Packaging performance comparison for distribution and export of papaya fruit

This paper presents the development and testing procedures for new packaging systems for papaya fruit. Papaya is a nutritious tropical fruit, consumed both in its fresh form and as a processed product worldwide. Thailand is a major exporter of fresh and processed papayas from Asia. Major quality indices for papayas include colour, size, firmness and freedom from defects and decay. A high percentage of post‐harvest losses of papaya fruits have been reported as exports have increased. Mechanical damage is one of the major causes of the quality loss of papaya fruits, therefore, proper packaging is demanded for better protection. In addition, other criteria are important to meet consumer acceptance. New packaging systems for papayas were compared with the existing systems currently used for local markets. The packaging systems were evaluated in terms of physical protection, heat transfer characteristics for rapid cooling and maintaining optimum temperature and relative humidity during post‐harvest, quality maintenance, and marketing issues. Two cushioning systems, foam nets and paper‐based wrap materials, were also compared. Actual shipment and vibration tests were performed and the effect on quality was determined. The new packaging systems tested showed better protective performance and improved quality parameters, as compared to existing systems. Minimized mechanical injuries resulted in a decreased susceptibility to decay and bruising. Paper‐based cushions showed similar protection to plastic foam nets materials but offered a better ripening response for papayas. The data were compared to seek an optimum packaging system for papayas based on the various criteria. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A comparison of corrugated boxes and reusable plastic containers for mango distribution

This paper evaluated various shipping packages (corrugated boxes and reusable plastic crates) on their protective performance based on bruising and heat transfer characteristics for shipping and handling mangoes. The effect of maturity stage on bruise susceptibility of mangoes was also studied. Mangoes were evaluated for bruise damage after subjecting to shipping and vibration tests. The results indicated that proper shipping containers and cushioning methods significantly reduces bruising in mangoes. Design features of shipping containers, such as physical protection and pre‐cooling characteristics, should be considered when shipping mangoes. The methods from this study can be used for selecting proper packaging to reduce damage of mangoes and other sensitive tropical fruits during distribution. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

鸡蛋安全快递包装结构设计

目的设计一种适用于小批量多批次运输的鸡蛋快递安全缓冲包装。方法通过经典的缓冲包装六步法,设计拉伸形式的缓冲结构,计算了缓冲垫的面积与厚度,对包装件进行了强度校核,并根据ISTA3A标准对包装件进行了跌落与随机振动试验,以验证包装件的缓冲效果。结果对5箱鸡蛋进行了不同面跌落、楞跌落和角跌落的3组重复测试,结果表明其破损率远远低于目前市场上的鸡蛋缓冲包装的破损率(10%),具有良好的保护效果;随机振动试验显示,缓冲包装中鸡蛋无一破损。结论该结构具有良好的缓冲性能,能保证鸡蛋在快递运输环境下得到有效保护,具有较好的应用前景。     

物资空投包装缓冲设计与分析

目的介绍空投包装缓冲方案设计,包括钢丝绳隔振缓冲系统设计和泡沫衬垫缓冲系统设计,便于更好地选取适宜的缓冲材料和缓冲形式,确保空投的安全可靠。方法针对物资在空投时开伞与着陆等2种冲击工况进行有限元分析计算。根据2种工况所受最大冲击,开展空投包装缓冲方案设计。结果着陆瞬间的最大应力为4.8 MPa,最大位移为0.666 mm;反弹过程中的最大应力为13.3 MPa,y向最大位移为5.49 mm;冲击隔振计算和缓冲衬垫结构校核均通过。结论采用内部泡沫衬垫缓冲、外部钢丝绳隔振的空投包装缓冲方案,缓冲性能优良,满足空投后内装物资完好的设计要求。     

基于不同防护材料易碎品运输可靠性结构设计

目的研究易碎品在运输包装过程中不同防护材质缓冲包装结构的防护性能。方法通过Ansys Workbench中的模态分析(Modal)和随机振动分析模块(RandomVibration),对模型进行模态和随机振动仿真分析,得到易碎品的各向应力、位移、总应力等,分析对比2种防护材质的仿真结果,选取最优的缓冲方案,并进行随机振动和跌落实验。结果 2种防护材质下缓冲结构都具有良好的防护性能,选择设计的EPE缓冲结构更具有经济环保性,且在随机振动和跌落试验中,包装件没有发生变形和损坏,内容物完好。结论为易碎品低成本、高可靠性的结构设计提供了思路,也为产品性能的预测和运输方案的检测提供了一种分析手段。     

