环状流波状液膜时平均厚度动态校准方法

为实现环状气液两相流界面波液膜厚度的准确测量,基于环状流界面波的理论分析和实验研究,将实时海浪模拟思想引入界面扰动波研究,建立了基于三级海浪函数的界面扰动波模型。设计了一种基于直接测量法的可调节插入深度的波状液膜厚度测量传感器。提出了基于占空比算法的时平均液膜厚度动态校准方法。对测量传感器进行测量不确定度来源分析及评定,提出了系统误差补偿算法。在双闭环可调压中压湿气实验装置上对上述测量传感器进行了实验验证,结果表明:以三级海浪为模型进行研究在任意统计时间与任意插入深度增量条件下,94.44%的实验点的相对测量不确定度在2%以内;基于直接测量法实现液膜厚度复现并使用系统误差补偿算法,提高了测量精度。     

低含液管线内液膜厚度分布特性的试验研究

湿气集输管线内存在低含液气液两相流动。利用相似准则建立试验管道,结合螺旋测微器设计出瞬时液膜厚度测量装置,对低含液管线内液膜厚度分布特性进行研究。结果表明:液膜具有波动性,水平管内液膜主要集中在底部,两侧存在薄液膜。同一表观气速下,随着表观液速的增加,液膜分布范围变大,最厚值先变小后增大;同一表观液速下,随着表观气速的增加,弯头下竖直管周向液膜最厚值和最薄值变小,周向等效均匀液膜厚度变小。     

剪切应力影响下近壁微液膜测量技术及波动特性研究

基于尺度分离理论,近壁微液膜波动特性对临界热负荷的产生有至关重要的影响。针对水平管内分层流动近壁微液膜在气流剪切应力作用下的波动特性进行研究,分析声学法,射线法,电学法和光学法等不同检测方法在近壁薄液膜厚度测量上的应用,并比较各种方法的优缺点。最终采用光学法,即利用光谱共焦位移传感器,对不同气、液流速条件下近壁微液膜进行测量,分析剪切夹带对液膜厚度变化的影响规律,获得液膜撕裂的临界条件。研究结果表明：微液膜平均厚度在气流剪切夹带影响下随气速的增大而减小。由于液滴夹带现象影响程度的不同,在不同气、液流速条件下,试验段出口处液膜平均厚度液膜呈现线性或非线性的变化趋势。气流剪切应力增大时,液膜厚度超过临界厚度即发生撕裂现象,液膜撕裂存在随机性,当壁面条件一定时,临界液膜厚度不随气、液流速的变化而变化,但在高气、液流速条件下液膜波动加剧。     

微型电容层析成像传感器的设计及应用

本文提出一种电容层析成像微型传感器,实现脉动热管内两相流的可视化监测及液膜厚度的测量.该传感器也作为流动管道,具有和测量管道基本相同的传热和流动特性.同时,建立基于图像灰度的液膜厚度测量方法,并采用最大类间方差法对重建图像进行处理.实验结果表明：可视化监测图像与实际相符,液膜厚度测量结果与Nusselt理论计算结果吻合较好.相比普通电容层析成像传感器,其测量精度和空间分辨率都有一定提高,从而拓宽了电容层析成像技术的应用范围.     

超薄液膜厚度测量技术研究

本文研究出了一种超薄液膜厚度的测量技术,利用该项技术可以方便地测量出微米量级的超薄液膜厚度。文中论述了采用电阻法测量超薄液膜厚度的基本原理,解决了传感器设计与制造,测量电路设计,标定装置制做和实验方法等一系列技术问题。本文的工作为火箭发动机,燃气轮机,柴油机,锅炉,以及其他动力机械中的液体燃料在燃烧室壁面上形成的超薄液膜的蒸发过程研究提供了一项新的测试手段。     

管道压力对界面扰动波演化影响分析

本文针对界面扰动波的发展演化过程,利用液膜厚度测量传感器,在可调压中压湿气装置上进行了154组界面扰动波的测量实验,并运用递归定量分析方法提取液膜时序信号的确定性等4个特征参量,结合小波分析方法,对气液两相流界面扰动波的演化规律进行了研究,结果表明,在波状环状流中,随着管道压力的增加,界面扰动波的确定性值维持在1附近,递归熵值从4.5下降到3,表明界面波运动的有序性增强,比率值从1增加到2.5,而递归率值从0.5下降到0.3,表明扰动波由非稳态向稳态过渡;在完全环状流中,随着管道压力的增加,两相界面以规则的波纹波为主,界面波的确定性值从1下降到0.6,递归熵值从3下降到2,比率值从2.5突增到15,递归率值从0.3下降到0.1。     

刮板结构对薄膜蒸发器内气液两相液膜流场影响分析

由于沸腾传热及刮板刮擦成膜的复杂性,薄膜蒸发器内蒸发过程非常复杂.采用CFD软件对薄膜蒸发器内气液两相液膜流场进行数值模拟,分析讨论了刮板倾角、刮板块数等刮板结构参数对薄膜蒸发器内圈形波形状和速度场的影响.分析结果表明,增大刮板倾角可以增大液膜的径向速度,从而促进液膜的径向混合,过大的倾角会使圈形波的尺寸减小,降低薄膜蒸发器内的存液量.刮板数目增加,圈形波内的平均速度增大,湍动增强,但同时液膜发生飞溅的现象明显,圈形波内发生回流的区域减少,反而不利于物料之间的传热与传质,特定操作参数下,存在适宜的刮板倾角和刮板数目.研究结果为刮板结构的进一步优化提供了依据.     

