30Cr1Mo1V汽轮机转子钢的精炼渣优化

摘要：为有效控制30Cr1Mo1V汽轮机转子钢中非金属夹杂物和有害杂质元素含量,利用热力学软件FactSage 8.1,计算了1873K下CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-5%MgO系精炼渣与30Cr1Mo1V钢液平衡时的等［O］线、等［S］线,以获得最优精炼渣成分范围。研究了不同精炼渣对钢中氧、硫含量,夹杂物特性的影响,继而揭示了钢中典型MgO·Al2O3夹杂物的热力学形成机制以及夹杂物与精炼渣之间的成分关系,并构建了“钢 渣”界面MgO·Al2O3夹杂物运动模型。实验和模型结果表明,优化渣系50.4%CaO-40-3%Al2O3-4.3%SiO2-5%MgO对钢液脱氧、脱硫和非金属夹杂物控制的效果明显,模型预测结果与夹杂物去除率对应关系良好。     

钢中硅质量分数对出钢渣洗脱硫效果影响

 为了提高出钢渣洗脱硫效果,在国内某钢厂300 t转炉进行了21炉出钢渣洗脱硫试验。研究结果表明,当钢中Als和硫质量分数分别为0.025%～0.045%和0.002%～0.004%时,钢中硅质量分数对出钢渣洗脱硫效果影响十分显著,而锰质量分数对出钢渣洗脱硫效果没有直接的影响。通过将出钢过程钢水硅质量分数控制在0.05%以上,并借助渣洗脱硫工艺,可以稳定生产硫质量分数小于0.002%的管线钢。此外,基于耦合反应动力学模型,通过将Al-O反应、Si-O反应、脱硫反应和Fe-O反应进行耦合,得到钢中硅质量分数是通过影响界面氧活度来影响渣洗脱硫效果。在钢水氧活度变化不大的条件下,界面氧活度主要取决于炉渣氧化性,而从炉渣成分中可以看出,硅质量分数小于0.05%的钢种对应的炉渣氧化性要高于硅质量分数大于0.05%的钢种,这与模型计算结果相一致。     

Study of Interfacial Tension between Molten Steel and Na_2O-Li_2O-SiO_ 2-B_2O_3 Slag

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20SiMn合金结构钢精炼渣系优化

为控制20SiMn锻件用结构钢中氧含量和钢中夹杂物，首先采用热力学软件FactSage 8.1计算了1 600℃下CaO-SiO₂-Al₂O₃-5%MgO系精炼渣与20SiMn钢液平衡时的等氧线，并优化了精炼渣成分。同时，计算了不同氧含量下钢中Fe-Mg-Al-O体系优势区图。其次，实验室中设计了4组精炼渣成分，并在1 600℃下采用高温电阻炉进行渣-钢平衡试验，试验后采用X射线荧光光谱分析测定渣成分，采用等离子体光谱仪对钢样成分进行分析，采取红外碳硫分析仪、氧氮联合分析仪分别测定钢中碳硫和全氧含量，采用场发射扫描电子显微镜对试样中的夹杂物进行成分和形貌分析，并对钢中夹杂物数量与成分进行统计，试验研究了不同精炼渣对钢中氧含量、夹杂物组成、数量和尺寸的影响。最后，建立了动力学模型来描述“钢渣”界面上的夹杂物去除行为。试验和热力学模型结果揭示了钢中典型Al₂O₃、MgO·Al₂O₃夹杂物与钢中氧、镁和铝含量的关系，动力学模型描述了夹杂物分...     

Evaluation of Sulfur Addition to the High Basicity Slag on the Sulfur,Aluminum, and Cleanliness of High Sulfur Al‐Killed Molten Steel

In the present work, the influence of sulfur addition to the high basicity slag on the Al‐killed molten steel with high sulfur content was investigated by using a vacuum induction furnace at 1873 K in MgO crucibles. CaO–SiO₂–Al₂O₃–MgO–CaS slags were used to study the effect of high basicity slags with different CaS contents on sulfur loss, aluminum loss, and total oxygen content in the molten steel. It is shown that the sulfur content in the molten steel decreased with the time, and the addition of CaS into the slag can reduce the sulfur loss in the molten steel. Moreover, there was a decreasing tendency of the aluminum content in the molten steel with the time, and the addition of CaS into the slag can reduce the aluminum loss in the molten steel. Total oxygen content in the molten steel first increased and then decreased with the time when no CaS was added into the slag. However, it decreased monotonically with the time when the addition of CaS was made into the slag.     