An evaluation of the mechanical performance of extruded wheat starch loose fill

During the distribution process, products are continuously exposed to dynamic forces resulting from vehicle vibrations as well as drops and shocks from various types of handling. In order to reduce the adverse effects of such loads, protective packaging or cushioning materials are used. Engineered packaging materials are generally petroleum based (plastics) and present significant environmental concerns after their disposal. The use of environmentally friendly, bio‐compostable, alternatives is a logical development; however, if the salient protective characteristics of these materials are not well established, their use may lead to greater losses and a larger environmental impact through product loss. This paper introduces a comprehensive approach for the mechanical characterisation of alternative cushioning materials, which includes the effects of environmental conditions. The procedure is used to compare the performance of loose fill starch beads with a commonly used engineering cushioning material, namely medium density, closed cell polyethylene. The results show that the starch beads can offer a viable alternative to the engineered cushioning materials as they provide reasonable overall cushioning character, albeit over a narrower stress range when compared with the polyethylene cushions. The loose fill was also shown to perform in terms of vibration damping and resistance to sustained dynamic loads for low static stress levels.     

葡萄贮运过程中跌落与振动损伤的试验分析

目的 以巨峰葡萄为试验对象,研究在贮运过程中跌落冲击机械损伤,以及振动疲劳累积对其生理品质产生的影响。方法 在现有贮运包装条件下对葡萄进行不同高度的跌落试验,得到跌落高度对葡萄力学特性的影响。在相同高度下,对葡萄进行不同包装的试验验证,得到新型减振包装对葡萄力学特性的影响,并使用模拟运输振动试验台和六度空间振动试验台进行试验,模拟实际运输路况下不同包装对葡萄生理品质的影响。结果 研究发现,新型减振包装在2种振动疲劳累积试验下,质量损失率比普通包装减少了27.07%和21.42%,表面损伤系数减少了20.11%与17.61%。结论 可为葡萄设计合理的包装方式和运输方式提供理论依据。     

Influence of Low‐Intensity Repeated Impacts on Energy Absorption and Vibration Transmissibility of Honeycomb Paperboard

Packaging products in logistics typically will receive multiple low‐intensity repeated impacts, fewer moderate to high‐intensity impacts and vibration. As a result of low‐intensity repeated impacts, local buckling and fold will be formed in honeycomb paperboard, and its cushioning performance will be weakened. This paper investigates the influence of low‐intensity repeated impacts on the cushioning performance of honeycomb paperboard. The low‐intensity repeated impacts with dropping height 5 cm were conducted at first. Then, the moderate‐intensity impact with dropping height 80 cm and vibration experiment were, respectively, conducted. The results show: (a) honeycomb paperboard absorbs the energy produced by low‐intensity repeated impacts through layer upon layer folding of honeycomb structure. The highest buckling peak turns up in low‐intensity impact, followed by a series of buckling in intact honeycomb paperboard. However, the buckling is not obvious in repeated impacts; (b) the load carrying capacity of honeycomb paperboard after low‐intensity repeated impacts declines significantly. Three deformation stages are observed in the load–displacement curve. Most of impact energy is absorbed in the plateau stage. The absorbed energy of damaged honeycomb paperboard under moderate‐intensity impact decreases with the increasing of low‐intensity impact repetitions; and (c) the low‐intensity repeated impacts have an obvious influence on the resonance frequency of packaging product and stiffness of honeycomb paperboard. To confirm vibration properties of product using honeycomb paperboard cushioning, it should be considered in a designing process that honeycomb paperboard changes soften more in logistics. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Comparison of package cushioning materials to protect post‐harvest impact damage to apples

Damage to fruits and vegetables continues to be a big challenge as global markets become a reality. Worldwide distribution of sensitive produce is faced with various levels of impacts from shipping and handling. Despite a variety of packaging options available today, bruising damage is commonplace for post‐harvest apples throughout the supply chain. The major sources of bruising are compression, impact or vibration forces. Understanding where these forces occur can help reduce this type of mechanical damage to apples. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact characteristics of foam net and corrugated board when applied as wrapping for individual apples. Two grades (count numbers 80 and 100) of “Fuji” cultivar apples imported to Thailand from China were studied. A simple ballistic pendulum test device was developed to measure bruise volume to impact energy relationship. A linear relationship for both types of apples was observed. Bruise volume occurrence probability and impact energy relationship fitted by linear regression were created for cushioned and bare apples. Absorbed energy of various cushioning materials was also calculated under compressive forces. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Package performance testing of dangerous goods in high‐altitude shipments

This paper discusses the impact of high‐altitude shipments on package integrity. High‐altitude shipments are encountered when trucks travel over high mountain passes or when cargo and feeder aircraft transport packages in non‐pressurized or partially‐pressurized cargo holds. Both these types of transport methods will result in severe changes in pressure as compared to packages being transported close to sea level. The testing of packages under these conditions is critical since package integrity may be compromised. The current shipping tests performed in test laboratories do not account for pressure changes and vibration together. This study showed that combination packages for dangerous goods and hazardous materials that are tested to existing UN, ICAO and US DOT requirements are limited, and can result in significant number of leaks. Testing under combined vibration and pressure changes is necessary. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

