面向对象数据库的查询转换成关系数据库的查询

文章基于从面向对象数据库(OODB)到关系数据库(RDB)的模式转换,提出了一种从面向对象数据库查询到关系数据库查询的转换算法。该算法主要针对关系数据库中不支持的,而面向对象数据库查询中特有的面向对象特征,诸如,类分层结构、类复合分层结构和集合属性,以及考虑由传统的关系运算来实现它们的语义的一般方法。这项研究的结果可以用于将关系数据库管理系统(RDBMS)升级为面向对象数据库管理系统(OODBMS),也可以用于面向对象数据库和关系数据库之间的互操作。     

从面向对象数据库模式到关系数据库模式的转换

本文提出了一种从面向对象数据库模式到关系数据库模式的映射及基于该映射的模式转换算法。以查询为例,说明了面向对象数据库中的特有语义仍能保留在转换后的关系模式中,而且从面向对象数据库到关系数据库的基于该模式转换中操纵运算的转换也是切实可行的。所得的模式转换结果可应用于面向对象数据库和关系数据库之间的互操作。     

Transforming RDB schema into well-structured OODB schema

When transforming relational database (RDB) schema into object-oriented database(OODB) schema, much effort was put on examining key and inclusion dependency (ID) constraints to identify class and establish inheritance and association between classes. However, in order to further remove the original data redundancy and update anomaly, multi-valued dependency (MVD) should also be examined. In this paper, we discuss class structures and define well-structured classes. Based on MVDs, a theorem is given transforming a relation schema into a well-structured class. To transform RDB schema into OODB schema, a composition process simplifying the input RDB schema and an algorithm transforming the simplified RDB schema into well-structured OODB classes are developed.     

On resolving schematic heterogeneity in multidatabase systems

The objective of a multidatabase system is to provide a single uniform interface to accessing multiple independent databases being managed by multiple independent, and possibly heterogeneous, database systems. One crucial element in the design of a multidatabase system is the design of a data definition language for specifying a schema that represents the integration of the schemas of multiple independent databases. The design of such a language in turn requires a comprehensive classification of the conflicts (i.e., discrepancies) among the schemas of the independent databases and development of techniques for resolving (i.e., homogenizing) all of the conflicts in the classification. An earlier paper provided a comprehensive classification of schematic conflicts that may arise when integrating multiple independent relational database (RDB) schemas into a single multidatabase (MDB) schema. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive classification of techniques for resolving the schematic conflicts that may arise when integrating multiple RDB schemas, or RDB schemas and object-oriented database (OODB) schemas, or multiple OODB schemas. The classification of conflict resolution techniques includes not only those necessary for resolving schematic conflicts identified in the earlier paper, but also additional conflicts that arise when OODBs become part of the databases to be integrated. Most of the conflict resolution techniques discussed in the paper have already been incorporated into SQL/M, a multidatabase language implemented in UniSQL/M, a commercially available multidatabase system from UniSQL, Inc. which integrated SQL-based relational database systems and the UniSQL/X unified relational and object-oriented database system.     

The study of indexing techniques on object oriented databases

An object-oriented database (OODB) has been becoming more important in recent years. It can deal with a large amount of complex objects and relationships that relational database (RDB) systems cannot handle well. However, the retrieval and update performance of an OODB depends on indexing techniques. In this paper, we study the indexing techniques on OODBs, based on an inheritance hierarchy and an aggregation hierarchy. Given the access probability and the size of each class, we propose a cost function to evaluate the gain of building an index on an inheritance hierarchy. For an aggregation hierarchy, we use a path-catenation technique to evaluate how to build index files on classes. Through some experiments, we found our methods have better retrieval performance than most ones proposed before.     

