Analysis of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Different Hot Stamped B‐bearing Steels

Hot stamping is a technique to produce ultra high strength automobile components. The common material used in hot stamping process is coated and/or uncoated 22MnB5 boron alloyed steel. Ferritic‐pearlitic microstructure in as‐delivered sheets is transformed to fully lath martensitic after hot stamping. In the present research, hot stamping under water or nitrogen cooling media was investigated using different boron alloyed steel grades. Microstructural analyses, linear and surface hardness profiling as well as tensile tests of hot stamped samples were performed. Various microstructures of fully bainitic and/or fully martensitic were produced. The resulting microstructures provided yield strengths of 650–1370 MPa and tensile strengths of 850–2000 MPa. There is an optimum carbon equivalent content for which the highest formability index value, UTS × A₂₅, is achieved. Using a nitrogen cooled punch resulted in higher yield strength without significant changes in ultimate tensile strength. It is concluded that a wide range of B‐bearing steels having an extended carbon equivalent range with an acceptable formability index value can be used by increasing the cooling rate in the die assembly.     

Martensitic Transformation during Simultaneous High Temperature Forming and Cooling Experiments

The main target of hot stamping is to combine accurate forming, low forming forces and high material strength in complex steel components. In the present study, the hot stamping process is simulated by means of simultaneous forming and quenching experiments. This is performed by uniaxial compression tests at high temperatures using a dilatometer. The effects of process parameters like strain, strain rate, initial deformation temperature, austenization time and applied forces on the martensitic transformation of the boron steel 27MnCrB5 are investigated. It is concluded that with increasing strain rate and initial deformation temperature, martensite content, hardness and martensite start temperature (Ms) are increased. On the contrary, when applying larger deformations, the above mentioned properties are decreased. It is also concluded that, regardless of the process parameters, higher applied forces retard the successful martensitic transformation during hot stamping.     

热成型钢及热成型技术

对热成型钢的成分设计、热成型工艺过程以及表面氧化的处理进行了论述。热成型工艺可以通过直接热成型或者间接热成型实现;热成型钢都是含硼钢,硼能抑制成型过程中铁素体形核;通过锰、铬和钼等提高淬透性防止珠光体形成;一般热成型钢中含有0.2%左右的碳。热成型钢可通过喷丸的方法消除表面氧化层或者镀层技术保护其表面不受氧化。     

Status and Innovation Trends in Hot Stamping of USIBOR 1500 P

Thanks to its superior mechanical properties after hot stamping, USIBOR 1500 P experiences a very rapid growth in anti‐intrusion applications of automotive structures (bumpers, doors, bodies‐in‐white). As the blank is stamped at high temperature (typically between 600°C and 800°C) and then immediately quenched in the closed forming die, the very high strength level of 1500 MPa can be achieved without shape deviation or springback, and for very complex shapes. This performance cannot currently be matched by any other cold stamped material. This paper intends to give a short overview of the current status in application of USIBOR 1500 P, with a specific focus on the thermomechanical modelling of its stamping behaviour in finite element simulation. Current innovation trends with respect to the material itself, its processing and the opportunities it offers in terms of tailored mechanical properties will be presented and discussed.     

A Numerical and Experimental Investigation into Hot Stamping of Boron Alloyed Heat Treated Steels

Hot stamping of steel sheets using water or nitrogen cooling media was studied on a laboratory scale. Sheets of grade 22MnB5 boron steels in three different thicknesses were investigated and the results of experimental hot stamping tests were considered. Microstructural analysis, linear and surface hardness profiling as well as tensile tests of formed samples were carried out. After hot stamping, mostly fully martensitic microstructures, which yield ultra high strength levels, were produced. It is concluded that die cooling media, i.e., water or nitrogen, have a significant effect on material properties after hot stamping. Using liquid nitrogen as coolant in the punch instead of water increases yield strength by 50 to 65MPa. Moreover, the evolution of the temperature and force during the hot stamping process was simulated by using a coupled thermomechanical FEM program. The results of numerical simulation and experimental results are in good agreement.     

高强钢先进成型技术和本构模型研究现状与发展趋势

高强钢是汽车车身轻量化的首选材料,但其成型问题一直是限制其推广应用的重要因素。对高强钢的先进成型技术,如液压成型、激光拼焊、热冲压成型等的原理、特点及最新研究进展进行了论述。同时,对先进高强钢的本构模型进行了阐述,以期对改进高强钢成型性能提供依据。     

Corrosion Resistance of Different Metallic Coatings on Press‐Hardened Steels for Automotive

The corrosion resistance of laboratory press‐hardened components in aluminized, galvanized or galvannealed boron steels was evaluated through VDA 621‐415 cyclic test for the automotive industry. 22MnB5 uncoated steel for hot stamping and standard galvanized steel for cold forming were also included as references. Corrosion resistance after painting (cosmetic corrosion) was quantified by measuring the delamination of electro‐deposited paint from scribed panels. The rusting on their edges was used for determining the cut‐edge corrosion resistance. The corrosion resistance on unpainted deformed panels (perforating corrosion) was quantified by mass losses and pit depth measurements. Zinc‐coated boron steels were found to be more resistant to cosmetic corrosion than the other materials, and slightly more resistant to cut‐edge corrosion than the aluminized one. Red rust apparition could not be avoided due to the high iron content in all these hot‐stamped coatings. The three coated boron steels showed similar performances in terms of resistance to perforation. Aluminized boron steel presents the advantage of being less sensitive to hot‐stamping process deviation. Its robustness has been proved for many years on cars.     

