单氟磷酸钠的阻锈试验研究

采用硬化砂浆法考察了氯离子浓度对钢筋锈蚀性能的影响,并分别对单氟磷酸钠单掺以及单氟磷酸钠与阻锈剂CIA和CIB的1种或2种复掺时的阻锈效果进行了研究.结果表明:未加阻锈剂时,当氯化钠浓度大于1.0%时,钢筋将发生锈蚀:单掺单氟磷酸钠时,阻锈效果随单氟磷酸钠的掺量(0.5%～1.5%)增加而增强,随氯化钠浓度的增大而减弱;阻锈剂复合掺加具有协同作用,即对钢筋的阻锈效果(单氟磷酸钠+CIA+CIB)＞(单氟磷酸钠+CIA)＞(单氟磷酸钠+CIB)＞单氟磷酸钠.     

Improving the durability of concrete by using inhibitors

Corrosion of steel in concrete is one of the major causes of premature deterioration of reinforced concrete structures, leading to structural failure. Various methods are being used to extend the service life of reinforced concrete structures, which include surface coatings to concrete surface, coatings to the reinforcement, cathodic protection, chloride removal and corrosion inhibitors. Of these methods, the use of corrosion inhibitors is found to be one of the effective methods to control rebar corrosion. An attempt has been made to study the performance of the anodic inhibitors (sodium nitrite and zinc oxide), cathodic inhibitors (mono ethanol amine, diethanol amine and tri ethanol amine) and mixed inhibitors to control rebar corrosion. Compressive strength test, tensile strength test, chloride diffusion test and macro cell corrosion test were conducted by varying the type of inhibitors and varying the concentration of inhibitors. The addition of inhibitors not only increased the compressive strength of the concrete but also improved the corrosion resistance properties.     

Electrochemical chloride removal in reinforced concrete structures: Improvement of effectiveness by simultaneous migration of calcium nitrite

Electrochemical Chloride Extraction (ECE) is becoming a common methodology for repairing reinforced structures. Also the application of corrosion inhibitors on the concrete surface for its penetration its getting more and more interesting as protective method against corrosion of reinforcements. In this sense, the migration of corrosion inhibitors can be promoted by the application of an electric field, enhancing in this way the transport of the inhibitor. In present work, the simultaneous application of both technologies is proposed. The migration of nitrite to the rebar is promoted during the application of an ECE treatment by modifying the classical configuration through the connection of an external cathode to the rebar. The electrochemical response of the rebar after the treatment has been evaluated by corrosion potential and polarization resistance measurements. The efficiency of the treatment was confirmed by the visual inspection of the rebar and the analysis of chloride and nitrite at the level of the rebar.     

海洋大气区氯离子在混凝土中的沉积与传输行为研究综述

海洋大气区氯离子对钢筋混凝土的侵蚀行为可分为两个阶段,首先,氯离子在风力作用下附着在混凝土表面,其次,从混凝土表面向混凝土内部侵蚀。基于海洋大气区氯离子对混凝土侵蚀的全过程,对已有研究进行归纳总结,阐述了各影响因素对沉积过程的影响规律。其中,海水含盐量、风速、暴露时间与混凝土氯离子沉积量呈正相关关系,距海岸距离与混凝土氯离子沉积量呈负相关关系;论述了各影响因素对传输过程的影响规律,水灰比越大、暴露时间越长、温度越高、内外湿度梯度越大、碳化越严重越容易形成对流区。目前,针对海洋大气区氯离子在混凝土中沉积和传输行为开展研究多基于单因素,多因素耦合作用下的沉积和传输行为尚需进一步研究。     

亚硝酸钙阻锈剂的应用研究综述

阐述了亚硝酸钙对新鲜和硬化混凝土性质的影响,分析了亚硝酸离子对混凝土主钢筋腐蚀的阻锈机理,并总结了亚硝酸离子在不同混凝土环境下的阻锈效果,为亚硝酸钙阻锈剂的工程应用提供了理论基础和技术支持.     

