On the power flux‐density limits to protect the fixed service from HEO FSS satellites emissions in the 18 GHz band

This paper focuses on the protection of Fixed Service (FS) receivers from the aggregate interference produced by the satellites of multiple highly elliptical orbit satellite systems (HEOs). It analyzes the protection given to FS receivers operating in the 18 GHz frequency band by different power flux‐density (pfd) masks. These masks establish the maximum allowable pfd produced by each HEO satellite at the Earth's surface. The protections offered by four different pfd masks are analysed in two interfering environments, each containing three HEO systems. Two types of HEO system, with different orbital characteristics, are considered: one having satellites that operate only in the northern hemisphere and another having satellites that operate in both hemispheres. To reflect the multiplicity of possibilities concerning the geographical location and technical characteristics of the victim FS receiver (e.g. latitude, longitude, azimuth and elevation of its receiving antenna, antenna gain, receiver noise temperature, etc.) a large amount of results and curves is usually generated by the studies, making it difficult to draw general conclusions on the protection offered by the pfd masks under analysis. In looking for alternative ways of presenting the obtained results, a new variable was defined: the interference in excess. This new variable was defined in a way so that its probability distribution function reflects the protection given to an FS receiver located at a given latitude with a given receiving antenna elevation angle. It indicates the protection of an FS receiver for which the location longitude and the azimuth of the pointing direction of its receiving antenna are randomly chosen. This allows the large amount of results to be compacted into a small number of more representative curves from which general conclusions on the protection offered by the different pfd masks are easily drawn. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

On the protection of fixed service receivers from the interference generated by non‐GSO satellite systems operating in the 3.7‐4.2 GHz band

In this work, the current power‐flux density limits in Article 21 of the ITU‐R Radio Regulations for non‐geostationary satellite orbit (GSO) systems operating in the 3.7‐4.2 GHz band are analyzed. These limits aim the protection of fixed service receivers, operating in the same frequency band, from the interference produced by non‐GSO satellite systems. The analysis was motivated by Resolution 157 of the World Radiocommunication Conference 2015, that recognized the need for a revision of Article 21 with a view to enabling non‐GSO systems to operate in these fixed‐satellite service frequency bands while ensuring that existing primary services are protected. In the analysis, 5 different circular Walker Delta type satellite constellation structures, adequately chosen, are considered, and the results show that the current power‐flux density (pfd) limits may impose undue constraints to non‐GSO systems operating in this band. Therefore, a methodology to investigate a more adequate pfd limiting mask is presented and used to generate an alternative mask. An evaluation of the proposed pfd mask shows that it does not impose unnecessary constraints to the non‐GSO satellite systems. This, along with other facts, indicates that the proposed pfd limits are, indeed, much more adequate than the current ones.     

Protection of fixed service receivers from the interference produced by the non‐geostationary satellites in a fixed satellite service network: a statistical interference analysis

Until 1997, the power flux density (pfd) limits applicable to fixed satellite service (FSS) satellite transmitters to protect fixed service (FS) receivers operating in the same frequency band were those in Article 21 of the radio regulations. They were developed assuming that potentially interfering satellites in the FSS would only operate in the GSO. The need to revise these limits to allow for the protection of FS receivers from interference generated by non‐geostationary satellites has led to several studies, most of them based on the non‐realistic assumption that every visible satellite in a NGSO constellation produces the maximum allowed pfd level at the FS receive station location. To provide a quantitative indication of how pessimistic this assumption is, this paper considers a more realistic model in which the pfd entries reaching a given FS receiver location are characterized by statistically independent random variables. The probability density functions of these random variables depend on the operational characteristics of the NGSO network. The obtained results have also shown the need to consider some of the operational characteristics of NGSO satellite networks when evaluating the interference produced by their satellites. If these operational characteristics are not taken into account in the calculations, higher values of interference, that do not reflect the real interference environment, are obtained. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

一种基于先验信息的中高轨卫星遥测任务资源调度方法

中高轨卫星测控需求的特性导致遥测数据接收任务占用了绝大部分设备跟踪时长,但遥测任务的资源调度问题的相比遥控和测轨复杂性更高,使得其资源调度算法的自动化水平一直不高。根据中高轨卫星遥测数据接收任务需求和我国测控站布站情况,设计了一种基于先验信息的中高轨卫星遥测任务资源调度算法。该算法以中高轨卫星遥测任务需求整体满足率最大和算法复杂度最低为设计目标,以人工安排中高轨遥测任务测控工作计划积累的有益经验作为先验信息,赋予中高轨卫星遥测任务可行解优先级使用值。通过实际数据仿真分析,该算法极大缩小了中高轨卫星遥测任务可行解空间规模,有效提高了资源调度效率,资源满足率达到99.7%以上,遥测单收设备使用率超过97.7%,为卫星资源调度算法设计提供了参考。     

