多元因子分析模型在河流健康评价中的应用——以苏子河水质特性研究为例

为顺应河流生态可持续发展,提出健康河流、生命河流等概念,维持河流生态系统健康已经成为流域综合管理的必然趋势。综合运用水文学、水力学、泥沙地貌学和水生生态学的基本理论和方法研究河流生态健康的表征因子,确定各因子的阈值,建立流域性水体水质可续发展评价体系。以河流可持续发展为基础,引用代表性的相关指标进行筛选,对流域水质指标进行数值化分析,以苏子河流域水质特性为研究对象,选取出评估河流健康状况的环境因子,客观反映出中小河流域健康状况,为河流的可持续管理和生态环境建设提供参考。     

Integrated watershed management in Quebec (Canada): a participatory approach centred on local solidarity.

The Quebec Water Policy was launched in November 2002 in support of reform of the water governance. One of the government commitments is to gradually implement watershed-based management for 33 major watercourses located primarily in the St. Lawrence plain. At the local and regional levels, watershed organizations are responsible for implementing integrated management, from a sustainable-development perspective, by preparing a master plan for water (MPW), which will include watercourses, lakes, wetlands and aquifers. These watershed organizations rely on public consultation, as well as local and regional expertise, on the responsibilities for water of the municipalities and regional county municipalities of the territory, as well as those of the ministries and other government agencies. They are also required to observe national priorities regarding protection, restoration, and development of water resources and to comply with relevant guidelines, directives, standards, regulations, and legislation. The role of watershed organizations is to act as planning and consultation tables. Government representatives are present, on the initial process, as the facilitator and for scientific and technical support. They do not have, at this moment, any voting or decisional rights. After two years, integrated water management mobilized water stakeholders on watersheds and they are on their way to initiating their first MPW.     

Public participation programme: The Akkar watershed study

A social and environmental study of the Akkar watershed, on the northern boundary of Lebanon and Syria, was initiated in January 2001 and completed in January 2003. The study was a cooperative Lebanese–Syrian–Canadian research project funded by the Canadian International Development and Research Council. The aim of the project was to utilize scientific information and data derived from the watershed study to define issues and possible solutions to be included in a bilateral watershed management plan. The project consisted of four components: watershed maps from remote sensing and geographical information systems, sampling and analysis of water samples, analysis of applicable legislation and institutional arrangements, and a programme of public participation. The direct impact on the watershed by the daily activities of its communities implies that these communities should be involved in both evaluation and management of the watershed. It is very important that environmental management and conservation relate to land use and policies to assure sustainability. A successful conservation approach integrates institutional, geomatics and public participation aspects, leading to the communities themselves being self‐regulating. This will strengthen the sustainability within the watershed to enhance the quality of living of its inhabitants. This paper deals strictly with the aspects of the public participation programme on the Lebanese side of the watershed. This programme was designed to ensure wide public involvement and wide dissemination of information derived from the technical study of the watershed.     

Environmental management of the waters of the El-Kabir River and the associated Akkar watershed

The Akkar watershed of the El‐Kabir River forms the northern boundary of Lebanon with Syria and drains into the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. This paper endeavours to provide a management plan tailored to the issues and needs of the Akkar watershed. It is not designed as a simplistic workbook of procedures but as a series of broad, thematic recommendations addressing the environmental problems identified by technical studies and interaction with the inhabitants of the watershed. It outlines a three‐phase (short, medium and long‐term) approach to address public health and water sustainability in the context of an enduring management system. In all phases, a set of underlying principles are utilized which incorporate a watershed approach, collaboration and cooperation, sustainability, a balance between water quantity and quality, equity and public involvement.     

Using a GIS transfer model to evaluate pollutant loads in the Lake Kinneret watershed, Israel.

Lake Kinneret (Sea of Galilee) is the only large surface water body in Israel, encompassing an area of 167 km2 and supplying some 30% of the country's fresh water. Pollution from anthropogenic sources and water abstraction for domestic and agricultural uses has long been threatening the water quality of the lake. Point-source pollution in the watershed has decreased drastically with the development of wastewater treatment. However, diffuse pollution from agricultural activities is still an unresolved issue. In this paper we present an application of AVGWLF (a GIS-based watershed load model) to the Lake Kinneret watershed. The model allows one to simulate daily stream flows and monthly sediment, nitrogen, and phosphorus loads discharged to the lake from the surrounding watershed. Results from simulations yield a satisfactory correspondence between simulated and measured daily water volume. Partition by source of total phosphorus delivered to the lake in the period of 2000-04 confirms the reduction in point source nutrient contribution due to improvement of wastewater treatment facilities in the area. Future management should focus on reduction of nutrients originating from septic systems (point sources) and pasture and cropland areas (diffuse sources). Results from simulations will enable watershed managers to prioritize effective management alternatives for protecting the water quality in the lake.     