裂缝、表面防水处理对混凝土耐久性的影响

混凝土结构普遍存在着大量的裂缝,在恶劣的环境条件下,一些裂缝成为侵蚀性离子进入混凝土的便捷通道,降低了混凝土的耐久性.侵蚀性离子如氯离子的传输离不开水的作用,如果混凝土表面和裂缝面的部分或者全部是斥水的,则可有效阻止氯离子的侵入.有机硅防水剂作为一种新型的防水剂,能够在混凝土的表层形成一个隔离层,实现减少氯离子侵入的目的.试验中所用的防水剂为有机硅液态防水剂.结果表明,从0.1mm到0.4mm的裂缝宽度范围内,不管防水处理是在裂缝出现之前还是之后进行,沿裂缝的氯离子含量都有大幅度的下降;同样宽度裂缝条件下,在裂缝出现之后进行防水处理,沿裂缝氯离子含量比先进行防水处理小一些.     

掺防冻剂混凝土中亚硝酸盐的长期阻锈效果

含防冻剂混凝土加速钢筋腐蚀时确定了氯离子和亚硝酸根的迁移行为，并确定了混凝土中钢筋底部临界NO2^-／Cl^-摩尔比的变化。试验结果表明，含氯盐和亚硝酸盐防冻组分的混凝土由于泌水作用钢筋底部氯离子与亚硝酸根离子浓度较高，而NO2^-／Cl^-摩尔比随龄期变化不大，说明含氯盐混凝土中只要掺入足够NO2^-／Cl^-摩尔比的亚硝酸盐，可以保证亚硝酸盐的长期阻锈效果。     

Reaction of phenol with nitrite ion: pathways of formation of nitrophenols in environmental waters

When sodium nitrite is spiked into phenolic waters, 2-nitrophenol is produced immediately while 4-nitrophenol forms in minor yield after an induction period. The reaction occurs at ambient temperature under acidic, neutral and alkaline conditions. The reaction also occurs in the dark. The nature and yield of the products formed in the dark are analogous to that obtained under ordinary light. Results show that the formation of 2-nitrophenol is first order in nitrite, however, within a narrow range of concentrations. No such order of reaction could be determined for 4-nitrophenol, the yield of which increases in presence of excess nitrite ions and at high nitrite to phenol ratios. Results of this study indicate that NO(2)(-) is the active species in the reaction, attacking the phenol ring at the ortho position and at the same time undergoing a para-substitution in excess nitrite atmosphere. Neither any photo-induced oxidation nor any nitronium ion, NO(2)(+) formation is involved as active species in the nitration of phenol. Our study indicates that in environmental waters a simple contact of nitrite ion with phenolic wastewaters under ambient conditions may form mononitrophenols, which are toxic to aquatic species.     

Effectiveness of corrosion inhibitors in saturated calcium hydroxide solutions acidified by acid rain components

Aggressive air pollutants are known to attack concrete and threaten its integrity and decreasing the pH value. The compounds produced by the reaction of concrete hydration products with these aggressive agents cause the pH of concrete matrices to decrease, depassivating the surface of reinforcing steel and leading to the corrosion process. The effect of sodium nitrite and sodium molybdate as corrosion inhibitors was therefore analyzed in a saturated calcium hydroxide solution polluted with sulfuric and nitric acids (acid atmosphere). Both compounds exhibited significantly inhibitory effects, depending on the concentration. At low concentrations (0.013% total solution mass), sodium molybdate proved more efficient than sodium nitrite, but their inhibitory effect was found to be similar at high concentrations (0.040% total solution mass).     

自愈合对氯离子在开裂混凝土内侵蚀的影响

开裂及自愈合是混凝土不可避免的现象。对3种不同水灰比的预制多裂缝试件,进行40d和160 d在质量分数为6％的NaCl溶液中的完全浸泡试验,结果表明,裂缝面处出现了不同程度的自愈合,自愈合面积随水灰比减小而增大,随时间增长而逐渐增大,但增大的速度逐渐变小。相同深度处裂缝附近的自由氯离子质量分数随距裂缝距离的增大而减小,...     

