底层框架震损结构断柱装垫加固方法研究

对汶川地震中底层框架震损或倒塌而其它层破坏较轻的框架结构和底框结构房屋的破坏原因进行了分析,为了避免该类结构需推倒重建造成的经济损失,提出了将隔震和消能减震技术应用于该类震损结构中的加固新方法——断柱装垫法,给出了基底断柱装垫、层间断柱装垫和层间断柱装垫加消能减震三种方案。结合某工程算例,对底层破坏的框架结构采用上述3种方案进行了分析,结果表明,采用断柱装垫方法加固底层框架震损而其它层破坏较轻的框架结构是可行的,并且加固后的结构抗震性能得到明显的改善,能达到新的抗震设防要求。     

Evaluating effectiveness and optimum design of isolation devices for highway bridges using the fragility function method

Seismic isolation can be used as a practical method to mitigate earthquake hazards for designing new highway bridges or retrofitting existing ones. To realize a reliable and effective seismic isolation design, several important and often interacting factors should be considered, including the ground motion characteristics, structural configurations and properties, mechanical properties of isolation devices and soil-structure interaction etc. This paper adopts the performance-based evaluation approach to investigate the effectiveness and optimum design parameters of isolation devices so as to minimize the overall damaging potential of seismically-isolated bridges. Fragility functions, which define the probability exceeding a performance state at a given set of earthquake intensities, are derived using nonlinear time history analyses of typical highway bridges (conventionally designed or base-isolated) subject to a suite of 250 earthquake motions. The nonlinear models for bridge columns and isolation devices are incorporated and various combinations of isolation parameters, e.g. elastic stiffness, characteristic strength and post-yielding stiffness, representing common types of isolation devices are evaluated. Both Probabilistic Seismic Demand Analysis (PSDA) and Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA) methods are used and compared in generating the fragility functions. Damage criteria for both piers and isolation devices are established to relate the component response quantities to global damage states of bridges. The study shows that the mechanical properties of isolation devices have a significant effect on the damage probability of isolated bridges. By evaluating the earthquake intensity required to achieve specified damage states of base-isolated bridges, the optimum combinations of mechanical parameters of isolation devices are identified as a function of structural properties and damage states. The findings can serve as a practical guide for isolation device designs where the uncertainties with ground motions and variability of structural properties are effectively incorporated under the fragility function framework.     

Seismic performance of raised floor system by shake‐table excitations

Damage of expensive equipment installed in the raised floor system of high‐tech fabs was often observed during past earthquakes in Taiwan. This resulted in a huge loss of manufacturing functions and properties for the high‐tech industry. Therefore, there is an urgent need to understand the dynamic characteristics of the raised floor system for future seismic protection. This paper explores the seismic performance of a raised floor system under shake‐table excitations. The raised floor used was a pedestal–stringer frame structure supporting the simulated equipment. This raised floor system was the typical system frequently used in semi‐conductor fabs of Taiwan. The input motions for the shake‐table tests were the waffle‐slab floor accelerations of a typical semi‐conductor fab to simulated ground motions. The ground motions were simulated according to the phase spectrum and the maximum potential earthquake of the site located at Hsin‐Chu Science Park, Taiwan. The dynamic characteristics of the raised floor system were studied and discussed. This study also employed the finite element package to carry out numerical simulation on seismic responses of raised floor systems. Comparison with the experimental data showed that the proposed simulation model achieved excellent performance. Finally, the effectiveness of base isolation for reducing the acceleration of the system was also studied. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

底层柔性柱隔震结构半主动控制研究

为减小隔震结构底部柔弱层的过大变形,提出了一种底层柔性柱隔震结构半主动控制体系。将结构底层柱设计成柔性柱,在底部填充墙与二层梁之间安装磁流变阻尼器,根据主动控制算法来适时调整阻尼器的阻尼力,对结构实施限位和耗能的半主动控制。建立结构振动模型,通过数值模拟分析该体系的振动特点和减震效果。研究表明,这种结构控制体系能有效减小结构的地震反应,隔震层位移减小50%以上,防止结构因底部位移过大而倒塌。隔震层刚度对减震效果有明显影响,层间刚度比应在隔震层位移、层间位移和加速度之间权衡考虑,并保证底层柱在大震下不发生失稳。在没有半主动控制条件的情况下,在隔震层安装固定阻尼耗能器件进行被动控制,也可减小底层位移30%以上。     