面向对象数据库中查询处理技术的研究

在面向对象数据库（OODB）中，查询处理是其中重要的部分。在联系关系数据库（RDB）查询处理的基础上，综合考虑了数据模型，查询模型和查询处理等因素，提出了一种全新的面向对象数据库系统（OODBS）查询策略，运用关系数据库系统（RDBS）实现技术可以有效地解决OODB领域的许多问题，使得OODB无论从语义上还是效率上都有可能成为最有前途的数据库系统。     

分布式面向对象数据库语言OSQL的设计

本文以面向对象的数据模型为理论依据，介绍了数据库语言ＯＳＱＬ的设计思想，该语言既保留了ＳＱＬ原有的特性，又能支持面向对象，对象分布、对象主动行为及多媒体复杂信息的管理，是一个成功的分布式面向对象数据库语言。     

面向对象数据库到关系数据库运算的转换

本文描述了关于从面向对象数据库到关系数据库的运算转换，并讨论了数据描述语言和数据操纵语言运算的转换映射及其算法。这些运算包括模式定义、数据插入、数据查询、数据修改、数据删除。给出了用传统的关系运算来实现它们的语义的一般意义下的解决方案。     

关系数据库与面向对象数据库的集成

本文从ＲＤＢ（ｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎａｌｄａｔａｂａｓｅ）的缺欠、ＯＯＤＢ（ｏｂｊｅｃｔｏｒｉｅｎｔｅｄｄａｔａｂａｓｅ）的不足和新的数据库应用需求３个方面指出了统一关系范型和ＯＯ范型、集成ＲＤＢ与ＯＯＤＢ的趋势，讨论了集成ＲＤＢ与ＯＯＤＢ的３种途径，最后介绍了一个集成关系与对象模型的多媒体数据库系统ＴＨＣＩＭＨＹＰＥＲ的总体设计.     

Translating update operations from relational to object-oriented databases

In migrating a legacy relational database system to the object-oriented (OO) platform, when database migration completes, application modules are to be migrated, where embedded relational database operations are mapped into their OO correspondents. In this paper we study mapping relational update operations to their OO equivalents, which include UPDATE¹, INSERT and DELETE operations. Relational update operation translation from relational to OO faces the touchy problem of transformation from a value-based relationship model to a reference-based model and maintaining the relational integrity constraints. Moreover, with a relational database where inheritance is expressed as attribute value subset relationship, changing of some attribute values may lead to the change of the position of an object in the class inheritance hierarchy, which we call object migration. Considering all these aspects, algorithms are given mapping relational UPDATE, INSERT and DELETE operations to their OO correspondents. Our work emphasize in examining the differences in the representation of the source schema's semantics resulting from the translation process, as well as differences in the inherent semantics of the two models.     

SQL语言的面向对象功能的扩展

本文首先介绍了数据库语言ＯＳＱＬ的设计思想。以面向对象的数据模型为理论依据，在标准关系数据库语言ＳＱＬ的基础上扩充了面向对象功能，设计出了一个全新的面向对象数据库语言ＯＳＱＬ。该语言既保留了ＳＱＬ原有的特性，又能支持面向对象、对象分布、对象主动行为及多媒体复杂信息的管理，是一个成功的分布式面向对象数据库语言。     

面向对象数据库中对象存储的一种方法

给出了底层是面向关系数据库的面向对象数据库中对象的一种存储方法，适用于在面向对象的语言中嵌入关系数据库的面向对象数据库。本存储方法比纯面向对象数据库中对象的存储简单许多。     

Extending the ODMG standard with views

Views are an important functionality provided by the relational database systems. However, commercial object-oriented database systems do not support a view mechanism because defining the semantics of views in the context of an object-oriented model is more difficult than in the relational model. Indeed, views are not included in the ODMG standard. In this paper, we present a proposal aimed at including views in the ODMG, by extending the object model and the object definition language (ODL). We consider object-oriented views as having the same functionality as relational views. Views are included in the object model in such a way that (i) views make a new kind of data type definition, just as are classes, interfaces and literals, (ii) an IS-VIEW relationship is introduced in order to specify the derivation of a view from its base class, and (iii) a view instance preserves the identity of its base instance. A view can import attributes, relationships and operations from its base class, and it can also add new operations, derived attributes and derived relationships. The extent of the view is defined by an object query language (OQL) predicate. We also describe a C++ binding showing the practicability of the proposed model.     

An interface between object-oriented databases and relational databases

Currently relational databases are widely used, while object-oriented databases are emerging as a new generation of database technology. This paper presents a methodology to provide effective sharing of information in object-oriented databases and relational databases. The object-oriented data model is selected as a common data model to build an integrated view of the diverse databases. An object-oriented query language is used as a standard query language. A method is developed to transform a relational data definition to an equivalent object-oriented data definition and to integrate local data definitions. Two distributed query processing methods are derived. One is for general queries and the other for a special class of restricted queries. Using the methods developed, it is possible to access distributed object-oriented databases and relational databases such that the locations and the structural differences of the databases are transparent to users.     

