基于柔性轮对的轨道车辆动力学仿真分析

为研究柔性轮对对轨道车辆动力学性能的影响,应用ANSYS创建轮对实体有限元分析模型,并选用Guyan缩减法和Lanczos分块法对其进行子结构模态分析.联合SIMPACK创建柔性轮对车辆仿真模型,此模型的构架、车体等部件仍视作刚性体.与刚体车辆仿真模型对比分析出在中国高铁谱和美国六级谱激励作用下两模型的动力学性能的差异.分析结果表明:轮对采用柔性体的车辆非线性临界速度较全刚体车辆的非线性临界速度稍稍降低.在两激励线路下,轮对采用柔性体对车辆的平稳性和曲线通过性能也有一定程度的影响.     

柔性轮对结构振动对车辆动力学性能的影响

为研究轮对柔性对车辆动力学的影响,建立高速列车轮对的有限元模型,对轮对进行自由模态分析.通过模态综合法获取柔性轮对模态信息,应用多体系统动力学理论建立柔性轮对-刚性轨道接触力学模型;建立包含高速旋转柔性轮对的车辆-轨道耦合动力学模型,研究高速列车在直线和曲线通过时轮对结构振动对车辆动力学性能的影响.结果表明:轮对的结构振动对轮轨接触点位置、蠕滑率、蠕滑力和脱轨因数等均产生较明显的影响,但是对轮重减载率影响较小,因此应采用更加精确的柔性轮轨耦合模型研究轮轨相互作用、轮轨滚动接触疲劳和轮轨噪声等.     

Mechatronic developments for railway vehicles of the future

Railway vehicles have principally been designed by mechanical engineers since railways began in the early 1800s, i.e. before electronics and feedback control were invented. Today however they contain substantial amounts of electronic and computer control, in particular the traction systems, which have been converted entirely. However electronic control can also be applied to the vehicle suspension and guidance functions, which can provide large improvements in performance. More significantly, incorporation of sensors, controllers and actuators into the design process from the start can enable vehicle designers to take advantage of different mechanical configurations which are not possible with a purely mechanical approach—in other words the true spirit of mechatronics. The paper reviews the concepts, the current state-of-the-art and opportunities for mechatronic developments for railways for the future.     

Integrated design of feedback controllers and fault detectors

This paper addresses the integrated design of controllers and fault detectors embedded in the feedback control loops. The state of the art of the integrated design technique is first reviewed. The focus of the review study is on the comparison between different design schemes and on the evaluation of the diagnostic performance. The second part of this paper consists of a study on controller configurations, observer-based residual generation and residual signals embedded in the feedback control loops. Based on the observer and residual generator realization forms of the Youla controller parameterization, integrated design schemes for some practical control configurations are proposed and studied.     

分数阶PID扭矩控制在边驱耦合轻轨车辆的应用研究

边驱耦合独立轮对(Independently rotating wheelset,IRW)技术是100%低地板轻轨车(Low floor tram,LFT)的关键技术之一,边驱电机的扭矩控制策略直接影响轻轨车的动力学性能.本文基于5自由度独立轮对的轨行机理,搭建了考虑边驱传动系统的单节轻轨车动力学模型.应用了一种分数阶PID(Fractional order PID,FOPID)扭矩控制策略,优化了车辆的曲线通过性能.采用Riemann-Liouville(RL)分数阶微积分理论及Oustaloup滤波器数值逼近法构成FOPID控制器,通过寻优运算对FOPID参数进行整定,在Simulink平台下建立了整车的集成控制系统.通过扭矩控制器与整车动力学模型s函数联合仿真的方式,开展了100%低地板轻轨车辆的直线与曲线运行特性研究,并将计算结果与无控制的独立轮对模型、传统轮对模型进行了对比分析.研究结果表明,在直线运行下,FOPID控制下的轻轨车能够提高车辆的稳定性,受控轮对的抗轨道不平顺激扰能力较强.在大半径曲线下,无控制的独立轮对曲线通过性较差,而受分数阶PID控制的独立轮对能够表现出与传统轮对一样优异的曲线通过性能;在小半径曲线下,分数阶PID扭矩控制策略能够使轻轨车获得足够的导向力,曲线通过性能明显优于其他模型.     

Advances in the control of mechatronic suspension systems

The suspension system is a key element in motor vehicles. Advancements in electronics and micropro- cessor technology have led to the realization of mechatronic suspensions. Since its introduction in some production motorcars in the 1980s, it has remained an area which sees active research and development, and this will likely continue for many years to come. With the aim of identifying current trends and future focus areas, this paper presents a review on the state-of-the-art of mechatronic suspensions. First, some commonly used classifications of mechatronic suspensions are presented. This is followed by a discussion on some of the actuating mechanisms used to provide control action. A survey is then reported on the many types of control approaches, including look-ahead preview, predictive, fuzzy logic, proportional-integral-derivative （PID）, optimal, robust, adaptive, robust adaptive, and switching control. In conclusion, hydraulic actuators are most commonly used, but they impose high power requirements, limiting practical realizations of active suspensions. Electromagnetic actuators are seen to hold the promise of lower power requirements, and rigorous research and development should be conducted to make them commercially usable. Current focus on control methods that are robust to suspension parameter variations also seems to produce limited performance improvements, and future control approaches should be adaptive to the changeable driving conditions.     