采用不同减震结构体系的医疗建筑地震经济损失评估

建筑物在地震作用下的直接经济损失不仅来自于结构构件，而且来自于非结构构件和建筑内部物品的破坏。对于满足现行抗震设计规范要求的建筑物，非结构构件和建筑内部物品的破坏经常成为建筑物地震经济损失的主要来源。为此，以某医疗建筑为研究对象，采用底部隔震、增设屈曲约束支撑和增设摇摆墙等三种减震方案对其进行加固，通过对比原建筑和采用不同方案加固后的建筑在不同强度地震作用下的经济损失，研究不同减震结构体系对减轻建筑物地震经济损失的作用。分析结果表明，各减震方案均能有效减小结构的位移反应，隔震方案能同时有效地减小结构的加速度反应。由于所研究的医疗建筑在地震作用下的经济损失主要来自于医疗设备等加速度敏感型非结构构件，因此采用隔震方案在减小地震经济损失方面具有明显的优势。     

近场强震作用下上海地区百米高层建筑地震动反应分析

首先,依据汶川地震中不同震中距基岩地震波记录,选取假设上海近场发生M8.0级强震时的基岩地震波.然后,对上海某百米高层建筑场地进行深覆盖土层地震反应分析,获得该场地在近场强震时的地表波.最后,以此百米高层建筑为例,分析该结构在此地表波作用下的地震动反应特点,从而评估近场强震对上海高层建筑的影响.分析结果表明:结构在双向地震动作用下的反应与单向地震动作用下的反应有明显不同.其中,地震动垂直分量对结构顶层节点竖向反应放大作用显著;地震动水平分量对结构顶层节点三个方向反应都有放大效应;地震动水平分量对结构层间位移角起决定性作用;地震动水平分量对结构底层角柱内力的影响大于地震动垂直分量对其的影响.     

Shaking table model test and numerical analysis of a supertall building with high‐level transfer storey

The seismic behaviour of a 53‐storey tower with the height of 250 m is investigated in this paper. This supertall building is composed of a reinforced core, two outrigger trusses (a strengthened storey at 20th ～ 21st floor and a high‐level transfer storey at 37th ～ 38th floor) and eight composite (steel‐encased concrete) mega‐columns below the high‐level transfer storey in the exterior perimeter of the building. Due to the discontinuity of the eight composite mega‐columns, they are replaced by 33 upper‐close columns at the 37th ～ 38th level. This paper describes tests performed on a 1/30 scaled model of the building to study its dynamic characteristics and to evaluate its earthquake resistant capacity. The model test results indicate that the prototype structure is able to withstand an earthquake of intensity 7 without severe damage. In addition, a 3D finite element analysis of model structure was carried out and the analytical results were compared with the experimental ones to gain a better understanding of the structural behaviour. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

减轻框架结构地震反应的新型消能减震装置

首先,提出了一种减轻框架结构地震反应的新型消能减震装置,在底层框架柱的反弯点下方设置锚固装置,通过锚固装置把钢索、SMA拉索与框架连接起来,并将钢索和SMA拉索锚固在基础上.随后,对该方法进行了理论研究,提出了计算钢索和SMA索变形的公式.最后,通过算例进行地震反应时程分析.研究表明,该装置能够有效地控制结构的位移反应和加速度反应以及耗散输入结构的地震能量,在减轻框架结构地震反应方面具有一定的工程应用价值和前景.     

Experimental study on a novel replaceable yielding‐based energy dissipater for rocking and seesaw buildings

The use of energy dissipaters for creation of earthquake‐resilient buildings has been paid more and more attention in recent years, and some newly developed structural fuses or dampers have been proposed to be employed in rocking and seesaw buildings. In this study, a new type of yielding‐based dampers, called curved‐yielding‐plates energy dissipater (CYPED), is introduced. CYPEDs are installed at the bottom of rocking or seesaw building's circumferential columns at the lowest story and have hysteretic behavior in their deformation occurring in vertical direction. The initial curvature of the yielding plates prevents them from buckling and gives the device a smooth force–deformation behavior. First, by performing a set of cyclic tests on three specimens of CYPED, their hysteretic force–displacement behavior was investigated. Then, to show the efficiency of this energy dissipating device in reducing the seismic response of buildings, they were employed numerically as multilinear plastic springs in the computer models of a sample seesaw steel building, and a series of nonlinear time history analysis (NLTHA) were performed on both seesaw building and its conventional counterpart. Results of NLTHA show that the proposed seesaw structural system equipped with appropriate CYPEDs not only gives the building a longer natural period, leading to lower seismic demand, but also leads to remarkable energy dissipation capacity in the building structure at base level and, therefore, keeping the seismic drifts in elastic range in all stories of the building. In this way, the building structure does not need any major repair work, even after a large earthquake, while the conventional building suffers from heavy damage and is not usable after the earthquake.     