Research Status of Numerical Simulation of Nonmetallic Inclusions Interfacial Removal

The removal of inclusions in liquid steel has always been the focus of research, and the removal of inclusions is mainly through the process of the inclusion through the slag–steel interface. The inclusion removal process can be subdivided into inclusions in molten steel grew up rise, in steel–slag interface through separation, adsorb dissolved in molten slag 3 steps. Based on the microscopic process of three steps, this article summarizes and discusses the mathematical model, fluid mechanics model, and experimental verification method of inclusion removal process, analyzes limiting and influencing factors of inclusion removal process, and comprehensively describes the numerical simulation research progress of inclusion removal process. With the development of numerical simulation techniques and experimental equipment, some progress has been made in the study of interfacial removal of inclusions. The inclusion interface removal behavior can be analyzed semiquantitatively based on dynamic force model. The computational fluid dynamics model has advantages in studying the phenomena of the inclusion interface, and the phase-field method is often used to simulate the removal process of the inclusion interface. The combination of water model and numerical simulation, high-temperature laser confocal method, and other methods is of great help to explore the interface behavior of inclusions.     

转炉炼钢过程渣钢间硫的分配比

采用热力学分析的方法研究了300t转炉渣钢间脱硫反应。发现渣中氧传质控制转炉炼钢脱硫反应,转炉终点渣钢间硫分配比与（FeO）-O-S热力学模型计算结果相符,说明脱硫反应接近平衡。定量分析结果表明,转炉渣钢间硫分配比主要受碱度、FeO含量、MgO含量及温度的影响。根据生产数据回归得到了对生产指导性较强的渣钢间硫分配比计算...     

高级别车轮钢BOF-RH-CC工艺技术研究与实践

摘要：为了进一步提高生产效率、降低生产成本,同时减少大尺寸夹杂物超标,提出了采用“BOF-RH-CC”路线生产车轮钢工艺。通过系统地实验室试验与工业试验,研究了“BOF-RH-CC”工艺路线下的硫含量、温度以及夹杂物控制等关键技术问题。结果表明：在KR工序通过采用新型脱硫剂,可以将84%炉次的铁水硫的质量分数控制在10×10-6以下;在转炉工序回硫主要影响因素为KR脱硫渣,当扒渣率为95%时,KR渣带硫量占入炉总硫量比例达到了26.7%,而当扒渣率在99%时,KR渣对转炉回硫仅占6.8%,应当保证KR处理后顶渣去除率控制在99%以上;在精炼RH工序当RH吹氧升温量不大于100m3,不仅满足温度要求,同时也达到了洁净度的要求;在低氧条件下将夹杂物控制为高熔点且不易变形的CaS-Al2O3类夹杂,降低了钢种大尺寸夹杂的数量。通过上述研究,在“BOF—RH—CC”工艺路线下,可将成品钢中硫的质量分数和TO的质量分数分别控制在20×10-6和12×10-6以下,同时钢中大尺寸夹杂物数量降低了50%,满足钢种对硫含量、温度及夹杂物的要求,实现了该工艺的稳定控制。     

Study on Control Technology of Slag Composition for Low-Sulfur and Low-Oxygen Steel

In order to reduce the content of oxygen and sulfur in steel, and produce low-sulfur and low-oxygen steel, study on slag has been carried out. Refining slag system of CaO-SiO2-Al2O3 is put forward with the consideration of slag amount from converter, oxidizability of slag and activity of oxygen in molten steel. On this basis, refining slagging system for low-sulfur and low-oxygen steel has been developed combined with the modification of slag from converter and composition control of refining slag in LF treatment process. The results show that oxygen content is not more than 15×10-6, as well as sulfur content is as low as 0.005% in tube blank steel. And it achieves the production of low-sulfur and low-oxygen steel.     

Study on the Formation of Open‐Eye and Slag Entrainment in Gas Stirred Ladle

Laboratory experiments were carried out to study the phenomena related to open‐eye formation in ladle treatment. Ga‐In‐Sn alloy with a melting temperature of 283 K was used to simulate the liquid steel, while MgCI₂‐Glycerol(87%) solution as well as HCl solution were used to simulate the ladle slag. No open‐eye was formed at lower gas flow rates, but, occurred when gas flow reached a critical rate. This critical gas flow rate was found to depend significantly on the height of the top liquid. No noticeable amount of top liquid was observed in any of the samples taken from the metal bulk during gas stirring. To confirm this aspect, samples of slag‐metal interface were taken around the open‐eye in an industrial gas stirred steel ladle. No entrapped slag droplet was found in the solidified steel within the region between the interface and 2 cm from the interface. The accordance of the laboratory and industrial results suggests that the entrainment of slag into the steel bulk around the open‐eye cannot be considered as the major contribution to inclusion formation.     

