分汊河道水沙运动特性及其对河道演变的影响

以实测资料为依据,从理论上分析得出了稳定分汊河段的水面纵比降大于单一河段;分析了分汊河道进口段的水沙运动及输沙特性以及对汊道演变的影响;基于平衡输沙原理,分析得出了分流分沙变化对分汊河道冲淤影响的关系式,即分汊河道的冲淤演变与上游来沙量、主支汊分流分沙比及其变化等因素有关。     

嫩江流域历史洪水传播特征分析

本文根据嫩江干流控制站系列洪水资料,研究了水文过程线形状特征.基于洪水年份的逐日平均水位、流量过程线形态特征的差异进行对比分析,探讨了传播中的峰形特征、洪量特征、传播时间特征.     

水库及河道整治对黄河下游游荡性河道河势演变的影响

研究了修建水库及河道整治对黄河下游白鹤镇至高村游荡性河道河势演变的影响，探讨了游荡性河道向弯曲性河道转化的可能性。认为经过水库调节后，进入下游的来沙量减少，洪峰削平及中水持续时间加长，有利于游荡性河道游荡程度的降低及向弯曲方向的发展；河道整治工程对于减小河道的摆动强度，稳定流路，促使河道由游荡向弯曲方向发展的作用是显著的。在小浪底水库下泄有利水沙条件下，若能利用现有的河道整治工程，并补充必要的河道整治措施，黄河下游游荡性河道有可能逐步转化为象高村至陶城铺河段那样的限制性弯曲河道。     

Effectiveness of braided,gravel‐bed river restoration in the Upper Waitaki Basin,New Zealand

In 1991 the New Zealand Department of Conservation implemented Project River Recovery (PRR) to restore braided, gravel‐bed riverine and wetland habitats in the Upper Waitaki Basin on the South Island. These are critical habitats for wading and shore birds, including threatened species, but have been degraded by hydroelectric power development. This paper evaluates the effectiveness of PRR after more than 10 years with regard to key issues, effective methods, and lessons learned. Few restoration programs explicitly include evaluation of effectiveness or criteria for success, thereby limiting knowledge transfer and benefits to new or ongoing projects. This evaluation is based on site visits, interviews with program staff, review of PRR documents, comparisons with international restoration programs and recommendations, and a Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT) analysis. Primary components include pest plant and animal control, wetland construction and enhancement, research and monitoring, and public awareness. The program has elements common to many other restoration programs, including strategic planning and annual reporting. Its strengths include well‐defined goals, stakeholder collaboration, and successful integration of science with restoration as part of adaptive management. PRR could benefit from improved understanding of physical and watershed characteristics, expansion of goals at multiple scales, additional collaboration with other organizations, and knowledge transfer. Threats include weed invasions and increased recreational and land‐use impacts. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

珠三角分汊河道险段形成机理及整治措施初探

珠江三角洲河网区河道受径流、潮汐动力双重作用,汊道分流随径流潮汐动力变化而变化,险段形成机理较单一河道复杂,传统治理方案易改变汊口两侧河道的分流比,影响整治效果。在分析了典型分汊险段附近河床演变特征的基础上,分析险段水动力特性,研究了其形成机理,并对各种整治防护措施进行对比试验。结果表明,模袋混凝土方案不改变汊道分流,不增加相邻河道泄流压力,且其整体性、适应性和高抗冲性避免了险段所在岸坡及河床的冲刷,可起到防护岸坡与堤脚的作用。该整治方案可为相关分汊河道险段治理提供借鉴。     

长江中游武汉-湖口段鹅头洲演化动力学分析

为了探讨长江中游武汉-湖口河段鹅头洲河道的形成及演化规律,运用地球动力学方法进行了河演分析。结果表明,鹅头洲河道弯头上游段微元体所受的弯道离心力与掀斜抬升力和科氏力作用方向相反,相互消减,减弱了河流向左岸的侵蚀作用强度;在弯头下游段,3种力相互叠加,加强了向右岸的侵蚀作用,使鹅头洲河道上游弯道长且宽,下游弯道短,且呈窄的鹅头形状,鹅头顶端始终指向抬升作用一侧。     