Strength reduction factor demands for building structures under different seismic levels

Damage levels of building structures under a design earthquake are closely related to the assigned values of strength reduction factors. This paper is to investigate the strength reduction factor demands of building structures that were designed considering various earthquake ground intensity levels, soil ground types, and strength reduction factors. In the investigation, a huge number of rigorous nonlinear inelastic dynamic response analyses of various analytical models of five‐story and nine‐story frame structures were conducted under various generated ground motions with variations in phrase angles but identical response spectral acceleration amplitudes. Various scaled earthquake records were also considered for evidence of the investigation. The obtained results showed that when the same values of the strength reduction factors were used for determination of the design lateral seismic forces, the damage and reliability level demands of the structures designed for moderate seismic areas were much less than those for severe seismic ones. As a result, it is proposed that the strength reduction factor demands given in design codes can additionally be expressed in a linear relation of the maximum ground acceleration. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Seismic fragility and cost analyses of actively controlled structures

Seismic fragility represents the probability that structural response exceeds a given performance limit state due to a specified intensity of ground motion, and it has a direct relationship with the cost of rehabilitating the structural system. In this research, a cost analysis framework based on seismic fragility to quantify the expected loss of the structural system was proposed. Incremental dynamic analysis was used to generate the fragility curves, and plastic strain derived from plastic energy dissipation was used to quantify the structural damage at a local level. Two moment‐resisting steel frames and 100 nonstationary Gaussian earthquake ground motions were simulated, and correlations between local damage states and global performance limit states were performed to facilitate the cost analysis study. The results showed that good correlations exist in seismic fragilities, and therefore, the repair cost of the structural system becomes quantifiable. Active control based on the optimal linear control algorithm was included as an auxiliary study to identify the sensitivity of the correlations. It is observed that significant cost reduction can be achieved for structures with few stories when active control is used but may not be cost‐effective if it is installed in taller structures. Published 2011. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.     

砌体结构抗震评估研究

构造柱、圈梁和现浇楼板可增强砌体结构的整体性,是砌体结构的主要抗震构造措施,为反映砌体结构整体性的抗震作用,分析构造柱、圈梁和现浇楼板对结构整体性的影响,提出结构整体性系数的计算方法。基于汶川地震中大量多层砖砌体结构房屋震害的分析,建议了考虑砖砌体结构整体性系数和承载力指标的震害程度指标,它可作为结构抗震能力指标之一。建立了不同地震烈度下震害程度指标与结构破坏程度间的定量关系,根据上述的定量关系,获得震害程度判断值,分析烈度和破坏程度的变化对震害程度判断值的影响。最后进行多幢多层砖砌体结构房屋墙体破坏程度评估的分析与验证,结果表明：采用震害程度指标及震害程度判断值可以准确评估结构不同方向的墙体破坏程度,实现对砌体结构的抗震评估。     

高层建筑层间隔震技术的应用探讨

层间隔震是隔震技术的新发展,它将隔震层设置在建筑物某层柱子和楼板之间进行结构的地震反应控制。本文以位于地震高烈度区的某高层办公楼建筑为例,为了提高其抗震性能而对其采用了层间隔震技术。设计结果表明,隔震层上部结构层间剪力相对于非隔震结构降低了45%以上,且罕遇地震作用下的最大弹塑性位移角约为1/300,抗震设计水准提高到...     

抗震钢筋混凝土框架底层柱底截面弯矩增强系数合理取值的讨论

以我国 8度区 (设计基本地震加速度 0 2 g)二级抗震钢筋混凝土框架结构为例 ,选取底层柱底截面的三档弯矩增强系数与上部各层柱端抗弯能力的两档增强措施相组合 ,设计出 6榀典型平面框架 ;再以采用单分量模型和改进武田滞回模型的杆系结构弹塑性动力反应分析程序PL AFJD对这些框架依次进行了相当于罕遇地震水准的 4条地面运动输入下的地震反应分析。分析结果初步表明 ,要使结构全面满足抗震设计要求 ,底层柱下端截面弯矩增强系数的取值应与上部各层柱的增强措施相匹配 ;修订后规范 8度区二级抗震等级框架上部各层柱的增强措施与修订前相比虽已有提高 ,但提高幅度尚嫌不足 ;底层柱底增强系数也宜在修订后规范取值 1 2 5的基础上适度提高     