辉锑矿富氧熔池熔炼的工艺研究

采用富氧顶吹装置模拟辉锑矿挥发熔池熔炼的行为,考察了氧气系数、初始渣Fe/SiO_2、CaO含量对熔炼渣中锑含量的影响。在氧气系数为1.04、初始渣Fe/SiO_2=0.94、CaO 15%的最优条件下,熔炼后渣含锑为1.8%。采用SEM-EDS对渣中锑的物相及分布行为进行了表征,发现熔渣中锑以微小的金属粒子形式存在。通过加入一定量的锑锍作为捕集剂,并在高温下对锑渣进行贫化,使渣中的锑含量由沉降前的2.36%降低至0.86%。辉锑矿可以采用富氧挥发熔池熔炼—熔炼渣高温贫化工艺进行处理。     

Numerical Investigation of Desulfurization Kinetics in Gas-Stirred Ladles by a Quick Modeling Analysis Approach

A quick modeling analysis approach for predicting the slag-steel reaction and desulfurization kinetics in argon gas-stirred ladles has been developed in this study. The model consists of two uncoupled components: (i) a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model for predicting the fluid flow and the characteristics of slag-steel interface, and (ii) a multicomponent reaction kinetics model for calculating the desulfurization evolution. The steel-slag interfacial area and mass transfer coefficients predicted by the CFD simulation are used as the processing data for the reaction model. Since the desulfurization predictions are uncoupled from the CFD simulation, the computational time of this uncoupled predictive approach is decreased by at least 100 times for each case study when compared with the CFD-reaction kinetics fully coupled model. The uncoupled modeling approach was validated by comparing the evolution of steel and slag compositions with the experimentally measured data during ladle metallurgical furnace (LMF) processing at Nucor Steel Tuscaloosa, Inc. Then, the validated approach was applied to investigate the effects of the initial steel and slag compositions, as well as different types of additions during the refining process on the desulfurization efficiency. The results revealed that the sulfur distribution ratio and the desulfurization reaction can be promoted by making Al and CaO additions during the refining process. It was also shown that by increasing the initial Al content in liquid steel, both Al oxidation and desulfurization rates rapidly increase. In addition, it was found that the variation of the initial Si content in steel has no significant influence on the desulfurization rate. Lastly, if the initial CaO content in slag is increased or the initial Al₂O₃ content is decreased in the fluid-slag compositional range, the desulfurization rate can be improved significantly during the LMF process.     

Effect of Silicon on the Desulfurization of Al-Killed Steels: Part I. Mathematical Model

Recent observations suggest that increased silicon levels improve ladle desulfurization of aluminum-killed steel. While the overall desulfurization reaction of Al-killed steels does not show a direct role of silicon in desulfurization, model calculations are presented which test the idea that silicon suppresses the reduction of silica which can consume aluminum at the slag/metal interface. Consumption of aluminum would increase the oxygen potential at the slag/metal interface and decrease the sulfur partition coefficient between slag and metal. The model considers the coupled reactions of the reduction of silica, iron oxide, and manganese oxide in the slag and desulfurization of the steel by aluminum. The results show that silicon can indeed suppress consumption of aluminum at the slag/metal interface by side reactions other than desulfurization, with silicon affecting both the kinetics and the equilibrium of desulfurization.     

120 t转炉熔池中硫行为的研究

取样测定了120 t转炉在冶炼过程中熔池中硫的变化情况,通过物料平衡计算研究了熔池中硫的来源,并研究了终点温度、炉渣碱度、渣中(FeO)对硫在渣钢间分配比的影响.结果表明,提高终点温度和炉渣碱度有利于硫分配比的提高,在一定范围内提高渣中(FeO)含量有利于硫分配比的提高,w(FeO)≥18%时,随着(FeO)含量的提高硫分配比减小;减少入炉硫负荷是冶炼低硫钢的基础.     

Effect of initial large-sized inclusion content on inclusion removal during electroslag remelting of H13 die steel

The current paper focuses on the influence of initial large-sized inclusion content in the consumable electrode on inclusion removal during electroslag remelting (ESR) of H13 die steel. Considering the relationship between the inclusion size and the interfacial energy change of the slag/inclusion/steel system during the inclusion transfer across the steel/slag interface, the thermodynamic conditions for inclusion removal from steel to the slag were put forward. The results showed that the content of large-sized inclusions in final ESR ingot was decreased by approximately 13.66% with the increase in large-sized inclusion content in the consumable electrode from 11.36?mg/10?kg to 16.50?mg/10?kg. The interfacial energy change of the slag/inclusion/steel system decreases with the increase in inclusion radius during the absorption process of inclusions by slag, which is beneficial for inclusion removal.     

