Mathematical Modelling of Fluid Flow in a Continuous Casting Tundish with regard to Extraordinary Casting Conditions

The quality of the steel (degree of cleanness in the finished material) can be influenced to a great extent by the flow conditions in the continuous casting tundish and the resulting conditions for the separation of non‐metallic inclusions. Whereas in the literature a lot of numerical simulations about the flow patterns of regular casting tundishes have been published, the effects of disturbances like the absence of a strand or the progressive wear of the flow control devices in the tundish on the flow behaviour will be investigated here. It will be shown that the absence of single strands exerts much less influence on the total flow behaviour in the tundish than variances of the flow control devices.     

连铸中间包钢水的清洁度

针对宝山钢铁（集团）公司６０ｔ中间包，通过系统取样，研究了钢水流动控制、覆盖剂、内衬材质及保护浇注对中间包钢水清洁度的影响。结果表明，在中间包适当位置使用挡墙、坝和过滤器有利于促进夹杂物的去除；使用高碱度、低ＳｉＯ２的覆盖剂及ＭｇＯ－ＣａＯ质内衬有利于改善钢水的清洁度；长水口保护浇注可使钢水中吸氮量降至（３～５）×１０－４％。同时，运用Ｋ—ε双方程模型计算了中间包三维流场，从数学模型上分析了中间包流动控制装置对去除夹杂物的影响，为进一步提高中间包钢水清洁度提供了依据。     

Fluid Flow and Interfacial Phenomenon of Slag and Metal in Continuous Casting Tundish With Argon Blowing

The fluid flow and the interfacial phenomenon of slag and metal in tundish with gas blowing were studied with mathematical and physical modeling, and the effects of gas flowrate, the placement of porous beam for the generation of bubbles, and the combination of flow control devices on the flow and slag-metal interface were investigated. The results show that the position of gas bubbling has a significant effect on the flow in tundish, and the placement of porous beam and gas flowrate are the two main factors affecting the entrapment of slag in tundish. The closer the porous beam to the weir, the more reasonable is the flow, which is in favor of the control of slag entrapment in tundish.     

连铸中间包内钢水流动的数学模型

开发了一个求解三维湍流N-S方程的计算机程序, 根据上海梅山冶金公司炼钢厂连铸中间包的结构和操作工艺参数, 建立了描述钢水流动的数学模型, 并利用该程序进行仿真计算, 分析中间包内钢水流动的合理性, 同时对中间包使用上、下挡墙后, 钢水流动状况进行分析预测, 并对中间包结构改造和操作优化提出建议。     

连铸中间包内钢液温度变化规律的研究

通过建立数学模型,研究了连铸过程中开浇、正常浇注、更换钢包、停浇等阶段的中间包内钢液温度变化规律,并分析了影响钢液温度变化的主要因素,为减少钢液温降和合理补偿钢液热量损失提供了理论依据。     

连铸中间包镁质涂料及其抗渣性的研究

对中间包工作衬用镁质涂料的配比及其抗渣性进行了研究。结果表明：适量的结合剂、添加剂及合理的颗粒级配，可制成具有最佳性能的镁质涂料；通过岩相分析可知，涂料中存在一致密层，阻止渣进一步渗透，具有良好的抗渣性；镁质涂料做中间包工作衬具有良好的抗渣性能和易解体性。     

连铸中间包内夹杂物上浮规律的研究

 引入湍流涡旋的Kolmogoroff尺度作为区分钢液中夹杂物粒径大小的标准。对中间包内不同粒径夹杂物的上浮规律进行了理论分析,为中间包内夹杂物去除的实验研究提供了理论依据。采用不同的模拟介质对中间包内夹杂物的去除做了研究,验证了理论分析的正确性。     

Water Modelling Experiments of Argon Bubbling Curtain in a Slab Continuous Casting Tundish

Fluid flow characteristics in a two‐strand slab tundish with Ar bubbling curtain were studied in water modelling experiments. It was found that the Ar bubbling curtain can greatly improve the flow characteristics in the tundish with a weir, a dam and a turbulence inhibitor. It dramatically increased the peak concentration time and plug volume and greatly decreased the dead volume, but hardly influenced the minimum residence time. Therefore, the fluid flow characteristics in a tundish with Ar bubbling curtain were favourable to the flotation and separation of inclusions from molten steel. The flow characteristics with low gas flow rate and short distance of the Ar bubbling curtain from the tundish outlet were better than those with high gas flow rate and large distance of the curtain from the outlet.     

不锈钢板坯连铸中包水模实验及应用

为减少不镑钢连铸坯中夹杂物的数量，开展了不锈锅板坯连铸中包水槌实验。在水模实验的基础上．进行了连铸中包控流装置的生产试验。试验表明，中包控流装置可以比较有效地去除钢中大颗粒非金属夹杂物.     

衡管水平连铸中间包流场分析

根据衡阳钢管水平连铸中间包的实际情况,采用1：1．5的相似比例建立水模拟系统,对水平连铸中间包内钢液流场进行研究．得出水平连铸中间包内钢水流场与弧形连铸中间包内钢水流场的主要区别,提出了优化水平连铸中间包钢水流动的方向。     

Flow Characteristics and Inclusion Removal in a Ten-strand Continuous Casting Tundish:Physical Modelling and Industrial Trials

The flow characteristics and inclusion removal in a ten-strand continuous casting tundish were investigated with physical modelling and industrial trials.The results show that,among the strands,the strand with the mini-mum dimensionless time of the first appearance of tracer at the tundish exit appears to be the worst one for inclusion removal,while the strand with the maximum dimensionless mean residence time shows the best inclusion removal efficiency.The inclusion number decreases with increasing inclusion size for all strands.The inclusion number distri-bution among strands is the same for all inclusion sizes and the descending order of inclusion number is basically con-sistent with the ascending order of dimensionless mean residence time among individual strands.However,when the strand with the minimum dimensionless time of the first appearance of tracer at the tundish exit is not the same one with the minimum dimensionless mean residence time,the former seems to be inferior to the latter for inclusion re-moval.     