A model for interference studies relating to multisatellite non-geostationary systems in the mobile satellite service

An option being considered by current and prospective mobile satellite service (MSS) operators is the use of constellations of non-geostationary orbit (NGSO) satellites to provide global personal communications. The scarcity of free spectrum, together with the bandwidth typically required, means that any new MSS system must consider sharing spectrum with other systems and services. Spectrum sharing must be based on defined interference criteria being satisfied. When multiple NGSO satellites are considered there is no accepted method for assessing interference. This paper describes a model used as the basis for a computer simulation of interference scenarios involving MSS, fixed service (FS) and fixed satellite service (FSS) systems. The simulation includes NGSO dynamics, constellations of MSS satellites with multi-spot antennas, multiple geostationary FSS satellites and multiple hop FS links. Interference events are based on C/I calculations, and statistics, such as the percentage of time that the C/I falls below a required protection ratio, are calculated. More generally C/I cumulative distribution functions are produced.     

Reduced complexity satellite broadcast receiver with interference mitigation in correlated noise

The recent commercial trends towards using smaller dish antennas for satellite receivers and the growing density of broadcasting satellites necessitate the application of robust adjacent satellite interference cancellation schemes. This orbital density growth along with the wider beamwidth of a smaller dish have imposed an overloaded scenario at the satellite receiver, where the number of transmitting satellites exceeds the number of receiving elements at the dish antenna. To ensure successful operation in this practical scenario, we propose a satellite receiver that enhances signal detection from the desired satellite by mitigating the interference from neighboring satellites. Towards this objective, we propose an enhanced list‐based group‐wise search detection (E‐LGSD) receiver under the assumption of spatially correlated additive noise. To further enhance detection performance, the proposed satellite receiver utilizes a newly designed whitening filter to remove the spatial correlation among the noise parameters, while also applying a preprocessor that maximizes the signal‐to‐interference‐plus‐noise ratio. We exploit the structure of this filter and propose a reduced complexity LGSD (RC‐LGSD) receiver. Extensive simulations under practical scenarios show that the proposed receiver enhances the performance of satellite broadcast systems in the presence of adjacent satellite interference compared with existing methods. Also, under pointing error, RC‐LGSD exhibits similar behavior to that of the optimum receiver.     

Closer spacing of geostationary satellites through adaptive nulling at the ground terminal

The results of a preliminary study suggest that interference to the downlink of one geostationary satellite from that of another satellite in the adjacent orbital slot can be substantially reduced by the addition of a simple adaptive nulling system to the ground terminal antenna. Alternatively, the nulling system allows the satellites to be spaced significantly closer together with no increase in interference. Significant improvement is obtained with simple open-loop antenna pointing. The improvement is greater, however, if the adaptive antenna automatically tracks the direction of the desired source. For a dish antenna with a single receiving feed horn, the extra hardware required to provide the adaptive capability consists of two more receiving feed horns, a variable weighting device for each of the feed lines (now three in number) and the adaptive control electronics. An example shows that the minimum spacing between one satellite and an interfering satellite, consistent with certain assumed operating requirements, could be reduced from the2.25degneeded for a simple single beam antenna to1.35deg, for the adaptive antenna using open loop pointing, to as little as0.7deg, for the adaptive antenna using automatic pointing. The adaptive hulling also provides essentially the same protection against downlink interference from the two other satellites occupying the slots on both sides of the satellite serving the terminal. The three degrees of freedom of the postulated nulling system, however, cannot cope with three or more nearby interfering satellites.     

