Hydrologic spiralling: the role of multiple interactive flow paths in stream ecosystems

We develop and illustrate the concept of ‘hydrologic spiralling’ using a high‐resolution (2 × 2 m grid cell) simulation of hyporheic hydrology across a 1.7 km² section of the sand, gravel and cobble floodplain aquifer of the upper Umatilla River of northeastern Oregon, USA. We parameterized the model using a continuous map of surface water stage derived from LIDAR remote sensing data. Model results reveal the presence of complex spatial patterns of hyporheic exchange across spatial scales. We use simulation results to describe streams as a collection of hierarchically organized, individual flow paths that spiral across ecotones within streams and knit together stream ecosystems. Such a view underscores the importance of: (1) gross hyporheic exchange rates in rivers, (2) the differing ecological roles of short and long hyporheic flow paths, and (3) the downstream movement of water and solutes outside of the stream channel (e.g. in the alluvial aquifer). Hydrologic spirals underscore important limitations of empirical measures of biotic solute uptake from streams and provide a needed hydrologic framework for emerging research foci in stream ecology such as hydrologic connectivity, spatial and temporal variation in biogeochemical cycling rates and the role of stream geomorphology as a dominant control on stream ecosystem dynamics. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

大坝下游河床潜流带温度场的影响因素研究

基于雷诺平均方程(N-S方程)、k-ω湍流模型,并利用CFD-Fluent及COMSOL Multiphysics软件,构建地下水-地表水耦合模型;通过Morris全局灵敏度分析方法探讨单因素影响及多因素影响下河床潜流带内温度场变化规律。结果表明:河床潜流带的温度场对流速v和水深H较为灵敏,其余依次为沙坡高度h和河床底质渗透系数k;河道水位与河床潜流带的温度场变化呈正相关;多因素共同作用对河床潜流带温度场影响明显,且在沙坡下会出现一个半圆的低温区域。通过对大坝下游河床潜流带的温度场进行影响因素敏感性分析,可对水库下游河流生态治理和修复有一定指导意义。     

Hydrochemistry of the hyporheic zone in salmon spawning gravels: a preliminary assessment in a degraded agricultural stream

Hydrochemical changes were monitored in a simulated, sea run salmon redd in a small agricultural stream in northeast Scotland following the 1998–1999 spawning season. Immediately after redd construction, the hydrochemical characteristics of hyporheic water, at depths of 0.1 m and 0.3 m, were very similar to stream water. These apparently well‐mixed waters were alkaline, well‐oxygenated and enriched in nutrients. In the weeks and months following redd construction, clear and statistically significant differences in the chemistry of stream and hyporheic waters were observed. Typically, hyporheic water had lower concentrations of dissolved oxygen (mean 7.35 mg L^?1 at 0.3 m depth) than stream waters (mean=11.26 mg L^?1). Alkalinity, calcium, sulphate and conductivity levels tended to be higher in hyporheic waters, with concentrations increasing with depth. These data implied an increasing influence of groundwater with depth in the hyporheic zone following redd construction; an inference supported by subsequent hydraulic head measurements, which revealed an upwards groundwater flux in the stream bed. However, groundwater–surface water interactions were dynamic and complex: road salts eluted into the stream during periods of snowmelt simulated tracer experiments that implied that a reversed hydraulic gradient may occur at high flows with deeper streamwater penetration and mixing in the hyporheic zone. High flows also result in the mobilization of fine sediments from the stream bed which subsequently infiltrated into spawning gravels. These appear to cause ‘capping’ of redds and probably reduce the hydraulic conductivity of the redd matrix. Infiltrating sediments also contain a small, but probably important organic component, the decomposition of which may contribute to oxygen consumption and nutrient mineralization in the hyporheic zone. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

原木跌水结构对河流潜流带温度场的影响

为探究原木跌水结构对河流潜流带温度场的影响,应用有限元软件COMSOL Multiphysics构建了地表水-地下水二维耦合模型,分析原木跌水结构的高度、间距及数量等参数变化对河流潜流带温度场的影响规律。结果表明：河道中原木跌水结构的添加会改变潜流带局部的压力分布,增加原木高度、间距和数量都会使河床压力最大值增大;随着原木跌水结构高度增加,原木下方区域温度受地表水水温的影响范围扩大;随着原木跌水结构间距和数量的增加,潜流带热缓冲作用增强。原木跌水结构设置参数的变化将不同程度影响潜流带温度场的变化和热缓冲作用,引起潜流带内部的热异质性,从而增加底栖生物和水生生境的多样性。     

Effects of bottom sediment restoration on interstitial habitat characteristics and benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages in a headwater stream

The restoration of in‐stream habitats by structural improvement of stream beds is more and more frequent, but the ecological consequences of such works are still little known. We have examined the influence of the deposit of a 15 cm gravel layer over the stream bottom on the chemical characteristics of the interstitial water, the sediment grain size and the composition of the benthic assemblages. We have compared a restored reach to an upstream control over three years and at three seasons each year. Dissolved oxygen, ammonium, nitrite and nitrate contents were measured in both surface and interstitial (?15 cm deep) waters, together with the depth of anoxia estimated using wooden stakes and fine sediment content at the surface. During the same period and seasons, benthic invertebrates were sampled at five points in each reach. The restoration induced an increase in vertical exchanges of water between surface and interstitial habitats, with an increase in the depth of hypoxia. Changes were observed in the composition of invertebrate communities, but not in the density or in the taxonomic richness of assemblages. These changes in assemblages were fragile: a local disturbance (such as a drying period) diminished the beneficial effect of the restoration with the disappearance of several organisms. The viability of such restoration works may be associated with catchment management designed to reduce fine sediment inputs to the river. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

SRM融雪径流模型在疏勒河流域上游的应用

疏勒河是西北典型的干旱区内陆河流域,其冰雪融水是春季径流补给的重要来源之一。本文结合MODIS积雪产品MOD10A2、DEM数据和气象台站数据,构建了疏勒河流域上游SRM融雪径流模型,模拟结果的拟合优度确定系数Nash-Sutcliffe系数R2=0.834和体积差DV=1.63%。结果表明:该模型能基本上把握疏勒河流域融雪径流的趋势,达到了较好的模拟效果,可用于该流域春季径流的预测,为预防春季融雪型洪水灾害和减轻春季旱情提供了基础。