优化10PCuRE炼钢工艺消除铸坯表面纵裂纹

10PCuRE钢是一种C含量较低、P含量很高的稀土钢种,浇铸时难度大,板坯容易产生裂纹和夹杂等缺陷。针对10PCuRE连铸坯表面纵裂缝问题,对原10PCuRE钢冶炼工艺进行了优化,加强了出钢过程的钢液脱氧,并用合成渣技术和强化吹氩搅拌,以改善钢包中的渣—金反应;结晶器中使用专用稀土保护渣以在浇铸过程中有效地防止钢液的二次氧化,较好地润滑初始凝固坯壳和结晶器内模壁,降低表面热裂纹的倾向。应用优化后的冶炼工艺后,钢中氧含量和硫含量得到控制,稀土利用率提高,连铸坯表面纵裂缝消失,铸坯角部裂纹和内部裂纹问题大大改善,并且成品钢成分、晶粒组织、夹杂物的级别均得到了很好的改善。     

15-5PH不锈钢大型锻件冶炼脱氧工艺研究

摘要：以实际工艺流程50t EBT-VOD-LF-VC冶炼15-5PH不锈钢为背景,通过FactSage 8.0和经典Wagner模型研究冶炼硅铝复合脱氧过程中钢液中的铝含量、炉渣组成以及冶炼温度等因素对钢液中氧含量的影响进行了热力学研究。结果表明：Al-Si复合脱氧为15-5PH不锈钢冶炼过程中的最佳脱氧工艺,为了保证脱氧的冶炼效果,应控制钢液中的酸溶铝的质量分数在0.015%左右;降低冶炼温度有利于降低钢液平衡氧含量;考虑炉渣的物理性能和钢渣界面平衡反应得出脱氧工艺的最优炉渣成分,碱度为2.5~3.0,w（(Cr2O3)）=0.5%,w（(Al2O3)）=20%,w（(MgO)）=5%,w（(CaF2)）=5%;经过工艺优化后生产的15.5PH不锈钢中氧含量明显降低,均满足产品要求,炉渣碱度对平衡氧含量和实际生产全氧含量的影响规律基本相同。     

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RH oxygen top- blowing for raising temperature should be avoided to improve the cleaniness of IF steel as far as possible, which made the end point temperature of converter higher and then dephosphorization in converter became difficult. Thermodynamics and dynamics of dephosphorization process in converter were calculated to study the relationship of phosphate partition ratio to compositions of molten steel, slag, temperature in molten steel based on slag- remaining and double slag process. Through changing the first deslagging time and the composition of slag,then serial sampling from molten steel and slag in industrial production experiments, the behavior of phosphorus in molten steel was studied and then the main measures obtaining higher phosphate partition ratio in slag- remaining and double slag process are: small- sized scrap or thin steel sheet should be used to increase FeO content in slag and prevent molten steel temperature increase when oxygen blowing in converter begins. Slag with high phosphorus content should be poured when amount of oxygen blowing reachs 40% of the total; FeO content in slag should be increased to assure the mobility of slag and then reduce rephosphorization from slag to steel when amount of oxygen blowing is greater than 40% and less than 80% of the toal; the end- point slag with 4. 0 basicity and 18 mass%-20 mass% FeO content and molten steel temperature should be controlled.     

Sulfur Transfer at Slag/Metal Interface—Impact of Oxygen Potential

In the present work, the interfacial movement resulting from sulfur mass transfer at the slag/metal interface was monitored by X-ray sessile drop method in dynamic mode at temperature 1873 K (1600 °C) under nonequilibrium conditions. The experiments were carried out with pure iron and CaO-SiO₂-Al₂O₃-FeO slag (alumina saturated at the experimental temperature) contained in alumina crucibles with well-controlled partial pressures of oxygen and sulfur. The impact of oxygen potential on the droplet oscillation as sulfur from the gas phase reaches the metal drop through the intermediate slag phase was monitored. The interfacial velocity was investigated. It was found that the increases of interfacial velocity and the maximum oscillation time were mainly attributed to the partial pressure of oxygen increases. The experiment results were explained by previous ab initio calculations. The thermo-physical and thermo-chemical properties of slag were also found to influence interfacial velocity.     

Marangoni flow at the gas/melt interface of steel

Direct observation with a scanning laser microscope was made to determine the direction and velocity of surface flow of steel melt in the vicinity of the solid/melt (S/M) interface. During solidification, a fast solutal Marangoni flow moving away from the S/M interface was confirmed to exist on steel melts containing oxygen and sulfur of 10 to 105 ppm. Even in such a low range of oxygen and sulfur content, the solutal Marangoni flow can be very fast, carrying inclusion particles up to the free surface along the S/M interface. During heating and holding, however, a thermal Marangoni flow combined with convective flow generated a reverse flow directed toward the S/M interface. These features have important relevance to inclusion entrainment and solute segregation during the solidification of steel. This article is based on a presentation given in the Mills Symposium entitled “Metals, Slags, Glasses: High Temperature Properties & Phenomena,” which took place at The Institute of Materials in London, England, on August 22–23, 2002.