Improving vehicle performance using adaptive control techniques

This paper reviews a collaborative research programme aimed at improving vehicle performance using adaptive control techniques. Initially the design of active suspension systems is considered, and the benefits of using a non-linear controller model with an adaptive control scheme are discussed. Adaptive schemes for active roll control are then considered, and the merits of incorporating a Smith predictor to accommodate for system delays are high-lighted. Preliminary research in adaptive cruise control and collision avoidance is discussed and plans for further developments are outlined. This work was presented, in part, at the Third International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, 19–21 January 1998     

长春轻轨3号线钢轨轨底坡对列车车轮磨耗的影响

摘要： 为探究小半径曲线钢轨轨底坡对车轮磨耗的影响规律,建立长春市轻轨3号线70%低地板轻轨列车车轮磨耗预测分析模型,包括独立旋转轮对的车辆 轨道耦合动力学计算模型、轮轨接触模型和Archard材料磨耗模型,并采用这些模型分析轻轨列车通过小半径曲线轨道时轨底坡对车轮磨耗的影响。分析结果表明：轻轨列车通过小半径曲线轨道时,动车轮对的磨耗程度比拖车轮对更严重,动车轮对总磨耗量为拖车轮对总磨耗量的159%;从轮对自身来看,内侧车轮的磨耗均比外侧车轮的磨耗严重,内侧车轮总磨耗量为外侧车轮总磨耗量的165%;钢轨轨底坡对车轮磨耗的影响显著,车轮踏面最大磨耗量出现位置随轨底坡变化的规律较为复杂,车轮轮缘磨耗量在轨底坡为1/20时最小。     

汽车行驶状态参数估计研究进展与展望

准确而实时地获得汽车的行驶状态参数信息是实现汽车主动安全控制的关键问题,也是车载故障诊断的重要技术之一.随着估计理论的发展,利用车辆上已装备的传感器获得汽车行驶状态信息,进行汽车行驶状态参数估计是近年来的研究热点.本文首先给出汽车系统中需要进行估计的状态参数的分类及现有估计方案;然后对现有的各种汽车行驶状态参数估计方法加以综述,并分析了各种方法在汽车行驶状态参数估计方面的优缺点;最后对汽车行驶状态参数估计的进一步研究提出几点展望.     

System for interactive scientific driving simulation with haptic information

An interactive wheeled vehicle simulator is described, consisting of a software application for simulating vehicle dynamics and presenting the results in virtual 3D environment, and a haptic interface. The latter consists of a hydraulically actuated active seat and an electrically activated active steering wheel. The system makes it possible to simulate wheeled vehicles of various configurations on arbitrary terrains. The design of the system is presented and the specific considerations are discussed. The system was experimentally verified by measurements on a real off-road vehicle. The kinematic values measured on the real vehicle and those, measured on the haptic interface were compared. The results are discussed and are generally found to correspond well, making the system usable for studying vehicle performance and training its operators.     

钢轨波磨对地铁车辆动力学响应的影响

建立地铁车辆-轨道耦合动力学模型,将钢轨视为弹性离散点支撑的无限长Timoshenko梁,将实测钢轨短波波磨不平顺数据作为不平顺激励.通过数值计算得到在科隆蛋扣件线路上不平顺发展过程中车辆动力学响应的变化情况.随着短波波磨不平顺幅值的增大,轮对和转向架的横、垂向加速度以及轮轨横、垂向力均呈增大趋势,且受不平顺程度的影响较大.结果表明钢轨波磨主要影响车辆系统的垂向振动.     

一种飞行器燃料温控系统设计与优化

高空长航时飞行器由于长时间处于低温使用环境中,飞行器的燃料及其供给系统需进行温度控制功能设计,以保障飞行器长时间正常运行,以免造成飞行器损坏;飞行器燃料所处的低温环境受到内外部多种热源影响,且与飞行器的飞行任务剖面密切相关,温度环境复杂且难以有效计算仿真;针对飞行器在复杂低温环境中对燃料进行温度控制功能的需求,以及飞行器对温控系统高可靠性要求、资源条件限制苛刻等限制条件,开展了温控系统设计和优化,并完成了硬件设计和系统仿真;由于地面试验和真实环境差异较大,单一地面试验很难模拟真实热环境,对系统优化设计造成困难,针对性开展热环境分析,系统方案设计、地面试验和飞行试验联合验证,优化系统方案,实现了一种高效可靠,且易于工程应用的燃料贮箱温控功能,取得了良好的工程应用效果,同时该优化设计方法具有一定的扩展性。     

Hybrid attitude control in steering maneuver using ARC Hil setup

This paper presents the design of an active roll controller for a vehicle and an experimental study using an electric actuating roll control system. Firstly, based on a three degrees of freedom linear vehicle model, the controller is designed using lateral acceleration and rollrate feedback. In order to investigate the feasibility of an active control system, experimental work is carried out using a hardware-in-the-loop (Hil) setup which has been constructed using the devised electric actuating system and the full vehicle model including tire characteristics. The performance is evaluated by an experiment using the Hil setup in which steering maneuvers are carried out. Finally, in order to enhance the control performance in a transient region, the hybrid control strategy is proposed and evaluated.     

