Simulation of three-dimensional fatigue crack propagation using enriched finite elements

A three-dimensional methodology for simulation of fatigue crack propagation is presented. The method is leveraged by the use of enriched crack tip elements to compute the mixed-mode stress intensity factors. The crack growth model used and the crack propagation life calculation are also described. As examples, fatigue crack propagation of a mode-I surface crack and crack advancements of mixed-mode surface cracks are simulated. The predicted results showed excellent agreement with experimental data from the literature. Thus, it is concluded that the crack propagation method developed allows efficient and accurate simulation of three-dimensional fatigue crack propagation problems.     

基于近场动力学方法的水力压裂过程数值模拟

利用近场动力学方法便于处理多裂纹萌生、扩展和分叉的优点,将其应用于页岩水力压裂过程的数值模拟.结合页岩水力压裂机理提出在近场动力学中由破坏度跟踪裂纹扩展路径,并通过在新生成裂纹面法线方向施加水压载荷的裂纹追踪方法,成功模拟单射孔横剖面开裂水压实验以及单射孔和多射孔水平井纵剖面的水力压裂过程,得到压裂导致的裂纹缝网结构.数值结果还表明初始射孔裂纹会显著影响后续的水力压裂过程.     

The application of moving finite elements for the study of crack propagation in linear elastic solids

Mode I crack propagation in linear elastic solids is studied by a convecting finite element mesh. The finite element formulation is briefly described. Two different approaches for the determination of the stress intensity factor K₁ have been investigated, one using the COD relation to K₁ and one using the dynamic G-integral. Different test problems, including stationary cracks, steady-state crack propagation and transient crack propagation, have been thoroughly examined.     

Numerical study of dynamic processes in a continuous medium with a crack initiated by a near-surface disturbance by means of the grid-characteristic method

The purpose of this work is to study the problem of the near-surface disturbance propagation in a massive rock containing various heterogeneities, i.e., empty or filled cracks. Numerical solutions have been obtained for problems of wave propagation in such highly heterogeneous media, including those taking into account the plastic properties of the rock that can be manifested in the vicinity of a seismic gap or a well bore. All kinds of elastic and elastoplastic waves are analyzed resulting from the propagation of the initial disturbance and the waves arising from the reflection from the cracks and from the boundaries of the integration domain. An investigation was carried out of wave identification by means of seismograms obtained at the receiver located near the ground surface. In this study, the grid-characteristic method is employed using computational grids with triangular meshes and boundary conditions formulated at the interface between the rock and the crack, and on free surfaces in an explicit form. The proposed numerical method is extremely general and is suitable for investigations of the processes of seismic waves’ interaction with heterogeneous inclusions because it ensures the construction of the most correct computational algorithms at the boundaries of the integration domain and at the medium’s interface.     

Adaptive marching cubes

The marching cubes algorithm (MC) is a powerful technique for surface rendering that can produce very high-quality images. However, it is not suitable for interactive manipulation of the 3D surfaces constructed from high-resolution volume datasets in terms of both space and time. In this paper, we present an adaptive version of MC called adaptive marching cubes (AMC). It significantly reduces the number of triangles representing the surface by adapting the size of the triangles to the shape of the surface. This improves the performance of the manipulation of the 3D surfaces. A typical example with the volume dataset of size 256×256×113 shows that the number of triangles is reduced by 55%. The quality of images produced by AMC is similar to that of MC. One of the fundamental problems encountered with adaptive algorithms is thecrack problem. Cracks may be created between two neighboring cubes processed with different levels of subdivision. We solve the crack problem by patching the cracks using polygons of the smae shape as those of the cracks. We propose a simple, but complete, method by first abstracting 22 basic configurations of arbitrarily sized cracks and then reducing the handling of these configurations to a simple rule. It requires onlyO(n ²) working memory for an×n×n volume data set.     

Numerical study of the anisotropy of wave responses from a fractured reservoir using the grid-characteristic method

This work is aimed at studying the problem of subsurface disturbance propagation in a massive rock containing various inhomogeneities: empty or filled cracks. Numerical solutions to the problems of wave propagation in such substantially inhomogeneous media have been obtained. The dependence that the parameters of the response from a fractured reservoir have on the problem parameters is studied. The latter parameters are the density of the crack location, the fractured reservoir extent, amount of cracks, the initial disturbance location, crack inclination, and disturbance frequency. The concept of response anisotropy is introduced and the dependence that the anisotropy has on the abovementioned parameters is studied.     