界面变形对磁流变传动装置传动性能的影响

为了得到界面变形对磁流变传动装置传动性能的影响规律,总结了变形界面的产生形式,采用数值计算方法,从电磁场和液膜传动能力两方面分析了变形界面的传动性能,并进行了相关实验研究,结果表明:传动圆盘的正常变形量小于100 μm,变形后工作间隙磁场变化量较小,一般小于0.01 T,约占工作间隙磁场的2％;变形对毫米厚度液膜传动性能的影响很小;对于较小变形量,界面变形并不能显著影响磁流变液的传动能力;对于较大变形量,由于磁流变液液膜剪切和挤压效应产生的剪切力作用,磁流变液扭矩传递能力有一定提升,但是这种剪切力不可调节,降低了磁流变传动装置的调节性能.     

科氏流量计应用于气液两相流测量的实验研究

以空气-水为介质,对科氏流量计应用于气液两相流双参数测量进行了实验研究.实验过程中保持液相流量一定,通过加入不同体积分数的空气来分析含气率对科氏流量计测量精度的影响,采用Weisman垂直上升管气液两相流流型图与实验数据进行了比较.结合实验结果,初步归纳出含气量、流型和科氏流量计测量精度之间的关系,总结出液相中含气影响科氏流量计测量精度的主要因素及其影响规律,为进一步研究科氏流量计气液两相流测量误差修正提供了一种技术方法.     

磁流变传动界面间液膜温升特性实验研究

为揭示磁流变传动(magnetorheological (MR) transmission)界面间液膜的温升特性,以一种多盘式磁流变传动装置为研究对象,对传动界面间磁场分布进行有限元仿真分析,并采用实验方法研究了工作间隙内液膜的温升情况及分布规律,同时测试了液膜温升对传动性能的影响.研究结果表明:液膜温度沿工作间隙径向逐渐增大,并且温度差值随滑差时间越来越大,液膜沿周向温度分布基本均匀;滑差加载阶段,液膜温度随时间近似呈线性上升,且滑差功率越大,温升速度越快,在停机阶段温度下降缓慢,有必要采取强制散热措施以减缓液膜温升;液膜的温升将会导致其传递扭矩能力下降和动态响应速度变慢.     

Two-dimensional two-fluid model for air-oil wavy flow in horizontal tube

This study concerns the development of a two-dimensional two-fluid model for wavy flows in horizontal tubes. To deal with the curved walls of the liquid and gas phases and the gas-liquid interface simultaneously, the bipolar coordinate system was used. Experiments on air-oil mixture flow in horizontal tubes with diameters of 20 and 40 mm were conducted to observe wavy flow patterns accompanying the two-dimensional (2D) and Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) waves and to measure the pressure gradient under different flow conditions. Two different previous correlations for the interfacial friction factor were employed in the model for predicting the wavy flows with 2D and KH waves. Predictions of the model of the liquid film height, the average values of wall shear stresses of each phase, and the average interfacial shear stress were compared for different diameters and different superficial gas and liquid Reynolds numbers. Also presented are detailed predictions of the model for four different flow conditions, including the local values of interfacial shear stress, wall shear stress of the liquid phase, interfacial friction factor, liquid film height, and two-dimensional velocity distribution in the liquid phase at the cross-section of the tube.

     

Simulation and experimental investigation on gas-liquid two-phase flow separation behaviors in multitube T-Junction separator

A specially designed separator for gas-liquid two-phase flow separation and measurement is proposed. The flow characteristics and working scope are studied under different gas/liquid superficial velocities and different flow patterns through FLUENT numerical simulation and experimental research. The working scope of the separator is related to both the gas and liquid superficial velocity. The separator work well under the when the gas superficial velocity ranges from 0.65 to 21 m/s, and the liquid superficial velocity ranges from 0.01 to 0.31 m/s. When the actual working condition is beyond this range, the performance is not so outstanding in case of partial slug flow and annular. Under the working range of the separator, the measurement error of gas and liquid mass flow rates is less than ±2.5%. The special structure provides a buffer space for liquid slug, which shows good shock resistance capacity under high liquid superficial velocity. The investigation offers a valuable guidance for multiphase flow rates measurement.     