竖向承重与水平抗侧相分离的组合结构体系在地震作用下的受力机理分析

为提升装配式建筑的抗震性能、提高其标准化程度,提出了竖向承重与水平抗侧相分离的组合结构体系(以下简称“可分体系”),以某六层办公楼工程为实例设计了可分体系的结构方案,并对其在地震作用下的受力机理与传统刚接组合框架结构体系(以下简称“传统体系”)进行了对比研究。利用有限元软件Midas Gen进行反应谱法设计,在此基础上采用自主开发的COMPONA-FIBER纤维模型非线性有限元程序进行弹塑性时程分析,针对可分体系与传统体系的自振特性、弹塑性时程响应、结构整体破坏模式和关键构件受力特征等进行对比分析。结果表明：可分体系在水平地震作用下呈现与传统体系完全不同的变形模式、受力特征和破坏模式;在水平地震作用下,可分体系的变形模式以弯曲变形为主,顶层层间位移角最大;在可分体系中框架梁均为简支,仅承受竖向荷载,内力基本不随地震动变化,可以实现标准化设计制作,剪力墙和柱底部受力最大,其中剪力墙承担了大部分基底剪力,相比传统体系,剪力墙的设置会放大可分体系的基底剪力;罕遇地震作用下可分体系的破坏主要集中于剪力墙,为弯曲破坏模式,其底部损伤最大。     

Using orthogonal pairs of rollers on concave beds (OPRCB) as a base isolation system—part I: analytical,experimental and numerical studies of OPRCB isolators

A somehow new isolating system is introduced for short‐ to mid‐rise buildings. It does not need high technology for manufacturing and is not costly, contrary to other existing systems like lead‐rubber bearing or friction pendulum bearing systems. Each isolator of the proposed system consists of two Orthogonal Pairs of Rollers on Concave Beds (OPRCB). Rolling rods installed in two orthogonal directions make possible the movement of the superstructure in all horizontal directions. The concave beds, in addition to giving the system both restoring and re‐centring capabilities, make the force–displacement behaviour of the isolators to be of hardening type. The results of the studies on the specifications of the proposed isolating system and its application to buildings can be presented in two parts. Part I relates to the analytical formulations and the results of experimental and numerical studies of the system's mechanical feature, including its dynamical properties, and part II focuses on the effectiveness of the proposed isolation system in seismic response reduction of low‐ to mid‐rise buildings. In part I of the work, presented in this paper, at first general features of the OPRCB isolator are explained and the analytical formulation, governing its dynamic motion, is derived and discussed in detail. Then, the results of experimental and numerical investigations, including the lateral load displacement relationship of the OPRCB isolators under various vertical loads, obtained by both Finite Element Analyses (FEA) and laboratory tests are presented (FEA results have been verified by the laboratory tests). Finally, responses of some Single Degree of Freedom (SDOF) systems, isolated by OPRCB devices, subjected to simultaneous effect of horizontal and vertical ground motions, are presented and compared with responses of their fixed‐base counterparts. Based on the numerical calculations, it is observed that the oscillation period of the isolated SDOF system is independent of its mass, the initial amplitude of its free vibration response and the value of rolling resistance coefficient. With regard to seismic response reduction it is seen that the amount of absolute accelerations in the SDOF systems, isolated by OPRCB devices, can be reduced drastically in comparison with the fixed‐base systems. Results also show that if the rollers and cylindrical beds are made of high‐strength steel materials, the system can be used effectively under the vertical loads of about the axial forces of ground floor columns in ordinary buildings up to 14 storeys. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

框架式地铁车站结构大地震近场地震反应特性的三维精细化非线性分析

基于 ABAQUS 软件的 32CPU 显式有限元并行计算集群平台,建立了深软地基土–框架式地铁地下车站结构体系三维精细化非线性地震反应分析的有限元模型,数值模拟了汶川大地震清平波、卧龙波和 100 a 超越概率 3% 的南京人工地震波作用下深软地基上三层三跨框架式地铁地下车站结构地震反应特性的差异。结果表明：大地震近场强地震动将对深软地基上地下车站结构造成严重损伤,甚至发生塑性破坏或坍塌,柱、楼板、侧墙的结合部位是抗震的不利位置,中柱为抗震最薄弱构件,输入近场地震动的峰值加速度和频谱特性对地下车站结构的地震反应均有很大影响;地下车站结构的地震反应具有明显的空间效应,且在大地震近场强地震动作用下地下结构会产生单向累积的永久位移;清平波、卧龙波作用下地下车站结构的地震反应远大于 100 a 超越概率 3% 的南京人工地震波作用下的地震反应;结构浅埋部分的地震损伤比深埋部分更大。     