Influence of Hot Press Forming Techniques on Properties of Vehicle High Strength Steels

  Based on the combination of materials science and mechanical engineering, hot press forming process of the vehicle high strength steels was analyzed. The hot forming process included: heating alloys rapidly to austenite microstructures, stamping and cooling timely, maintaining pressure and quenching. The results showed that most of austenite microstructure was changed into uniform martensite by the hot press forming while the samples were heated at 900 ℃ and quenched. The optimal tensile strength and yield strength were up to 1530 MPa and 1000 MPa, respectively, and the shape deformation reached about 23%. And springback defect did not happen in the samples.     

热成形工艺参数对AC1500HS钢板性能的影响

以鞍钢热成形用钢ACl500HS为研究对象．采用热模拟试验机测定了ACl500HS的CCT曲线并模拟了热成形工艺,确定了ACl500HS钢热成形工艺参数：对钢板进行热成形汽车零件试制,结果表明,该钢热成形性良好,零件尺寸精度达到要求。抗拉强度达到1500MPa以上,满足汽车零件装车要求。     

热冲压技术应用现状与发展前景

随着汽车轻量化的发展,迫切需要在不降低汽车零部件性能的前提下,开发一些新工艺来减轻零件的重量。钢板热冲压是一种将先进高强度钢板加热到奥氏体温度后快速冲压,在保压阶段通过模具实现淬火并达到所需冷却速度,从而得到组织为马氏体、强度在1 500MPa左右的超高强度零件的新型成形技术。对钢板热冲压新技术的关键装备、核心技术和优缺点以及使用现状等做了系统介绍,并预测了热冲压技术的未来发展趋势。     

先进高强度汽车钢的发展趋势与挑战

 高强钢在汽车轻量化、节能减排、成本方面具有一定的优势与潜力，目前，仍是汽车的主要材料。高强钢的使用比例逐年增加，并且向更高强度方向发展，生产方式呈现出钢板“以热代冷”、零件成形“以冷代热”的低成本发展趋势，依靠亚稳奥氏体增强、增塑的第三代汽车钢成为先进高强钢的重要发展方向，然而，先进高强钢的发展给材料、工艺、装备等带来了新的挑战。     

一种Si-Mn系超高强度钢板的热冲压成形试验研究

 采用弯曲件热冲压成形试验研究了板料加热温度、保温时间及移送时间等工艺参数对一种Si-Mn系超高强度钢板热成形零件的力学性能及微观组织的影响规律。结果表明,通过控制热成形工艺参数,在所设计的模具上可实现Si-Mn系超高强度钢板热成形零件的有效淬火,在合适的工艺参数下,可获得细小均匀的马氏体组织,从而获得抗拉强度1700MPa以上,伸长率10%以上的性能,达到原始板料抗拉强度的3倍左右,并明显高于传统的Mn-B系超高强度钢板。     

Experimental Analysis on the Frictional Behaviour of Drawbeads in Sheet Metal Forming

In sheet metal forming, drawbeads are commonly used to control uneven material flow, which may cause defects such as wrinkles, fractures, surface distortion and springback. Although friction may not directly change the limiting strain of steel sheets, the tribological conditions in the contact zone between the sheet surface and the tool surface play an important role in determining the limits of the forming process. Friction in the drawbead contact zones affects the flow of the material in the tool and is used deliberately to control the stamping process. Therefore in this study, the frictional behaviour of drawbeads is experimentally investigated by the drawbead friction test. To characterize the effect of processing variables on the friction coefficients, tests are performed for various sheets, lubricants and bead materials suffering different surface treatments. The results obtained from the drawbead friction test show that the friction and drawing characteristics of deforming sheets were strongly influenced by the strength of sheet, viscosity of lubricant and hardness of bead surface.     

Improvement of Mechanical Properties of Automotive Components Using Hot Stamping With Integrated Q-P Process

Cold forming of high strength materials is accompanied by an undesirable spring-back effect and therefore the automotive industry prefers to produce components from high strength steels by hot stamping.Hot deformation and cooling in a die are applied to obtain shaped components with martensitic microstructure and high yield strength and ultimate tensile strength.This article presents new applications of this forming technology by incorporating another innovative heat treatment by the Q-P process,which improves both strength and ductility of obtained structures at the same time.Ultimate strengths over 2000 MPa with ductility above 10% can be achieved by this processing.To test microstructure development,thin sheet was hot formed and a corresponding FEM simulation was created.This processing was applied to low alloyed AHS steel with 0.42% of carbon and with an alloying strategy based on Mn,Si and Cr.Martensitic microstructure with retained austenite was obtained by this processing with a strength of around 2000 MPa and ductility of 10%.     