平板便携式卫星通信终端伺服系统算法设计研究

本文针对平板便携式卫星通信终端的伺服控制系统展开研究,本文提出一种根据终端设备所在位置的经纬度信息和目标卫星的经度信息,通过对终端设备的平板天线俯仰和方位的伺服控制,自动调整天线的方位和俯仰姿态,使天线指向目标卫星,并进一步对极化角进行调整,从而快速建立起稳定的卫星通信链路的算法设计方案。     

Optimum Satellite Home Receiving Antenna Size at C Band

The crowding of the orbital arc with the attendant imposition by the FCC of the 20 orbital spacing requirements between satellites will end the trend toward smaller satellite home receiving antennas. Smaller antennas (less than 10 feet in diameter), which are subject to interference from adjacent satellites, will be replaced by larger antennas. In this paper the expected interference is calculated, and the resulting received signal-to-noise ratio is estimated. To ensure interference-free C band' reception under the present 20°, spacing requirement, the results indicate that the receiving antenna diameter should not be smaller than about 11 feet. In high satellite EIRP cases, only by increasing the antenna size to 16 feet or larger is it possible to achieve improvement over an 11 foot antenna. For sizes between 11 and 16 feet, performance degrades in comparison with an 11 foot antenna because the interference falls onto the antenna's side lobes and is not sufficiently attenuated.     

基于可移点波束天线的干扰源单星定位方法

针对地球同步轨道通信卫星,提出了一种基于可移点波束天线的干扰源单星定位方法。该方法通过天线方向图函数建立干扰源的位置指向与天线增益的映射关系,通过多次移动可移点波束获取干扰信号的强度,结合可移点波束各中心指向信息,建立干扰信号链路计算的方程组,利用粒子群搜索算法对其进行求解,可得到干扰源的指向,结合星历及地球信息求出干扰源的经纬度。采用上述干扰源定位方法对地面干扰源进行了定位仿真,结果表明了该方法的有效性。     

On the interference from space research service uplink transmissions into the inter‐satellite links of a non‐GSO system operating in the 22‐GHz band

This paper presents a compatibility analysis involving space research service lunar mission uplink transmissions and the inter‐satellite links of non‐geostationary orbit systems operating in the 22‐GHz band. Three points differentiate this analysis from the currently available studies: (1) the mathematical model used here allows for the consideration of the time varying nature of the inclination of the Moon orbital plane; (2) besides the usual unconditional interference cumulative distribution functions, this analysis also considers the conditional cumulative distribution functions given that the victim satellite is receiving interference, important to characterize the interference affecting users that, because of their location, are most of the time using satellites, which are under interference; and (3) instead of dynamic time simulation, the analytical method in Recommendation ITU‐R S.1529 is used to determine the various cumulative distribution functions involved. Four scenarios are examined in the paper. Their main differences concern the number and location of the space research service transmitting Earth stations and the strategy under which they are active (transmitting). In all scenarios, cumulative distribution functions of the ratio I/N were determined for both the in‐band and the out‐of‐band interference cases. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于VB的卫星电视接收天线定位系统的研究与开发

卫星电视信号接收天线定位的主要参数是方位角、仰角和极化角。以VisualBasic语言为工具开发了卫星电视信号接收天线定位系统,系统界面友好、功能强大,用户在选择接收地和卫星的基础上,系统输出天线定位参数并以图示方式显示,还可显示被选择卫星的主要参数及转发的电视节目,供接收卫星电视信号时参考。     

卫星地球站天线屏蔽方法研究

近年来,卫星地球站电磁环境日益恶化,必须加强卫星电磁干扰防护。天线作为卫星地球站最重要的设备之一,在完成正常收发任务的同时,也是电磁干扰耦合的主要途径。因此,对卫星地球站天线进行屏蔽是卫星地球站电磁干扰防护的一种行之有效的方式。根据刃峰绕射损耗模型,研究了地球站天线屏蔽体的设置方法,分析了屏蔽体设置距离与屏蔽体高度之间的关系。并根据理论分析结果,建议在地球站天线周围设置金属网。     

Ku- vs. C-band and digital vs. analogue television transmission in a tropical climate

This paper analyses the K_u-band versus C-band transmission for digital and/or analogue TV, keeping in mind K_u-band attenuation in the tropical climate as a function of earth-station antenna elevation angle. The analysis is done for the case that adjacent satellites illuminate the same converage area and that interfering signals are of same e.i.r.p. and spectral make-up. It is shown that a multiplex of compressed digital carriers requires smaller receiving antennas than a single analogue TV carrier. It turns out that because of low power requirements of the compressed digital carrier and/or for high e.i.r.p. values, the earth-station antenna diameter is interference limited. Below the interference limit the aperture can only be reduced by applying an elliptical area to provide for a narrower beamwidth along the geostationary arc.     