Arctic river temperature dynamics in a changing climate

Climate change in the Arctic is expected to have a major impact on stream ecosystems, affecting hydrological and thermal regimes. Although temperature is important to a range of in‐stream processes, previous Arctic stream temperature research is limited—focused on glacierised headwaters in summer—with limited attention to snowmelt streams and winter. This is the first high‐resolution study on stream temperature in north‐east Greenland (Zackenberg). Data were collected from five streams from September 2013 to September 2015 (24 months). During the winter, streams were largely frozen solid and water temperature variability low. Spring ice‐off date occurred simultaneously across all streams, but 11 days earlier in 2014 compared with 2015 due to thicker snow insulation. During summer, water temperature was highly variable and exhibited a strong relationship with meteorological variables, particularly incoming shortwave radiation and air temperature. Mean summer water temperature in these snowmelt streams was high compared with streams studied previously in Svalbard, yet was lower in Swedish Lapland, as was expected given latitude. With global warning, Arctic stream thermal variability may be less in summer and increased during the winter due to higher summer air temperature and elevated winter precipitation, and the spring and autumn ice‐on and ice‐off dates may extend the flowing water season—in turn affecting stream productivity and diversity.     

长江下游镇扬段世业洲汊道演变和整治措施研究

长江下游镇扬河段平面形态复杂,整治难度大。从上游来水来沙变化、汊道分流比、深泓线及断面要素等方面,分析了该河段汊道近期河床演变特性,主要表现在左汊继续发展,右汊缓慢萎缩。为此,提出了汊道整治思路和整治工程方案,开展了河工模型试验研究。结果表明,从单方案看,工程规模越大,左汊减流越多;随着潜坝坝顶高程的增加,潜坝对左汊分流控制作用加强。左汊潜坝工程效果最好。     

冰期河流弯道冰水动力学行为研究

以黄河什四份子弯道为研究对象,基于2019-2020年度的凌情监测影像及现场试验数据,分析了河流弯道冰水动力学行为特征。结果表明:上宽下窄的河道形态是造成弯道卡冰的主要原因,流凌-封河阶段,弯顶节点工程对水流的顶托作用促进了上游回流区的形成;受弯道离心力作用,河冰聚集于河道凹岸一侧,并在回流区堆积形成冰桥,从而缩小了断面过冰面积,河道逐渐封冻;弯顶下游流速大且来冰量少,形成清沟,主流向河中发展;冰塞堆积于弯顶上游凹岸主河槽内,水流被挤压至凸岸非冰塞区,弯道主流易位;在稳封期,河道冰水动力特征基本不再变化,在解冻开河期,凸岸非冰塞区流速较大,主流区冰盖优先解冻且沿主流输移,回流区冰盖最后消融,河道主流逐渐恢复至畅流阶段,整体呈复归式。     

The value of a desk study for building a national river obstacle inventory

This study evaluates two desk‐based approaches for building an inventory of man‐made river obstacles. The creation of a river obstacle inventory is a vital first step in developing a prioritization process for obstacle removal and/or modification. In this study, a desktop geographical information system analysis of two rivers and their tributary network was undertaken, using two different approaches. The first involved analysing historical maps, satellite imagery, and Ordnance Survey Ireland Discovery Series maps and producing a geo‐referenced layer of all the potential river obstacles. The second involved developing a geo‐referenced layer of potential river obstacles based on the intersections between elements of the transport network (roads and railways) and river systems. To determine the effectiveness of the desk studies, the located obstacles were cross‐referenced with actual obstacles verified through a field survey. The desk studies identified several thousand potential obstacles. The study utilizing a range of maps consistently located a greater number of actual obstacles than the desk study based on intersections between the transport and river networks. The results indicate that desk‐based research offers an efficient and effective method for locating river obstacles and can guide subsequent field surveys aimed at confirming the presence of obstacles. This is particularly useful for eliminating from study large stretches of rivers that would otherwise need to be walked to confirm the presence, or otherwise, of potential river obstacles. In this regard, desk‐based exercises can offer opportunities to save on both time and cost in larger river assessments.     