Modelling and simulation for mechatronic design in automotive systems

This paper gives an overview of current industry based projects in the field of vehicle modelling and simulation for the mechatronic design of automotive systems. It shows the wide range of applications for analysis and synthesis during the development process, including vehicle systems, vehicle dynamics, occupant safety, adaptive cruise control, hardware-in-the-loop and fault tolerant real-time systems.     

On the mechatronic servo bandwidth of a stewart platform for active vibration isolating in a super antenna

As being independent of the magnitude of reference input signal, the conventional concept of servo bandwidth stemming from electronics fails to reflect the ability of the multiple degree-of-freedom (DOF) mechatronic system to perform vibration control. Considering the magnitude and frequency of reference input signal, a novel definition of mechatronic servo bandwidth of the Stewart platform-based active vibration isolator for a super antenna is proposed firstly. Then its mechatronic servo bandwidth is theoretically evaluated according to electrical and mechanical performances by using an optimization method. Experiments were conducted on the Stewart platform prototype, and the results validate the definition of and solution to the mechatronic servo bandwidth. From the application point of view, the mechatronic servo bandwidth can be employed to measure the manipulating rapidity of a multiple DOF mechatronic system and the range of vibrations that an isolator is able to overcome.     

Fuzzy logic based full-envelope autonomous flight control for an atmospheric re-entry spacecraft

An intelligent and autonomous flight control system for an atmospheric re-entry vehicle is investigated, based on fuzzy logic control and aerodynamic inversion computation. A common PD-Mamdani fuzzy logic controller is designed for all the five re-entry flight regions characterized by different actuator configurations. A linear transformation to the controller inputs is applied to tune the controller performance for different flight regions while using the same fuzzy rule base and inference engine. An autonomous actuator allocation algorithm is developed, based on the aerodynamic inversion computation, to cover all the five actuator configurations with the same fuzzy logic controller. Simulation results of tracking both a bench mark trajectory and a given nominal re-entry trajectory are presented to evaluate the control performance.     

Advanced model predictive control framework for autonomous intelligent mechatronic systems: A tutorial overview and perspectives

This paper presents a review on the development and application of model predictive control (MPC) for autonomous intelligent mechatronic systems (AIMS). Starting from the conceptual analysis of “mechatronics”, we analyze the characteristics and control system design requirements of AIMS. In order to fulfill the design requirements, we propose to develop a unified MPC framework for AIMS. The main MPC schemes, covering MPC basics, robust MPC, distributed MPC, Lyapunov-based MPC, event-based MPC, network-based MPC, switched MPC, fast MPC, are reviewed with an attempt to document some of the key achievements in the past decades. Furthermore, we provide the review and analysis of MPC applications to three types of mechatronic systems, including unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), autonomous marine vehicles (AMVs), and autonomous ground robots (AGRs). Some promising research directions and concluding remarks are presented.     

Trade-offs and performance limitations in mechatronic systems: a case study

In this paper, the central issue of performance limitations is addressed in the context of design and control of mechatronic systems. Limitations arising at the component and system levels are both discussed. Presentation is made through a case study on atomic force microscopes (AFMs). Results from modeling, analysis, simulations and experiments are used to motivate and demonstrate several trade-offs and performance limitations in AFM.     

Computer support for mechatronic control system design

This paper discusses the demands for proper tools for computer aided control system design of mechatronic systems and identifies a number of tasks in this design process. Real mechatronic design, involving input from specialists from varying disciplines, requires that the system can be represented in multiple views. Several tools are already available but there are still substantial shortcomings. The paper gives indications about the developments needed to come to better design tools in the future. A specific example is worked out in more detail, i.e., automated performance assessment of mechatronic motion systems during the conceptual design stage.     

轴箱内置与外置直线电机地铁车辆曲线通过性能对比

为比较轴箱内置与外置直线电机地铁车辆的曲线通过性能,建立直线电机地铁车辆-无砟轨道耦合动力学模型.模型将直线电机定子和转子考虑为Euler梁,将定子与转子之间的垂向电磁力作为气隙的函数,将轨道系统简化为梁-三维实体有限元模型.详细比较轴箱内置与外置直线电机车辆曲线通过时的轮对冲角、轮轨横向力、脱轨因数、运行平稳性和车轮磨耗指数.结果表明:在不同的曲线半径和行车速度以及车轮踏面周向存在非均匀磨耗的状态下,轴箱内置直线电机车辆的曲线通过性能均优于轴箱外置车辆;随着曲线半径增加,轴箱外置直线电机车辆动力学性能迅速减小,而轴箱内置式车辆缓慢减小.