石匣小流域综合治理试验示范研究项目综述

“北京市北部山区石闸小流域综合治理试验示范研究”项目是北京市科委“八五”期间立项研究的科研攻关项目。该项目将流域作为一个生态系统来研究，在资源综合调查评价的基础上，以改善生态环境、保护饮用水资源和提高当地群众生活水平为目的。以小流域为单元，开展流域水土保持生态环境建设治理模式、治理应用技术、水土流失及的流失的监测预报、流域治理管理、效益分析等研究。该项目完成后，已成为集水土保持综合治理、试验研究、户外教室展开、对外交流合作、环境保护为一体的水土保持综合示范区。     

Mitigating lake eutrophication through stakeholder-driven hydrologic modeling of agricultural conservation practices: A case study of Lake Macatawa,Michigan

Lake Macatawa is a hypereutrophic water body that connects with Lake Michigan via a navigation channel. Excess phosphorus (P) concentrations have resulted in a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) for total phosphorus (TP) in the lake, which has not been met. To guide land management and water pollution control in the Macatawa watershed, a Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model and scenarios of agricultural best management practices (BMPs) were developed in consultation with stakeholders. Modelling emphasized incorporating practices representative of local agricultural conditions. Approaches to initializing high legacy soil P levels in SWAT were tested. The validated model was used to evaluate the influence of BMPs on lake water quality and identify which practices are necessary for meeting the TMDL. The model showed that eliminating manure applications would have small effect on curbing TP loading, but continuous no-till and high residue combined with already used subsurface manure application would yield notable TP reductions. Achieving TMDL-mandated TP reduction of 72% is possible through a widespread adoption of multiple BMPs (continuous no-till with high residue, cover crops, filter strips, and conversion of some marginal croplands to perennial grasses) across all the watershed’s row croplands. The study highlights how guidance from a local community interested in watershed improvement was integrated with modeling towards addressing eutrophication with informed watershed management. The Lake Macatawa case study presents a tractable system from which management solutions could be transferred to similar small agricultural tile-drained watersheds with high legacy soil P levels in the Great Lakes basin.     

流域水环境与生态学研究回顾与展望

简要分析了流域水环境与生态学的发展历程,系统介绍了2010年以来中国水利水电科学研究院水环境研究所取得的主要科研成果:(1)水环境监测技术与标准。形成了水环境监测分析技术与标准体系,研发了系列水环境监测标准物质,研究了水源地健康风险评价技术与水污染事件应急预警预报关键技术,研发了水环境监测新技术与设备;(2)流域水环境与水生态过程演变机理与模型。在大型水库重金属污染物水环境演变机理及效应、生源物质流域迁移转化特征及驱动机制、生态水文过程变异与河湖生态响应机制与流域水环境与生态模型等方面取得系列创新成果;(3)流域水质目标管理与流域水环境综合治理技术。形成了水功能区达标评价技术体系、流域容量总量控制技术体系,提出了流域水环境综合治理规划技术与湖库沉积物污染评价与生态疏浚方案制定技术,研发了生物慢滤水处理水质净化技术及设备;(4)河湖健康评估与水生态保护修复技术。提出了河湖健康评估标准,研究形成了河湖水系生态连通技术、生态流量确定技术、水质水量联合调度技术与水生态修复技术。最后分析了新时期水环境与生态学的科技需求,提出了水环境研究的展望。     

Integrated Water Resource Development Plan for Sustainable Management of Mayurakshi Watershed, India using Remote Sensing and GIS

Integrated watershed management requires a host of inter-related information to be generated and studied in relation to each other. Remote sensing technique provides valuable and up-to-date spatial information on natural resources and physical terrain parameters. Geographical Information System (GIS) with its capability of integration and analysis of spatial, aspatial, multi-layered information obtained in a wide variety of formats both from remote sensing and other conventional sources has proved to be an effective tool in planning for watershed development. In this study, area and locale specific watershed development plans were generated for Mayurakshi watershed, India using remote sensing and GIS techniques. Adopting Integrated Mission for Sustainable Development (IMSD) guidelines, decision rules were framed. Using the overlay and decision tree concepts water resource development plan was generated. Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS-1C), Linear Imaging Self Scanner (LISS-III) satellite data along with other field and collateral data on lithology, soil, slope, well inventory, fracture have been utilized for generating land use/land cover and hydro geomorphology of the study area, which are an essential prerequisites for water resources planning and development. Spatial data integration and analyses are carried out in GIS environment.     