Finite Element Modeling of Hot Stamping

Presented is a methodology for finite element modeling of the continuous press hardening of car components using ultra high strength steel. The methodology is not specific to a particular problem or any FE software package. The Numisheet 2008 benchmark problem BM03 was selected as the model problem to be solved. Although there are several commercial finite element computer codes available to model hot stamping, this paper presents results using LS‐DYNA. All modeling parameters, including thermal‐mechanical material property data and boundary condition data, are given.     

750MPa级高强汽车大梁钢冲压开裂原因及机制

 700MPa以上级高强汽车大梁钢的冲压开裂现象一直是困扰该类钢种使用的主要问题。控制夹杂物、中心偏析及剪切面修磨等手段可以降低冲压开裂的概率。侧重从热轧工艺角度寻找导致带钢冲压开裂的原因及机制。通过分析对比正常带钢及冲压开裂带钢的组织、力学性能、加热及粗轧温度制度、精轧卷取温度制度、轧制速度的不同,同时考虑热装制度的影响,详细分析了热轧工艺各参数在750MPa级高强大梁钢冲压开裂缺陷中可能起到的作用,为该类钢种的生产提供了有益的经验。结果表明,保证精轧区轧制速度是降低冲压开裂发生率的重要热轧生产手段。     

铍板材深冲压成形异形件探讨

冲压成形是金属板材加工异形件的最基本方式。金属材质不同,冲压成形异形件的难易程度不同,主要影响因素是冲压成形性能和冲压成形极限。文章结合铍板材的冲压成形性能和冲压成形极限,对铍板材冲压成形异形件的难易性作了探讨。     

Production of Structure Components with Selective Properties by means of Action Media based Cold Forming

Minimising a metallic component's weight can be achieved by either using lightweight alloys or by improving the component's properties. In both cases, the material formability affects the utilisability for mass production processes. Most of the high‐strength materials show a material‐restricted formability and are difficult to forge. The formability of a material is described by its maximum forming limit. Large plastic strains can lead to mechanical damage within the material. A promising approach of handling low ductile, high‐strength alloys in a forming process is deformation under superimposed hydrostatic pressure by active media. In the present study, the influence of superimposed hydrostatic pressure on the flow stress is analysed as well as the forming ability for different sample geometries at different hydrostatic pressure and temperature levels. The experimental results show that the superimposed pressure has no influence on the plastic deformation, nor does a pressure dependent near‐surface material hardening occur. Nevertheless, the formability is improved with increasing hydrostatic pressure. The relative gain at room temperature and increase in the superimposed pressure from 0 bar to 600 bar for tested materials was at least 140 % and max. 220 %. Therefore, a cold forming process under superimposed pressure is developed to produce structure components with selective properties. For example, the gain in formability will be used to enlarge local plastic strains to higher limits resulting in higher local strain hardening and hardness. This offers new design possibilities with selectively adjusted local structure or structure component properties, especially adapted to their technical application. Additionally, by applying damage models, finite‐element analysis is used in order to predict damage occurring in the cold forming process under superimposed hydrostatic pressure for various sample geometries.     

Microstructural evolution of Al-Si coating and its influence on high temperature tribological behavior of ultra-high strength steel against H13 steel

Al-Si coated ultra-high strength steel(UHSS)has been commonly applied in hot stamping process.The influence of austenitizing temperature on microstructure of Al-Si coating of UHSS during hot stamping process and its tribological behavior against H13 steel under elevated temperature were simulatively investigated.The austenitizing temperature of Al-Si coated UHSS and its microstructual evolution were confirmed and analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry and scanning electron microscopy.A novel approach to tribological testing by replicating hot stamping process temperature history was presented.Results show that the hard and stable phases Fe_2Al_5+FeAl_2 formed on Al-Si coating surface after exposure to 930°C for 5 min,which was found to be correlated to the tribological behavior of coating.The friction coefficient of coated steel was more stable and higher than that of uncoated one.The main wear mechanism of Al-Si coated UHSS was adhesion wear,while abrasive wear was dominant for the uncoated UHSS.     

中锰钢温成形技术探讨

使用Gleeble-3800热模拟试验机研究了中锰钢(温成形钢)和22MnB5钢(热成形钢)的微观组织、力学性能和高温拉伸性能.结果表明:与22MnB5钢相比,在获得1 500 MPa级的抗拉强度时,中锰钢的加热温度可从950℃降低到800℃,钢的组织明显细化并且没有发生表面脱碳,断后伸长率从7.5％提高到10％.高温拉伸试验结果表明:中锰钢比22MnB5钢具有更高的延伸率和硬化指数,可以减小成形过程中局部减薄过高导致的样件破裂.