Mapping spatial distribution of comm-satellite's beam based on ground omni-antennas

The current satellite communications (SatComs) systems are composed of a large number of satellites, beams and terrestrial devices. Due to their multinode dynamic nature, the usage of frequency resources is variable, complex and difficult to characterize. In particular, with the development of satellite-borne phased array antenna technology, SatCom beams carrying different frequencies are directionally and dynamically distributed in global scale. Mapping and locating the spatial beam distributions of communication satellite (comm-satellite) are the bases of intersystem cofrequency interference mitigation and spatial frequency reuse. In this paper, we design a data selection–multiparameter fitting iteration (DS-MFI) algorithm on the basis of ground-based omnidirectional antennas. The proposed approach can effectively map the spatial distribution of comm-satellite's beam, including satellite transmitter position, equal-gain off-axis angle, and beam pointing in azimuth and elevation. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach for satellites with fixed or steerable beams at different altitudes. Furthermore, the results become increasingly accurate as the dense of ground omni-antenna increases.     

接收鑫诺3号和中星6B两颗卫星设施的调试技巧与方法

指出转星调整工作的重要性和紧迫性，结合实践分别介绍卫星接收机及卫星电视室外接收设备的调整方法与技巧。     

Radio System Interference from Geostationary Satellites

Geostationary communications satellites have a potential for causing interference into terrestrial radio relay systems since present INTELSAT satellites as well as a number of U.S. domestic satellites transmit a downlink frequency in the 4 GHz common carrier band. Use has been made of recently measured spatial antenna radiation patterns of the AT&T KS15676 pyramidal horn-reflector antenna to calculate the interference noise into typical U.S. high density 4 GHz radio relay systems. The model employed uses the maximum allowed CCIR flux from the satellites so that the results are conservative since the flux from deployed satellite repeaters is normally below that level. Although certain cases such as east-west oriented existing systems with one or more direct exposures may experience noticeable interference, no significant noise problem is foreseen from this source even when the geostationary orbit is populated as heavily as one communications satellite every 3°.     

Measurement of the required cross-polar protection ratio in G-PALTV FM satellite transmissions planning

A measurement campaign using live TV broadcast satellite signals and receiving commercial equipment has been carried out to study the required cross-polar protection ratio at the receiving antenna in satellite transmission planning. This experiment provides useful and realistic conclusions for the optimum spectrum allocation of TV channels in broadcasting satellite systems, as for example, the frequency offset required between cross-polar channels depending on the cross-polar rejection at the receiving antenna, for a certain grade of video signal impairment due to the cross-polar channel interference effects, and taken also into account the noise contribution on the signal     

Iterative interference cancellation and channel estimation in multibeam satellite systems

This paper deals with the use of non‐linear multiuser detection techniques to mitigate co‐channel interference on the reverse link of multibeam satellite systems. These techniques allow more capacity efficient frequency reuse strategies than classical ones, as they make possible to cope with lower C/I. The considered system takes as a starting point the DVB‐RCS standard, with the use of convolutional coding, and the use of the Ka‐band. We propose different iterative interference cancellation schemes, which operate at the beamformer outputs, and which use information from decoders. The proposed receivers assume an initial single‐user synchronization step: frame synchronization and timing recovery, and then perform channel estimation: beamformer coefficients; signal carrier phases and signal amplitudes. In a first step, these receivers are evaluated by simulation in terms of bit error rate and of channel estimation error on two interference configurations. For one of these receivers, sensitivity to imperfect timing recovery and to low‐frequency offsets from user terminals is evaluated. In a second step, since the receiver performances highly depend on the interference configuration, we propose an approach to evaluate performances on a multibeam coverage (by taking into account the variability of interference configurations on the coverage). This method is used to compare different receivers on an example based on a coverage designed on a digital focal array feed reflector antenna. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Multi‐user detection for the ARGOS satellite system

In this paper, we evaluate several multiuser detection (MUD) architectures for the reception of asynchronous beacon signals in the ARGOS satellite system. The case of synchronous signals is studied first. Though impractical, this case provides useful guidance on the second part of the study, that is, the design of MUD receivers for asynchronous users. This paper focuses more particularly on successive interference cancellation (SIC) receivers because they have been shown to achieve a good performance complexity trade‐off. Several E_b ∕ N₀ degradation curves are obtained as a function of channel parameters. With these curves, a performance analysis is presented in order to determine in which conditions it is possible to successfully decode none, one, or more beacon signals. We show that SIC receivers can improve the percentage of served beacons from 50% to more than 67% for a population of 37,600 beacons. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.