国外健康流域评价理论与实践

粗放型的经济增长方式、人类对水资源不合理的开发利用加之全球气候变化的影响,使得水环境和水生态遭到严重破坏。对流域进行健康评价,将为流域的规划、管理和保护以及流域综合治理提供决策依据。目前,我国对于流域生态系统健康的研究仍然处于刚刚起步的探索阶段,因此对于该类问题的研究具有重大的意义和前瞻性。介绍了国外一些流域进行健康评价的理论和实践,对我国今后开展类似工作有一定借鉴意义。     

基于可持续发展的水资源优化配置模型研究与应用

系统分析了可持续发展的区域水资源优化配置的内涵及原则,同时构建了其两级递阶分解协调优化配置模型,给出了其实用可行的求解方法,并以河北省水资源配置为研究对象进行了应用研究,所得结果对该区规划与发展具有重要参考价值.     

Water Balance Approach for Rainwater Harvesting using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques, Jammu Himalaya, India

Judicious use of the limited fresh water resources is the need of the hour. If sufficient measures are not taken up immediately, we will face a crisis which will be detrimental to the very survival of mankind. The Kandi region of Jammu district in Jammu Himalaya is facing a similar problem of acute shortage of drinking water. One of the most logical steps towards this goal would be acknowledging the importance of rainwater harvesting. The Central Ground Water Board (CGWB), North Western Himalayan Region, Jammu, has already initiated few schemes to recharge and conserve the water resources. The water resources in this study area have been estimated by water balance assessment approach. The water balance study using the Thornthwaite and Mather (TM) models with the help of remote sensing and GIS is very helpful in finding out the moisture deficit and moisture surplus for an entire watershed. The water balance calculation shows that the maximum annual runoff results from the built-up areas/water body followed by agricultural land, dense forest and minimum for the barren land and open forest. The annual deficit in the Devak–Rui watershed is 0.38 mm and the annual surplus is 1,251.34 mm. GIS software’s have been used for spatial analysis for generation of various thematic layers and integration to produce the final runoff map. The total runoff of Devak–Rui watershed was calculated as 1,160.48 mm from the total precipitation of 1,429.26 mm. It was found that suitable sites for rainwater harvesting structures in the Devak–Rui watershed covers an area of nearly 11% of the watershed area whereas the rest of the watershed area was assumed as unsuitable site for rainwater harvesting.     

Watershed management

Water management has increasingly been realized to be an essential component of sustainable water development. While no‐one argues with the desirability of proper watershed management, achieving it has not been an easy task. It requires concurrent accomplishment of many tasks, among which are strict control of land‐use practices, afforestation and forest management, and implementation of appropriate soil and water conservation practices. Two main impacts of inadequate watershed management are discussed. These are increased reservoir sedimentation which reduces storage capacity which may in turn render water projects uneconomic, and changing patterns of stream flow. It is argued that watershed management should not be viewed exclusively from the narrow perspective of benefits to water projects alone. It should be considered essential for soil and water conservation and forest management, which in the long run will enhance the prospect of self‐reliance of nations in terms of food, fibre and energy.     

Integrated watershed management: A planning methodology for construction of new dams in Ethiopia

Integrated watershed management (IWM) is emerging as an alternative to the centrally planned and sectoral approaches that currently characterize the planning process for dam construction in Ethiopia. This report clarifies the concept of IWM, and reviews the major social, environmental and economic problems caused by dams in Ethiopia and elsewhere. Dams are planned from a top‐down perspective in Ethiopia, some people are relocated against their will, haphazard land‐use changes can occur, and soil erosion and reservoir sedimentation can increase. Many communities affected by dam constructions have not been sufficiently recognized or compensated, and environmental protection measures such as land‐use planning and soil and water conservation have not been adopted in watersheds in which construction of dams is occurring. Furthermore, revenues generated from hydropower and water supplies often benefit urban dwellers, or the national economy, at the expense of rural inhabitants in watersheds. Creation of a multistakeholder platform, integration of soft system methodology with hard system tools, and completion of environmental protection measures should be among the major components of an improved planning methodology for construction of new dams in Ethiopia. This translates into an environment wherein science and knowledge can help watershed inhabitants create a diversity of locally appropriate resource management solutions. Effective implementation of environmental policies and strategies could improve the quality of watershed‐based developments. The conclusion is that the IWM approach is a good alternative to effectively address the social, environmental and economic problems associated with planning and constructing new dams in Ethiopia.     