Investigation on wave morphology and temperature distribution of falling liquid film in a vertical tube

The waves of the falling liquid film have a strong interaction with its temperature, and the flow and heat transfer mechanisms contained therein are of great significance for optimizing industrial equipment and improving energy efficiency. In this paper, the thickness and temperature field of the liquid film in a vertical tube were measured simultaneously based on planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF). The wave morphology, as well as the temperature distribution within the liquid film, was analyzed by high-speed imaging visualization and the film temperature extraction method, respectively. With the increase of the Reynolds number, an evolution of the wave morphology from ripples to high-frequency disturbance waves and finally to solitary waves was observed. The method of Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD) was developed to reconstruct the flow field and calculate the characteristic frequencies in the flow, from which the wave features under different wave morphologies were revealed. It was found that the temperature variation of the liquid film at the gas-liquid interface was accelerated by the waves from the results of the temperature distribution of the liquid film. Besides, the low-temperature micro clusters observed in the solitary waves can be considered as one mechanism of the enhancement of heat transfer in the liquid film.     

气液环状流周向液膜测量传感器的优化设计

以气液两相环状流管道横截面的周向液膜为测量对象,采用单台高速摄像机和平面反射镜组构建了虚拟双视角的视觉传感器,并对传感器进行了优化。基于虚拟双目立体视觉原理建立虚拟双视角视觉传感器测量模型。为了尽可能增大有效拍摄视角以获得更多液膜流动信息,综合考虑视场区域、传感器尺寸、测量距离以及管道光路折射等因素,对虚拟双视角视觉传感器模型进行了分析和设计,优化了传感器模型的结构参数。理论分析及实验结果表明:优化后的虚拟双视角视觉传感器可以获得近300°的有效周向测量视角,远远优于使用单台高速摄像机进行直接拍摄。该项研究为通过双视角视觉传感器进行气液两相环状流周向液膜的实时测量提供了理论基础,对研究液膜厚度和分析环状流流动状态具有重要意义。     

Experimental investigation on the void fraction characteristics of a sudden expansion tube using wire-mesh sensors

Void fraction is an essential parameter of gas-liquid two-phase flow and experiments were executed to investigate the void fraction fluctuation characteristics of gas-liquid two phase flow through a sudden expansion tube. Two 16 × 16 wires mesh sensors were applied to measure the phase distribution of upstream pipe(pipe-32) and downstream pipe(pipe-50). The superficial gas velocity is in the range of 3.46 m/s - 22.46 m/s and the superficial liquid velocity ranges from 0.034 m/s to 0.414 m/s. Flow pattern evolution of upstream and downstream pipes was reconstructed and compared. The experiment results show that, in contrast to pipe-32, the void fraction of pipe-50 shows different trends with the increase of liquid and gas velocity. Liquid-carrying capacity is essential in the relationship between the void fraction of pipe-32 and pipe-50. The critical superficial liquid and gas velocities are proposed to characterize the liquid-carrying capacity. The maximum critical superficial gas and liquid velocity is 15.56 m/s and 0.207 m/s, respectively. Besides, a model is proposed to describe the relationship of void fraction between pipe-32 and pipe-50. It is found that the prediction error is less than ±10% in the case of annular flow.     

Experimental investigation of gas-liquid flow in a vertical venturi installed downstream of a horizontal blind tee flow conditioner and the flow regime transition

A venturi device is commonly used as an integral part of a multiphase flowmeter (MPFM) in real-time oil-gas production monitoring. Partial flow mixing is required by installing the venturi device vertically downstream of a blind tee pipework that conditions the incoming horizontal gas-liquid flow (for an accurate determination of individual phase fraction and flow rate). To study the flow-mixing effect of the blind tee, high-speed video flow visualization of gas-liquid flows has been performed at blind tee and venturi sections by using a purpose-built transparent test rig over a wide range of superficial liquid velocities (0.3–2.4 m/s) and gas volume fractions (10–95%). There is little ‘homogenization’ effect of the blind tee on the incoming intermittent horizontal flow regimes across the tested flow conditions, with the flow remaining intermittent but becoming more axis-symmetric and predictable in the venturi measurement section. A horizontal (blind tee) to vertical (venturi) flow-pattern transition map is proposed based on gas and liquid mass fluxes (weighted by the Baker parameters). Flow patterns can be identified from the mean and variance of a fast electrical capacitance holdup measured at the venturi throat.     

Research on wet gas separation method based on swirl and ejection cycle technology

Gas-liquid co-production often occurs in the middle and late stages of natural gas production. Efficient wet gas separation is very important in natural gas transportation and measurement. The traditional separation device has a relatively low separation efficiency due to the flow patterns, a new type of pipe separator was designed based on the swirl and ejection cycle technology. A new systematical separation procedure with three main steps was proposed simultaneously. The wet gas was forced to form an annular flow by a swirler. Then, the liquid film flows into the annular gap. The wave layer was introduced into the swirl separation again with the self-circulating ejection system for fine separation finally. Laboratory experiments and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations show that the additional swirl process can decrease the flow pattern influence effectively, and the separation efficiency can increase to more than 90%. The separation efficiency is mainly determined by the gas superficial velocity, and while the velocity of the inlet gas is less than 21 m/s, the separation efficiency is up to 93%. The separation efficiency prediction model was established based on liquid film porosity, and the prediction relative error is less than 10%. The new device, the separation procedure, and the test results can provide constructive technical reference for the real-world pipe separator application.