A hybrid finite element-scaled boundary finite element method for crack propagation modelling

This study develops a novel hybrid method that combines the finite element method (FEM) and the scaled boundary finite element method (SBFEM) for crack propagation modelling in brittle and quasi-brittle materials. A very simple yet flexible local remeshing procedure, solely based on the FE mesh, is used to accommodate crack propagation. The crack-tip FE mesh is then replaced by a SBFEM rosette. This enables direct extraction of accurate stress intensity factors (SIFs) from the semi-analytical displacement or stress solutions of the SBFEM, which are then used to evaluate the crack propagation criterion. The fracture process zones are modelled using nonlinear cohesive interface elements that are automatically inserted into the FE mesh as the cracks propagate. Both the FEM’s flexibility in remeshing multiple cracks and the SBFEM’s high accuracy in calculating SIFs are exploited. The efficiency of the hybrid method in calculating SIFs is first demonstrated in two problems with stationary cracks. Nonlinear cohesive crack propagation in three notched concrete beams is then modelled. The results compare well with experimental and numerical results available in the literature.     

正交异性钢桥肋-桥面板焊缝裂纹的三维断裂力学分析

正交异性钢桥的肋-桥面板焊缝处的疲劳裂纹是典型的三维裂纹问题,但是现在普遍采用平面应变二维裂纹模型对其进行断裂力学分析.基于Schwartz-Neuman交替法建立正交异性钢桥肋-桥面板焊缝裂纹的局部三维断裂力学分析模型;评估焊缝处表面裂纹的形状和深度对应力强度因子的影响;采用Paris公式估算等应力幅下焊缝的疲劳寿命.计算结果表明:用平面应变二维裂纹模型进行正交异性钢桥的肋-面板焊缝的断裂力学分析会严重低估其疲劳寿命;采用三维断裂力学模型进行肋-桥面板焊缝裂纹的疲劳寿命分析十分必要.     

Meshless Animation of Fracturing Solids

We present a new meshless animation framework for elastic and plastic materials that fracture. Central to our method is a highly dynamic surface and volume sampling method that supports arbitrary crack initiation, propagation, and termination, while avoiding many of the stability problems of traditional mesh-based techniques. We explicitly model advancing crack fronts and associated fracture surfaces embedded in the simulation volume. When cutting through the material, crack fronts directly affect the coupling between simulation nodes, requiring a dynamic adaptation of the nodal shape functions. We show how local visibility tests and dynamic caching lead to an efficient implementation of these effects based on point collocation. Complex fracture patterns of interacting and branching cracks are handled using a small set of topological operations for splitting, merging, and terminating crack fronts. This allows continuous propagation of cracks with highly detailed fracture surfaces, independent of the spatial resolution of the simulation nodes, and provides effective mechanisms for controlling fracture paths. We demonstrate our method for a wide range of materials, from stiff elastic to highly plastic objects that exhibit brittle and/or ductile fracture.     

基于图像三维地形模型的路面裂缝自动检测

针对现有裂缝检测算法的不足,提出一种新的路面裂缝自动检测算法。将二维平面图像映射到三维空间曲面,使得在二维平面中难以描述的裂缝信息在三维曲面中能通过一条狭长的“山谷”来准确地描述。通过分析三维曲面中“山谷”的曲率特征,采用基于微分几何的空间检测算子准确提取曲面中的“山谷”,并映射到二维图像平面中作为裂缝点,成功检测到绝大部分裂缝信息。     

Numerical Simulation of Fracking in Shale Rocks: Current State and Future Approaches

Extracting gas from shale rocks is one of the current engineering challenges but offers the prospect of cheap gas. Part of the development of an effective engineering solution for shale gas extraction in the future will be the availability of reliable and efficient methods of modelling the development of a fracture system, and the use of these models to guide operators in locating, drilling and pressurising wells. Numerous research papers have been dedicated to this problem, but the information is still incomplete, since a number of simplifications have been adopted such as the assumption of shale as an isotropic material. Recent works on shale characterisation have proved this assumption to be wrong. The anisotropy of shale depends significantly on the scale at which the problem is tackled (nano, micro or macroscale), suggesting that a multiscale model would be appropriate. Moreover, propagation of hydraulic fractures in such a complex medium can be difficult to model with current numerical discretisation methods. The crack propagation may not be unique, and crack branching can occur during the fracture extension. A number of natural fractures could exist in a shale deposit, so we are dealing with several cracks propagating at once over a considerable range of length scales. For all these reasons, the modelling of the fracking problem deserves considerable attention. The objective of this work is to present an overview of the hydraulic fracture of shale, introducing the most recent investigations concerning the anisotropy of shale rocks, then presenting some of the possible numerical methods that could be used to model the real fracking problem.     