海洋环境下混凝土的硫酸盐腐蚀机理

海水中存在的硫酸根离子传输至混凝土内部将导致其腐蚀破坏。针对矿粉掺量0～65%的C40引气混凝土进行海洋潮汐区、大气区和水下区腐蚀1～2a,测试其水溶和酸溶硫酸根离子浓度分布;分析水泥净浆中的腐蚀产物类型及含量。试验结果表明:海洋不同腐蚀区带混凝土中硫酸根离子传输量及传输深度排序为:潮汐区水下区大气区。混凝土中反应硫酸根离子与总硫酸根离子的关系服从线性函数分布,反应量占总硫酸根离子量的90%以上,反应的硫酸根离子量随腐蚀龄期增加而增加。海洋潮汐区和水下区生成的腐蚀产物量高于大气区,主要是钙矾石和石膏;海洋大气区暴露混凝土的腐蚀产物为钙矾石。对于P.I.52.5水泥制备的C40混凝土而言,掺加65%的矿粉有助于提升混凝土抗海洋硫酸根离子侵蚀能力。     

混凝土受氯盐侵蚀过程的实时监测技术

氯盐引起钢筋锈蚀是导致目前混凝土结构耐久性破坏的主要因素,提出一种通过埋入氯离子传感器对混凝土受氯盐侵蚀过程进行实时监测的新思路。论述两种埋入式氯离子传感器的基本原理,并着重分析电极型氯离子传感器的最新研究进展,提出目前存在问题及下一步研究方向。     

Chloride induced reinforcement corrosion in lightweight aggregate high-strength fly ash concrete

Reinforced lightweight aggregate high-strength concrete slabs that incorporated fly ash were exposed to 2% chloride solution for over 15 months. Chloride ion ingress, corrosion potentials, corrosion current density and electrical resistivity were determined. These slabs were compared with slabs from normal weight concrete of medium and high-strength. The results indicated that lightweight high-strength concrete slabs with fly ash in the concrete mixture showed the least amount of chloride concentration. Values of corrosion current density were very low and values of electrical resistivity were very high and indicative of extremely low corrosion current. The dense matrix of the lightweight high-strength concrete is believed to restrict continuous pores that may carry chloride ions. The effect of fly ash in lowering the chloride diffusivity further contributed to reduce harmful chloride ions. In addition, the porous sintered fly ash aggregates are believed to have acted as buffer reservoirs for the chloride laden solution and thus prevented the chloride ions from reaching the steel surface.     

有机硅凝胶防水剂在混凝土结构维护中的应用

混凝土结构中存在的裂缝为侵蚀性离子如氯离子进入混凝土的便捷通道,对混凝土进行表面防水处理,则可有效提高结构的耐久性。实验研究了在不同的裂缝宽度、不同的防水处理时机下,用有机硅凝胶防水剂进行防水处理的效果。结果表明,在0.1～0.4mm的裂缝宽度范围内,不管防水处理是在裂缝出现之前还是之后进行,与不进行防水处理相比,沿裂缝的氯离子含量都有大幅度的下降。     

氯盐侵蚀下预应力混凝土结构耐久性分析

介绍了氯盐侵蚀下影响预应力混凝土中氯离子扩散的各种因素,并参照试验结果,得出保护层厚度、氯离子扩散速度以及表面氯离子浓度是影响预应力混凝土结构耐久性的三个重要参数。运用可靠度理论,建立了氯盐侵蚀下预应力混凝土结构的耐久性分析模型,并提出了基于一定可靠度水准的耐久寿命预估方法。分析结果表明,保护层厚度对氯盐侵蚀下的预应力混凝土结构耐久性影响最大,另外两种因素次之。     

以醇胺类缓蚀剂为电解质的电化学再碱化修复效果研究

研究了醇胺类缓蚀剂辅助电化学再碱化修复碳化钢筋混凝土结构的可行性.采用电化学测试技术及化学分析方法研究了乙醇胺及二甲基乙醇胺缓蚀剂在混凝土中的迁移以及在含有2g/LNaCl+0.01mol/L NaOH的饱和氢氧化钙溶液模拟体系中的缓蚀效果.结果表明:在2A/m2恒电流密度形成的电场作用下,2种缓蚀剂通过30mm厚混凝土的速率明显高于未通电情况,即电场对醇胺类缓蚀剂的迁移扩散过程起到了促进作用.随着乙醇胺及二甲基乙醇胺浓度的增大,其缓蚀效果也逐步提高;相同浓度下二甲基乙醇胺表现出更优异的缓蚀效果,在浓度为0.04mol/L时其对Q235钢筋的缓蚀率达95.78%.二甲基乙醇胺的存在加快了电化学再碱化后钢筋腐蚀电位的正移,钢筋腐蚀电流密度更小,明显地改善了电化学再碱化的修复效果.     

