capable of measuring. In a first-order analysis the STM and AFM are considered as equivalent to contact-stylus instruments with a notional stylus radius equal to the tip radius plus the gap. Comparisons between different instruments and types of instrument are readily made by mapping in AW space. The error arising from convolution of the sinusoidal profile with that of the finite tip may be quantified and plotted as contours in AW space.