中国冲积大河的河型分布与成因

结合遥感影像、野外调查和水沙数据,以冲积大河为研究对象,分析中国大河的河型分布及成因。中国大河的冲积河段以弯曲与辫状河型为主,局部河段为分汊与网状河型。综合考虑河型分布的一般性和特殊性,认为相对输沙率(来沙量与输沙能力之比)、相对河岸侵蚀切应力(近岸水流切应力与河岸临界抗冲切应力之比)和河谷地形控制(如节点和宽度)是决定河型成因的3个最主要的因素。     

基于文献计量的国际河流栖息地研究动态

河流栖息地是水域生态系统的重要组成部分,以Web of Science论文数据库为数据源,利用TDA等工具对2015-2017年国际河流栖息地研究进行文献计量分析。结果表明:该领域研究方向涉及环境科学与生态学、海洋与淡水生物学等多个学科;美国的发文量最高,中国居于第2位;"保护"、"河流"、"鱼类"和"气候变化"是热点关键词;当前河流栖息地研究动态集中于风险评估与生态修复、水生生物群落、外来生物入侵、栖息地的地貌变化等方面。     

Fish use of artificial dike structures in a navigable river

Artificial structures have been used to potentially increase fish production by providing cover, feeding and spawning areas. In some rivers, the United States Army Corps of Engineers has constructed dikes to provide additional habitat for river fishes and to mitigate for navigation impacts to young fishes. This study was designed to test whether such structures function as viable habitats as evidenced by increased abundances relative to reference areas lacking artificial dike structures. Dikes and reference sites in the Kanawha River, West Virginia were sampled 21 times between July 2002 and October 2003. We found a difference in taxonomic composition among fish using dikes relative to reference areas. Artificial dike structure use was most important among Centrarchidae species, especially juveniles, including black bass and several species of Lepomis. Further, distribution of fish between areas with and without dikes appears most affected by water temperature in 2002 and by short‐term river flow in 2003. These patterns suggest these artificial structures are viable mitigation measures that target and benefit fish of economic interest. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Habitat diversity and fish assemblage structure in local river widenings: A case study on a swiss river

We investigated habitat availability and fish assemblage structure in three local river widenings, completed 3–14 years ago, and five adjacent canalized reaches on the river Thur, a seventh‐order river in Switzerland. To account for seasonal variability, surveys were repeated in winter and summer 2005. Results were compared with historical pre‐disturbance data to evaluate whether the current abiotic and biotic conditions in the study reaches have attained historic near‐natural levels. Hydro‐physical habitat diversity (depth, flow velocity, cover availability) was considerably greater in the two longer widenings (>900 m length) than in the canalized reaches and in the shortest widening (300 m length), with higher proportions of shallow or deep areas of different flow velocities. However, the comparison of current and historical near‐natural shoreline lengths indicated that the current geomorphological complexity is still considerably impaired in all reaches. No overall significant relationship was found between the reach type (canalized or rehabilitated) and the number of species or the total fish abundance which were strongly correlated with the availability of suitable cover and moderate flow velocity. However, highest winter abundances were observed in deep, well‐structured backwaters of the rehabilitated reaches, documenting their significance as wintering habitats. Assemblage structure and composition were similar in canalized and rehabilitated reaches. Compared to the historical data, however, fewer and different dominant species were found, and guild composition changed towards a higher representation of generalists and tolerant species. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Floodplain forest dynamics: Half‐century floods enable pulses of geomorphic disturbance and cottonwood colonization along a prairie river

In dry ecoregions, trees are restricted to river valley floodplains where river water supplements the limited local precipitation. Around the Northern Hemisphere, cottonwoods, riparian poplars, are often predominant trees in floodplain forests and these ecological specialists require floods that create and saturate sand and gravel bars, enabling seedling recruitment. By pairing the interpretation of aerial photographs at approximately decade intervals with dendrochronology, we explored the coordination between river floods, geomorphic disturbance and colonization of plains cottonwoods (Populus deltoides) over eight meanders along the Red Deer River in the semi‐arid prairie of western Canada. This river has a relatively natural flow regime and minimal human alteration through the World Heritage Site of Dinosaur Provincial Park. We found that the 50‐year flood of 1954 increased channel migration and produced extensive accretion with downstream expansion of meander lobes and some channel infilling, which was followed by prolific cottonwood colonization. Those processes accompanied the major flood, while bank erosion and cottonwood losses were more gradual and continuous over the past half‐century. Results indicated even greater floodplain and woodland development after an earlier 100‐year flood in 1915. Each flood produced an arcuate band of mature cottonwoods and there were five to seven progressively older woodland bands across the floodplain, with each cottonwood age grouping increasing by about a half‐century. The 700 m wide floodplain was progressively reworked by the river through pulses of channel movement and floodplain and woodland development over approximately 250 years and correspondingly, the oldest cottonwoods were about 250 years old.     