A new method for differentiating adducts of common drinking water DBPs from higher molecular weight DBPs in electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry analysis

With the presence of bromide in source waters, numerous brominated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) are formed during chlorination. Many of them are polar/highly polar DBPs and thus hard to be detected by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Electrospray ionization triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) is reported to be an effective method in finding polar brominated DBPs by setting precursor ion scans of m/z 79 and 81. But as a soft ionization technique, ESI could form adducts of common DBPs, which may complicate ESI-MS/MS spectra and hinder the efforts in finding new brominated DBPs. In this paper, a new method was developed for differentiating adducts of common DBPs from higher molecular weight DBPs. This method was based on the ESI-MS/MS precursor ion scans of the fragments that correspond to the molecular ions of common DBPs. Adducts of common DBPs were selectively detected in the ESI-MS/MS spectra of a simulated drinking water sample. Moreover, the structures of several new brominated DBPs in the sample were tentatively proposed.     

Monitoring the strength development in concrete by EMI sensing technique

For any new nondestructive evaluation (NDE) technique, prior to full commercialization and real field application, rigorous studies are needed to address its practicality and reproducibility of the results under nominally the same conditions. Recently, the applicability of electro-mechanical impedance (EMI) sensing technique has been extended to monitoring of concrete curing and strength gain. Experimental investigations of this relatively new NDE technique for damage detection in structures have been successfully demonstrated by many researchers. The objective of the present study is to further develop the application of the EMI sensing technique for in situ monitoring of concrete using the low cost piezoceramic (PZT) patches. In this investigation, resonant frequencies of the surface bonded PZT patches were tracked using an impedance analyzer by sweeping the frequency within the range of 100–400 kHz. The experimental results verify the practicality of the EMI sensing technique for monitoring the strength development in concrete. Using an established empirical relationship, the relative strength gain of concrete can be predicted by monitoring the resonant frequency shift. The quantitative approach based on the statistics metrics such as RMSD, MAPD and CCD to compare the EMI spectra is also presented.     

The influence of surfactants on the adsorption of heavy metal ions by clays

The effect of a range of commercially available, water soluble surfactants on the uptake of Cu, Zn, Cd or Pb ions by three types of clay (kaolinite, illite and a montmorillonite) over the pH range 3–10 has been investigated. Charged surfactants influenced the phase distribution process when present at low concentrations (<0.005% w/v) but much higher levels of non-ionic species (> 0.1% w/v) were required to produce observable effects. The cationic surfactants reduced metal ion uptake by montmorillonite suspensions by competing for surface sites, but with illite and kaolinite the added organic cations had much smaller effects on the equilibrium position. The addition of anionic surfactants led to increased metal loss from solution, particularly in the presence of an alkyl benzene sulphonate. It is considered that the controlling process in this case was precipitation of sparingly soluble metal-surfactant species. The effect of the non-ionic organics (all ethoxylates) varied with the type of clay involved and the metal ion studied. The concentrations used were of the order required for micelle formation, and it is considered that the micelles became involved in the metal ion distribution process. With montmorillonite suspensions, the presence of surfactant reduced the amount of metal ion sorbed by the solid, but with kaolinite and illite evidence of a reduction in adsorption site availability was apparent in only a few of the systems examined. Of the remainder, many had no effect but twice this number caused some enhanced loss of metal ion from solution. Few of the added surface active agents significantly influenced the pH at which the metal ions precipitated as hydroxy species. The implication of the results on metal ion levels in natural waters has been considered.     

珊瑚骨料混凝土中钢筋的开始锈蚀模型

采用线性极化法和电化学交流阻抗谱法,分析了不同电压下珊瑚骨料混凝土中钢筋腐蚀电位和腐蚀电流的时变性;测试了珊瑚骨料混凝土和普通混凝土的电阻率和孔隙率,研究了2种混凝土的临界氯离子浓度.结果 表明:在相同电压下,珊瑚骨料混凝土腐蚀电位的稳定期和腐蚀电流的平稳期较普通混凝土短;珊瑚骨料混凝土的临界氯离子浓度小于普通混凝土.