生态清洁小流域建设措施体系研究—以莲花县巨源小流域为例

生态清洁型小流域治理是今后水土保持治理工作主要方向。本文以江西省莲花县巨源小流域为例,对传统小流域和生态清洁小流域治理措施体系进行比较,研究表明生态清洁小流域建设措施体系在传统小流域措施体系上进行了拓展,更能适应新时期水土流失治理要求,为同类型区域小流域建设提供借鉴意义。     

重要水源地小流域水环境动态模拟及调控研究

本研究选取北京密云水库上游曹家路小流域为对象,通过野外监测和模型计算的方法对小流域水环境进行动态模拟及调控研究。综合运用水文学、水环境学、数理统计和地理信息系统等方法,并结合野外监测、实验室分析和计算机模拟等手段,建立了小流域半分布式水文模型和一维河道水质模型。运用该模型对曹家路小流域的水质状况进行了模拟计算,得到了流域出口断面NH3-N、Os、BOD、COD和TN等水质因子的总体特征和全年全时段变化过程。根据1956~2000年的水文数据,分析了流域特征水文年水环境的动态变化,提出了相应的水质保护和水环境容量利用综合调控方案,并依据区域的经济发展进行了水环境动态规划。     

小流域治理中蓄水池工程设计探讨

蓄水池是较为常见的小型水利水保工程,在小流域治理中具有重要意义。针对江西省的水土流失特点,以国家水土保持重点建设工程江西省莲花县神路项目区神泉小流域为典型实例,根据“技术先进、经济合理、安全可靠”的原则,以《水土保持工程设计规范》（GB 51018-2014）为基础,从蓄水池工程布置、容量计算、组成与工程设计、安全稳定性计算等方面探讨了适宜江西省小流域治理中蓄水池工程的设计标准,对江西省以及南方红壤区的水土流失防治与水土保持规划设计具有一定的技术指导意义。     

我国流域管理研究述评

流域管理是现代水资源管理的发展方向。我国学者对于流域管理的研究现正如火如荼,本文对学者对流域管理的涵义、流域管理的理论依据、流域管理的立法及流域管理体制构建等问题的研究的最新进展进行综述和简要评述,以期为该项研究的深入尽绵薄之力。     

基于系统聚类的鄱阳湖流域水功能区划研究

水功能区划是水环境管理和水污染物总量控制的重要基础。以县级行政区划为最小划分单元,根据选定的社会经济指标,采用系统聚类的方法,将鄱阳湖流域内各县进行分类。结合流域内水质状况、各县的其它社会经济条件和历史的水功能区划成果,确定各县的主导用水功能,生成鄱阳湖流域水功能区划图。结果表明:鄱阳湖流域主要水功能为农业用水,而工业用水区主要分布在江西省北部,渔业用水区主要分布在环鄱阳湖区。该区划结果兼顾了水资源的流域和区域管理的优点,能较好的适应目前水资源区域管理的现状,对水资源的合理开发与有效利用提供科学依据。     

An Interval Fuzzy Multiobjective Watershed Management Model for the Lake Qionghai Watershed, China

Integrated watershed management is required to ensure the reasonable use of resources and reconcile interactions among natural and human systems. In the present study, an interval fuzzy multiobjective programming (IFMOP) method was used to solve an integrated watershed management problem. Based on system analysis, an IFMOP model suitable for a lake watershed system {IFMOPLWS} was developed and applied to the Lake Qionghai watershed in China. Scenario analysis and an interactive approach were used in the solution process. In this manner, various system components were incorporated into one framework for holistic consideration and optimization. Integrality and uncertainty, as well as the multiobjective and dynamic characteristics of the watershed system, were well addressed. Using two scenarios, two planning schemes were generated. Agriculture, tourism, macroeconomics, cropland use, water supply, forest coverage, soil erosion, and water pollution were fully interpreted and compared to identify a preferable planning alternative for local agencies. This study showed that the IFMOPLWS is a powerful tool for integrated watershed management planning and can provide a solid base for sustainable watershed management.