三江源区生态与环境保护的监督管理对策

三江源区是我国生态与环境保护的关键地区，其生态与环境的变化直接关系到我国的生态安全。要建立三江源区生态与环境保护的长效机制,应确立有利于三江源生态与环境保护的发展模式，制定并实施切实有效的政策和法律，健全完善监督机制,提高三江源区生态与环境保护的科技支撑能力，加强公众对生态与环境保护的广泛参与。     

Channel response to sediment replenishment in a large gravel‐bed river: The case of the Saint‐Sauveur dam in the Buëch River (Southern Alps,France)

The Saint‐Sauveur dam was built in 1992 in the middle section of the Buëch River. Downstream of the dam, a channel incision by several meters was observed. A gravel replenishment operation was planned in order to restore the active channel. An equivalent of two times the mean annual bedload‐transport capacity (43,500 m³) was replenished downstream of the dam in September 2016. The aim of this paper is to quantify morphological change associated with sediment remobilization in order to evaluate the efficiency of the restoration works. The monitoring was based on a combination of (a) change detection using sequential high‐resolution digital elevation models (from airborne LiDAR data), (b) bedload tracing using active ultrahigh‐frequency radio‐frequency identification technology, and (c) complementary field surveys of channel grain‐size distribution and morphology for bedload‐transport computation. Field monitoring allows us to capture a net aggradation along a 2‐km reach after the first post‐replenishment flood. A sediment balance analysis was performed to back‐calculate bedload supply coming from the sluicing operation during the flood. Although the sediment replenishment operation clearly had a positive impact on the morphological conditions of the starved river reach, the effective bedload supply from artificial berms (22,650 m³) was insufficient to initiate substantial channel shifting along the restored reach and a subsequent amplification of the sediment recharge. The combination of high‐resolution topographic resurveys and sediment tracing was successful to evaluate the downstream propagation of sediment replenishment effects.     

Urbanization in a great plains river: Effects on fishes and food webs

Spatial variation of habitat and food web structure of the fish community was investigated at three reaches in the Kansas River, USA to determine if δ¹³C variability and δ¹⁵N values differ longitudinally and are related to urbanization and instream habitat. Fish and macroinvertebrates were collected at three river reaches in the Kansas River classified as the less urbanized reach (no urban in riparian zone; 40% grass islands and sand bars, braided channel), intermediate (14% riparian zone as urban; 22% grass islands and sand bars) and urbanized (59% of riparian zone as urban; 6% grass islands and sand bars, highly channelized) reaches in June 2006. The less urbanized reach had higher variability in δ¹³C than the intermediate and urbanized reaches, suggesting fish from these reaches utilized a variety of carbon sources. The δ¹⁵N also indicated that omnivorous and detritivorous fish species tended to consume prey at higher trophic levels in the less urbanized reach. Channelization and reduction of habitat related to urbanization may be linked to homogenization of instream habitat, which was related to river food webs. Published in 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of habitat restoration on the macroinvertebrate fauna in a foreland along the river waal,the main distributary in the Rhine delta

River engineering in the Rhine delta and water pollution have been major threats for the ecological functioning of the river in The Netherlands. To mitigate effects of river engineering, secondary channel construction in the forelands along the existing distributaries is considered to be an important measure for river restoration. These areas are the remnants of the former Rhine floodplain and the only area where habitat restoration is possible due to the river functions assigned. Secondary channel construction in the area called ‘Gamerensche Waarden’ was taken as an example to show effects of habitat restoration on the macroinvertebrate fauna. Totally 322 macroinvertebrate taxa were found during the monitoring period. During the first 3 years species richness in the area increased rapidly due to colonization processes in the channels following habitat development. After that period total number of taxa found in the channels stabilized at around 170. A clear positive relationship was demonstrated between habitat quality and species richness. Furthermore, the density of exotic species in the secondary channels was less than in the groyne fields of the main channel. The relatively low number of taxa in polluted habitats could be explained by the presence of the PCB 28 congener. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.