连铸中间包挡墙设置优化的数学模拟研究

根据某厂连铸中间包的结构和操作工艺参数,采用数学模拟的方法研究了连铸中间包的钢水流动过程以及停留状况。文中采用PHOENICS软件进行了模拟计算,分析比较了不同挡墙设置下的钢液流动的速度矢量图以及RTD曲线。结果表明：上下挡墙位置以及间距对中间包内钢液流动特性有较大影响。     

Particle Distribution and Separation in Continuous Casting Tundish

The tundish as a part of a continuous casting machine combines the discontinuous ladle metallurgy with the continuous solidification of slabs in the mould. The tundish plays a major role in the challenging task of “clean steel” production. That means the smallest number of inclusions and high cleanliness in all steel grades after changing the conditions at the inlet of the tundish. Inclusions hinder the metal forming process and lead often to fatigue. The cleanliness of steels is important to fulfil the customer's requirements. In the present study inclusion removal was simulated in a 1:3 scaled water model of a single‐strand tundish for the production of stainless steels with a particle counter. The particle counter is capable of counting a large number of particles with a wide range of diameters. The separation rate for particle diameters from d_P = 1 ‐ 250 μm was determined with a counter for the water model tundish. With similarity conditions for the particles this deposition rate can be transformed to the melt flow in a steel tundish. The separation rate was measured for different flow rates in the water model tundish. A larger flow rate decreased the separation rate. Additionally, the separation rate for the tundish fitted with an impact pad was measured and showed a significant increase of separation for particles with a smaller diameter. Furthermore, the particle distribution in the tundish for different size groups of particles was investigated with and without an impact pad. Numerical simulations were carried out with the finite‐volume commercial code FLUENT using the realizable k‐ε turbulence model. A special boundary condition for the separation of particles at the surface was implemented.     

Molten Steel Flow in a Slab Continuous-casting Tundish

Fields of fluid flow and temperature, and residence time distribution (RTD) curves were investigated by mathematical simulation in a one-strand tundish for continuous casting. It was known from the investigation that a big “spring uprush” formed on surface around the long shroud when molten steel flowed into a turbulence inhibitor (TI) with extending lips and rushed up reversely out of the TI, while four small “spring uprushes” existed on surface when a TI without extending lips because the liquid steel flowed mainly out of the 4 corners of the TI. The flow of liquid steel in the former tundish configuration was not reasonable and the height of an area where temperature was less than 1819 K was about half of liquid surface height on the right side of the stopper, which meant that big dead zone existed in the former tundish configuration. In the optimal one, the height of such area was only seventh of the liquid surface height. The RTD curves obtained from the mathematical simulation basically agreed with those from the physical modeling and the flow characteristics obtained from these two methods agreed with each other.     

Water Modeling of a Swirling Flow Tundish for Steel Continuous Casting

 A conventional turbulence inhibitor is compared with a swirling chamber from the points of view of fluid flow and removal rate of inclusion in the tundish. Comparing the RTD curves, inclusion removals, and the streamlines in water model experiments, it can be found that the tundish equipped with a swirling chamber has a great effect on improving the flow field, and the floatation rate of inclusion is higher than the tundish with a turbulence inhibitor. Because of the introduction of the swirling chamber, the flow field and inclusion removal in a two-strand swirling flow tundish is asymmetrical. Rotating the inlet direction of swirling chamber 60 degree is a good strategy to improve the asymmetrical flow field.     

连铸中间包内钢液温度变化规律的研究

通过建立数学模型，研究了连铸过程中开浇、正常浇注、更换钢包、停浇等阶段的中间包内钢液温度变化规律，并分析了影响钢液温度变化的主要因素，为减少钢液温降和合理补偿钢液热量损失提供了理论依据。     

中间包连浇过程非稳态流场与温度场的数值模拟研究

通过计算得出在浇注过程中连铸中间包包壁瞬态热量损失作为边界条件的基础上,建立了连铸中间包内钢液流动与传热耦合数学模型,对连浇过程中中间包内非稳态的温度场和流场进行了数值模拟,考察了中间包连浇5个包次过程中钢液热量损失、温度分布以及流场情况,为现场操作和工艺优化提供依据和指导。     

Water Modeling of Swirling Flow Tundish for Steel Continuous Casting

A conventional turbulence inhibitor is compared with a swirling chamber from the points of view of fluid flow and removal rate of inclusion in the tundish. Comparing the RTD curves, inclusion removals, and the stream-lines in water model experiments, it can be found that the tundish equipped with a swirling chamber has a great effect on improving the flow field, and the floatation rate of inclusion is higher than the tundish with a turbulence inhibitor. Because of the introduction of the swirling chamber, the flow field and inclusion removal in a two-strand swirling flow tundish are asymmetrical. Rotating the inlet direction of swirling chamber 60 degree is a good strategy to improve the asymmetrical flow field.