地理信息系统与数据库结合研究

鉴于地理信息系统需要对外提供灵活高效的地理信息访问途径,因此采用数据库管理地理信息是发展趋势,目前存在关系型,对象-关系型,面向对象型3类数据库产品,在讨论它们与地理信息系统结合可行性的基础上,重点介绍了纯关系模型,空间扩展模型,包装模型3种结合方案,还通过对这3种方案实现原理的分析及其优缺点的比较,指出了各方面的应用前景,并由此归纳出,在GIS与数据库结合中需要注意的问题及解决这些问题的关键技术。     

An evaluation of vertical class partitioning for query processing in object-oriented databases

Vertical partitioning is a design technique for reducing the number of disk accesses to execute a given set of queries by minimizing the number of irrelevant instance variables accessed. This is accomplished by grouping the frequently accessed instance variables as vertical class fragments. The complexity of object-oriented database models due to subclass hierarchy and class composition hierarchy complicates the definition and representation of vertical partitioning of the classes, which makes the problem of vertical partitioning in OODBs very challenging. In this paper, we develop a comprehensive analytical cost model for processing of queries on vertically partitioned OODB classes. A set of analytical evaluation results is presented to show the effect of vertical partitioning, and to study the trade-off between the projection ratio versus selectivity factor vis-a-vis sequential versus index access. Furthermore, an empirical experimental prototype supporting vertical class partitioning has been implemented on a commercial OODB tool kit to validate our analytical cost model.     

Integration of object-oriented programming languages and database systems in KOPERNIK

KOPERNIK is an object-oriented database system, that allows uniform specification of database requests and application programs. The user interface is based on Smalltalk, and the object-oriented data model is represented in terms of classes and messages. Techniques are discussed for implementing such a model on top of an underlying relational database system. Those parts of application programs that cannot be translated into a relational language are handled by a Smalltalk processor. The semantics of the database requests is defined in terms of a meta-model and meta-messages, using an object-oriented approach. Hence we derive rules for translation of database requests into SQL queries over a binary relational view, introduced as an intermediate level between the underlying database and our conceptual view.     

An Object-Oriented Transaction Model

In object-oriented database systems(OOBSs),the traditional transaction models are no longer suitable because of the difference between the object-oriented data model(OODM)and the conventional data models(e.g.relational data model).In this paper,transction models for advanced database applications are reviewed and their shortcomings are analyzed.Exchangeability of operations is proposed instead of commuativity and recoverability for using more semantics in transaction management.As a result,an object-oriented transaction model(in short,OOTM)is presented.It is not modeled for some special application,but directly based on object-oriented paradigms.A transaction is regarded as an interpretation of a metho.Each transaction(even subtransactions)keeps relative ACID(Atomicity,Consistency,Isolation,Durability)properties,therefore the special problems appearing in OOBSs such as“long transactions”,“visibility of inconsistent database state”can be solved.     

电磁环境效应验证测量系统中数据库的设计与实现

鉴于在仿真测试过程中,数据量大,数据种类众多,数据结构复杂等特点,利用数据库管理系统中大量复杂的数据,有利于系统扩展以及模块化设计;着重介绍了电磁环境效应验证测量系统中数据库的设计思路和实现方法,引入面向对象的设计方法设计数据库解决了验证测量系统中数据库不易设计的问题;详细讨论了如何将概念模璎表示的、独立于DBMS的验证测量系统所对应的面向对象数据模式转换成关系数据库所基于的关系数据模式,解决了系统中复杂数据结构不易设计和持久化的问题,对同类系统中数据库的设计和实现有一定的指导意义.     

构建面向对象时态数据模型的研究

本文通过对现存关系数据库和面向对象数据库的比较分析，总结其优点与不足，并在结合了二者优点的UniSQL/X模型基地上，对该模型进行时态上的扩展，使它能够记录和处理时态信息。在查询代数中，引入了一 些特殊的时态操作，通过聚集、概括和时间参考三种关联对对象进行访问，而且此代数同时反映了时态关系代数和对象代数的特点。