振动胁迫对果蔬采后生理品质影响的研究进展

目的 讨论振动胁迫对果蔬采后生理品质的影响,为降低振动胁迫造成的巨大损耗提供科学见解和研究思路。方法 综述国内外果蔬振动胁迫的相关文献,总结振动胁迫的成因、影响因素、研究方法、对果蔬品质的影响,以及应对措施。结果 振动胁迫程度受到多种因素的影响,国内外的主要研究方法为实际运输实验和模拟运输实验。振动胁迫会造成果蔬采后生理品质的下降,包括外观、质地、风味和相关生理代谢。使用物理技术、化学技术和生物技术来减小直接作用于果蔬的振动,对于提高果蔬抗性、降低果蔬对振动的敏感度都是行之有效的应对措施。结论 振动胁迫会导致果蔬采后生理品质的劣变,应积极研究应对措施,特别是提高果蔬自身抗振动胁迫的能力,以减轻振动胁迫对果蔬采后品质的影响,从而降低果蔬在运输过程中的损耗。     

基于果品采后动态贮藏品质的防护包装设计

目的基于实验得到果品动态贮藏品质,为果品的防护包装设计提供理论基础。方法确定在轻微冲击下果品的保护性要素,以最大限度地减少产品破损率和降低运输成本。结果硬度、色度和质量等3个要素是果品贮藏保鲜的主要指标,为了能够在保证品质的前提下延长果品的贮藏寿命,需从表观品质动态损伤脆值方面着手进行防护性包装设计。结论对于受到轻微损伤的果品,在设计保护性包装方案时的重要标准就是将冲击的强度(峰值加速度)控制在一定范围内,根据实际要求得到需要贮藏的时间,再根据时间和动态脆值的关系,得到设计缓冲包装需要的动态脆值,以此为基础可以进行水果包装的整体设计。     

低密度多孔介质的缓冲和减振

本文对低密度多孔介质缓冲吸能特性的三种评估方法进行了分析,进而提出了评估其减振特性的刚度曲线方法,并以泡沫硅橡胶为例,具体阐述了上述评估方法在合理选材、优化设计中的应用。     

缓冲包装用明胶-淀粉泡沫的性能研究

目的以明胶和预胶化淀粉为原料制备具有缓冲效果的生物质可降解泡沫材料,为缓冲包装用生物质泡沫提供一种新的选择。方法通过对不同明胶-淀粉质量比、固含量、十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)用量进行实验研究,并进行结构表征及静态压缩性能测定对泡沫材料进行综合评价。结果得到了明胶-淀粉缓冲泡沫材料的最优条件,固含量(用质量分数表示)为20%,表面活性剂质量分数为0.75%,明胶-淀粉质量比为70∶30。在此最优条件下的明胶-淀粉缓冲泡沫材料发泡倍率为5.14倍,表观密度为0.064 g/cm³,弹性模量为36.64 kPa,50%抗压强度为2.49 kPa。结论以明胶和预胶化淀粉为原料制备的复合泡沫材料具有表观密度低、缓冲性能较好的特点。单因素实验结果表明,预胶化淀粉对泡沫的力学性能有增强作用。     

Comparison of reusable and single‐use plastic and paper shipping containers for distribution of fresh pineapples

This paper presents the effects of different packaging systems and fruit orientation on bruising and pre‐cooling time of pineapples during distribution. The package types studied were reusable plastic containers, single‐use paper corrugated containers and plastic foam containers (FCs). Simulated vibration tests were performed to evaluate the shipping containers on their protective performances. After the vibration tests, pineapples were evaluated for bruise damage and decay during storage for 5 days. Pineapple fleshes were also evaluated for bruise volume and changes in colour, firmness, total soluble solids content (TSS) and titratable acidity (TA) after storage of 5 days. Bruise damage was more intense as the storage time increased. Package types had significant effects (p ≤ 0.05) on bruise damage of pineapples. The corrugated containers showed the best protective performance for pineapples, while the FCs showed the worst. The corrugated containers with paperboard partitions showed the lowest damage levels as compared to other package types studied. Foam‐net cushion reduced bruise damage of pineapples. L values and firmness of pineapple flesh were highly associated with degree of bruising. The results suggested that slight bruising on the skin may signify severe bruising on the flesh and bruising accelerated decay in pineapples. Orientation did not show a significant effect (p ≤ 0.05) on bruising. The highest pre‐cooling rates were observed in the reusable plastic containers, while the slowest rates were observed in the single‐use paper containers. The results indicated that careful handling in the proper packaging with optimum cushion can minimize bruise damage and decay of pineapples after shipments. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

