Computational studies were carried out to investigate the influence of polymerization procedure on the topology and various macromolecular characteristics of the highly branched polymers formed by the reaction of A2 and B3 type monomers through step-growth polymerization reactions. The influence of three different polymerization procedures on the properties of the polymers formed was investigated, namely, (i) slow addition of A2 over B3, (ii) slow addition of B3 over A2, and (iii) mixed A2 + B3. Topology, degree of branching, number and weight average molecular weights, and polydispersity index of the polymers were determined using Monte Carlo simulations, assuming different levels of cyclization ratios during the reactions. Interestingly model polymers obtained by the slow addition of B3 over A2 produced much higher degree of branching or truly hyperbranched polymers, when compared with the other two methods, which mainly resulted in linear growth with slight branching. 相似文献
This work theoretically deals with the kinetics of the hyperbranched polymerization with A2, AB and B3 monomers. The analytical expressions of the size distribution function and the various molecular parameters of the resulting hyperbranched polymers were derived. The structure and molecular parameters of the products depend on the monomer feed ratios and the conversion of groups. Gelation is easy to occur if the monomer feed ratio of A2 to B3 (λ) is in the range of 3/4 ≤ λ ≤ 3. The addition of AB monomer can increase the conversion of A or B groups and enhance the number-average degree of polymerization at the critical gelation point. On the other hand, excessive AB monomer will results in a small degree of branching for the products. A small λ and a suitable β value favor to form the hyperbranched polymers with certain degree of branching. 相似文献
A kinetic model was proposed to describe hyperbranched polymers (HBPs) formed by the polymerization of monomers A2 and B3 with monofunctional compound (BR) added gradually in a semibatch reactor. The dependences of the degree of polymerization (DP) and the degree of branching on the reaction time and the monomer compositions were calculated. The DP of the HBPs could be increased by the slow addition of BR in the reactor. If the monomers B3 and A2 were mixed at a molar ratio of B3:A2 = 1:3, and the BR was fed slowly into the reactor, the HBPs with weight average DP were approximately 3200 and 16 700 at conversion of 0.95 and 0.99, respectively, which were higher than those prepared by the batch system. This theory was further verified by an experimental demonstration. Hyperbranched polyurethane acrylate can be synthesized with a higher DP in a semibatch system than in a batch reactor. 相似文献
Structure development in highly branched segmented polyurethaneureas based on oligomeric A2+B3 approach was investigated by experimental studies and kinetic Monte-Carlo simulations. In both simulations and experiments, hyperbranched polymers were produced by the slow addition of A2 onto B3. Experimental studies showed strong influence of solution concentration on the gel point and the extent of cyclization in the polymers formed. In polymerizations conducted at a solution concentration of 25% by weight gelation took place at the stoichiometric ratio [A2]/[B3]=0.886. This is somewhat higher than the theoretical ratio of 0.75. In very dilute solutions, such as 5% solids by weight, no gelation was observed although the stoichiometric amount of A2 added well exceeded the theoretical amount for gelation. Both experimental studies by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and kinetic Monte-Carlo simulations demonstrated a gradual increase in polymer molecular weights as more A2 is added onto B3. This was followed by a sharp increase in the polymer molecular weight as the gel point is approached. A very similar behavior was observed for the polydispersity values of the polymers formed. Kinetic Monte-Carlo simulations performed at different cyclization ratios showed very good agreement with experimental results. 相似文献
Summary: The reaction of 2,4‐TDI and DEA, as an A2 + B*B2 polymerization system towards hyperbranched HPUs was followed using in situ ATR‐FT‐IR spectroscopy. The decrease in intensity of the NCO absorption band of the reactive isocyanate group of 2,4‐TDI along with the formation and growth of the new characteristic bands of urethane and urea groups were detected. The reactivity difference of both NH and OH groups towards the NCO group at low temperatures was proven. The rate of the reaction was found to be affected by changing the temperature, the rate of addition of the B*B2 monomer and the type of solvent. Moreover, the increase of the carbonyl vibration and the amide II bands of urea was very obvious during the addition of the stopper DEA. Thus, it was possible to verify the individual reaction steps of this complex polyreaction and to correlate these with the structural development of the resulting macromolecules.
Characteristic vibration bands of urethane and urea groups in the IR spectra (1 780–1 480 cm?1) during the polymerization reaction. 相似文献
Taking account of the difference of reactivities between C and B group, the evolution of the monomers and the various structural units formed from the polyaddition of A2 and CB2 monomers was investigated by the kinetic mechanism. The calculated results theoretically explain the experimental data observed in our previous works very well, if the reactivity ratio of C to B groups is 200. The critical conversion of gelation for the A2 + CB2 type polymerization depends on the reactivity ratio. The lower the ratio, the earlier the gelation appears. Compared with the A2 + B3 type polymerization, the disappearance of gelation for the A2 + CB2 type polymerization should attribute to the much higher reactivity of C group than that of B one. The analytical expression of the degree of branching was derived as well. If the reactivity of C group is much higher than that of B group and the substitution effect is neglected, the value of the degree of branching for the hyperbranched polymers obtained is equal to the value of conversion of B groups and it may exceed 0.5, with the feed ratio of monomers varying from 1 to 3/2. 相似文献
Silica nanoparticles bearing hyperbranched polyglycidol (hbP) grafts are synthesized and blended with poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) for the fabrication of composite solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) for enhancing Li-ion conductivity. Different batches of hbPs are prepared, namely, the 5th, 6th, and 7th with increasing molecular weights using cationic ring-opening polymerization and grafted the hbPs onto the silica nanoparticles using quaternization reaction. The effect of end functionalization of hbP-grafted silica nanoparticles with a nitrile functional group (CN–hbP–SiO2) on the ionic conductivity of the blends with PEO is further studied. High dipole moments indicate polar nature of nitriles and show high dielectric constants. Among all the hbPs, the 6th-batch CN–hbP–SiO2 nanoparticles exhibit better ionic conductivity on blending with PEO showing ionic conductivity of 2.3 × 10−3 S cm−1 at 80 °C. The blends show electrochemical stability up to 4.5 V versus lithium metal. 相似文献