Numerical and comparative study of earthquake intensity indices in seismic analysis

Elastoplastic and time‐dependent analysis of seismic structures has become a major analysis technique in popularly accepted performance‐based seismic design. However, the primary difficulty in using this technique is the lack of a unified criterion in the selection of various intensity indices of ground motions. Various earthquake factors influencing the elastoplastic response of seismic structures are highly sophisticated. Hence, it is vitally important to choose an appropriate and comprehensive earthquake intensity index to achieve an accurate correlation with the structural performance. In this study, a total of 30 earthquake intensity indices published in the literature are reviewed and are evaluated through correlation analysis based on 60 ground motion records. Examined herein is the correlation between existing earthquake intensity indices and the seismic responses of elastoplastic single degree‐of‐freedom and multi degree‐of‐freedom systems. The characteristics and applicability of such indices are also discussed in some detail, based on which appropriate earthquake intensity indices are recommended. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Seismic performance of Y‐type eccentrically braced frames combined with high‐strength steel based on performance‐based seismic design

In the Y‐type eccentrically braced frame structures, the links as fuses are generally located outside the beams; the links can be easily repairable or replaceable after earthquake without obvious damage in the slab and beam. The non‐dissipative member (beams, braces, and columns) in the Y‐type eccentrically braced frames are overestimated designed to ensure adequate plastic deformation of links with dissipating sufficient energy. However, the traditionally code design not only wastes steel but also limits the application of eccentrically braced frames. In this paper, Y‐type eccentrically braced steel frames with high‐strength steel is proposed; links and braces are fabricated with Q345 steel (the nominal yield stress is 345 MPa); the beams and columns are fabricated with high‐strength steel. The usage of high‐strength steel effectively decreases the cross sections of structural members as well as reduces the construction cost. The performance‐based seismic design of eccentrically braced frames was proposed to achieve the ideal failure mode and the same objective. Based on this method, four groups Y‐type eccentrically braced frames of 5‐story, 10‐story, 15‐story, and 20‐story models with ideal failure modes were designed, and each group includes Y‐type eccentrically braced frames with ordinary steel and Y‐type eccentrically braced frames with high‐strength steel. Nonlinear pushover and nonlinear dynamic analyses were performed on all prototypes, and the near‐fault and far‐fault ground motions are considered. The bearing capacity, lateral stiffness, story drift, link rotations, and failure modes were compared. The results indicated that Y‐type eccentrically braced frames with high‐strength steel have a similar bearing capacity to ordinary steel; however, the lateral stiffness of Y‐type eccentrically braced frames with high‐strength steel is smaller. Similar failure modes and story drift distribution of the prototype structures designed using the performance‐based seismic design method are performed under rare earthquake conditions.     

Evaluation and refinement of closely spaced buildings’ performance under near-fault ground motions

This paper investigates the seismic behaviour of closely spaced fixed-base and isolated building structures in near-fault (NF) zones. Seismic pounding of fixed-base structures is considered at different heights, being from one or both opposite sides and at different seismic gap width. The response evaluation results of fixed-base buildings drive towards providing limited, but adequate, seismic gaps to perform seismic isolation. This aims at reducing structural responses with no seismic pounding under limited gaps, minimising the possible damage repair and diminishing the needed maintenance works due to strong NF earthquakes. To achieve that untraditionally, the paper presents a recently proposed seismic isolation system, named roll-in-cage (RNC) isolator, as a non-traditional solution to avoid direct seismic pounding of isolated buildings with their surrounding adjacent structures. It was found that the RNC isolator’s buffer mechanism is able to draw down any possible pounding of the isolated superstructure to be within the isolator solid limits. This entirely prevents direct structure-to-structure pounding but on the account of amplifying its acceleration and drift responses. However, such amplified responses might lead to only minor or moderate structural damage under sever NF earthquakes with 1.20g peak ground acceleration. Nevertheless, such damage could be avoided entirely using stiffer RNC isolators to achieve reduction of seismic response up to 69.0% under the same severe loading conditions and limited seismic gaps with no seismic pounding. Consequently, the RNC isolator could be an efficient solution for aseismic design in NF zones considering limited seismic gaps.