闭孔EVA泡沫类静态缓冲性能的研究

目的 研究密度与应变率对闭孔EVA泡沫材料类静态缓冲性能的影响规律。方法 基于包装用缓冲材料静态压缩试验法和能量吸收图法,对密度为80、95、106、124和180kg/m³的闭孔EVA泡沫试样在不同应变率下进行类静态压缩试验,得到应力-应变曲线,基于此进一步处理得到相应的单位体积能量吸收、能量吸收效率、缓冲系数和最大比吸能等曲线,同时绘制试样类静态压缩过程中的能量吸收图。结果 闭孔EVA泡沫材料的密度越高,密实化应变越小,最大单位体积能量吸收越大;在压缩应变相同时,应变率越大,应力、单位体积能量吸收、能量吸收效率、最大比吸能越大;得到了5种密度闭孔EVA泡沫材料的本构方程和闭孔EVA泡沫材料的能量吸收图及其斜率与应变率的关系式;通过分析密实化应变与相对密度的关系,得到相关拟合公式。结论 密度与应变率对闭孔EVA泡沫材料的缓冲性能有着非常大的影响,在一定的应力水平下会有一个最佳的密度使得刚好能吸收完能量,并保护产品不破损,该最佳密度受应变率的影响,因此可以通过能量吸收图进行相关的缓冲包装优化设计。     

汉麻秆芯/玉米秸秆充填缓冲发泡材料的制备及性能研究

目的 为减少对化石燃料的广泛依赖,用生物质复合材料替代合成纤维增强复合材料,制备轻质、缓冲等高性能天然纤维复合材料,开辟环境新材料领域创新的方向.方法 通过不同种类生物质填充物及配比变化,一步成型制备一种可降解轻质发泡缓冲材料,研究缓冲材料产品缓冲性能.结果 相同填充比例条件下,玉米秸秆发泡体缓冲性能优于汉麻秆芯材料;相同填充物条件下,填充比例为30％～40％,缓冲性能良好.结论 为各行业应用提供了环境友好的替代性结构产品,扩展了复合材料应用范围,尤其研发成本低、性能好的生物质复合材料具有重要战略意义.     

EPE泡沫填充圆形纸蜂窝异面缓冲性能的试验研究

目的为了研究EPE泡沫填充对圆形纸蜂窝异面缓冲性能的影响,开展相关试验研究。方法对2种排列方式(规则/交错)以及不同填充形式(未填充、全填充、5种部分填充方式)的EPE泡沫填充圆形纸蜂窝结构,进行异面准静态和动态压缩试验,研究其异面变形模式和吸能特性,比较不同排列方式和泡沫填充对其异面缓冲性能的影响。结果静态压缩时,与未填充蜂窝结构相比,EPE填充使交错排列的平均平台应力和单位体积能量吸收分别增长了10.1%和8.9%,规则排列分别增长了7.1%和7.5%。结论 EPE填充使圆形纸蜂窝所承受的最大静应力增大,且交错排列时增长较明显;相同填充率下,填充方式对圆形纸蜂窝异面静态压缩的缓冲性能影响不大。动态压缩时,排列方式和泡沫填充仅对大载荷下圆形纸蜂窝的动态缓冲性能影响明显。EPE填充使圆形纸蜂窝异面缓冲性能得到改善,且交错排列方式优于规则排列。     

包装件缓冲特性的有限元仿真可靠性分析

目的研究计算机有限元仿真在缓冲包装研发环节的可靠性。方法利用计算机仿真进行缓冲包装研发,能够较全面地提供所需参数,缩短开发周期,但计算机仿真的可靠性有待进一步验证。通过Ansys Workbench对智能灯泡包装件的缓冲特性进行仿真分析,主要分析包装衬垫的加速度响应,并结合传统的振动与跌落试验进行对比。结果振动、跌落的仿真结果与真实试验的结果误差分别为9%和15.91%,排除客观存在的误差,两者差异在可接受范围内。结论验证了有限元仿真方法在缓冲包装研发环节的可靠性,可为传统的包装研发环节提供新方法。     

基于仿生结构的吸顶灯电商包装设计

目的 设计大型吸顶灯电商缓冲包装,改变家用吸顶灯电商包装防护能力不足以及结构形式单一的现状,提升消费者的购买体验和品牌价值。方法 使用瓦楞纸板替代EPE缓冲材料,构造“蜂窝正六边形”仿生缓冲结构,提出无盖式与罩盖式2种设计方案。结果 与原包装比较,2款瓦楞纸板缓冲包装的抗压强度分别提高了80.8%与111.2%,快速封拆结构赋予消费者一步操作即可取用产品的便利性,解决了原有包装材料的环境非友好性、用户体验差等问题。结论 2种方案均采用瓦楞纸板仿生缓冲结构设计,不仅提高了包装对灯具的保护性能,而且提升了包装开启的便利性,为大型易碎类商品的电商包装提供了可借鉴的解决方案。