基于HHT的液压管路裂纹故障诊断方法研究

将HHT方法应用于液压管路裂纹的故障诊断,提出基于HHT的液压管路裂纹故障诊断方法,并以正常液压管路和有裂纹液压管路为例进行实验验证。首先进行EMD（经验模态分解法）振动信号分解。将EMD和HHT方法引入航空发动机液压管路裂纹的振动信号分析,某发动机液压管路的裂纹振动信号的分析结果表明,该方法能够克服傅里叶谱无法同时获得时域和频域信息的缺陷。同时边际谱能够比较真实客观地反映有裂纹液压管路的频率和幅值分布情况。此外由边际频谱图中可知,无裂纹液压管路、有裂纹液压管路振动信号的频率能量分别集中于25 Hz,有裂纹的整体系统刚度大于无裂纹的。据此,有裂纹的管路,其振动加大的现象得以由HHT方法明显呈现。     

基于水动力学、分数阶微分及Steger算法的线状目标提取

目的 线状目标的检测具有非常广泛的应用领域,如车道线、道路及裂缝的检测等,而裂缝是其中最难检测的线状目标。为避免直接提取线状目标时图像分割难的问题,以裂缝和车道线为例,提出了一种新的跟踪线状目标中线的算法。方法 对图像进行高斯平滑,用一种新的分数阶微分模板增强图像中的模糊及微细线状目标;基于Steger算法提出一种提取线状目标中心线特征点的算法,避免了提取整体目标的困难;根据水动力学思想将裂隙看成溪流,通过最大熵阈值处理后,先进行特征点的连接,再基于线段之间的距离及夹角进行线段之间的连接（溪流之间的融合）。结果 对300幅裂缝图像及4种类别的其他线状目标图像进行试验,并与距离变换、最大熵阈值法+细线化Otsu阈值分割+细线化、谷底边界检测等类似算法进行比较分析,本文算法检测出的线状目标的连续性好、漏检（大间隙少）和误检（毛刺及多余线段少）率均较低。结论 本文算法能够在复杂的线状目标图像中准确快速地提取目标的中心线,一定程度上改善了复杂线状目标图像分割难的问题。     

Three-dimensional J-integral calculations of part-through surface crack problems

In the field of nonlinear fracture mechanics, the J-integral is well known to play a significant role in predicting crack propagation and fracture strength. In this paper, we develop the three dimensional form of the J-integral using Eshelby's energy momentum tensor on any closed surface surrounding a crack front. Twenty-node isoparametric hexahedra elements in ADINA are used to calculate stress and strain distributions and Gaussian surface integration is used to evaluate J-integral values. Using the above method, we calculate the stress intensity factors for part-through surface cracks and verify the accuracy of these results.     

一种基于改进渗流模型的混凝土表面裂缝快速检测算法

由于混凝土表面不平整、光照不均、裂缝背景较为复杂等因素的干扰,传统的基于图像处理的裂缝检测方法对裂缝检测的效果不佳,尤其是不清晰和比较细小的裂缝。基于渗流模型的裂缝检测方法充分考虑了裂缝亮度低、形状较为细长的特点,对裂缝的检测效果很好,尤其是图像中的细小裂缝,但是该方法需要大量的处理时间。为了解决上述问题,提出了一种加速渗流处理的算法,该算法通过暗点预提取来减少渗流时需要处理的像素点个数,以此来减少渗流处理时间。实验结果表明,所提算法能明显加快渗流处理的速度,并且精确率基本保持不变。     

Stable and realistic crack pattern generation using a cracking node method

This paper presents a method for simulating surface crack patterns appearing in ceramic glaze, glass, wood and mud. It uses a physically and heuristically combined method to model this type of crack pattern. A stress field is defined heuristically over the triangle mesh of an object. Then, a first-order quasi-static cracking node method (CNM) is used to model deformation. A novel combined stress and energy combined crack criterion is employed to address crack initiation and propagation separately according to physics. Meanwhile, a highest-stress-first rule is applied in crack initiation, and a breadth-first rule is applied in crack propagation. Finally, a local stress relaxation step is employed to evolve the stress field and avoid shattering artifacts. Other related issues are also discussed, such as the elimination of quadrature sub-cells, the prevention of parallel cracks and spurious crack procession. Using this method, a variety of crack patterns observed in the real world can be reproduced by changing a set of parameters. Consequently, our method is robust because the computational mesh is independent of dynamic cracks and has no sliver elements. We evaluate the realism of our results by comparing them with photographs of real-world examples. Further, we demonstrate the controllability of our method by varying different parameters.     

基于空间聚集特征的沥青路面裂缝检测方法

沥青路面裂缝自动检测是制约公路养护科学决策的最主要瓶颈.针对现有裂缝检测算法在大规模应用特别是广地域、多路况等复杂环境下算法稳定性、可靠性及实时性等方面存在严重不足问题.本文在观察大量实际工程路面图像基础上, 对路面裂缝特征进行全新定义, 提出了一种基于空间聚集特征的沥青路面裂缝检测方法, 参考裂缝的空间分布、灰度、几何等特征, 以子块图像为处理单元, 采用逐步求精的策略对子块图像进行分割, 快速定位空间聚集区域, 再对聚集区域进行评估得到信度高的裂缝候选区域; 最后以裂缝候选区域为种子区域, 在准确估算裂缝发展趋势的基础上, 结合裂缝片段聚集及相似性等特性, 去除噪声同时合并连接断裂的裂缝, 实现了裂缝区域较为完整的检测.通过测试多路况、多采集环境下近万样本, 并采用不同的方法对测试结果进行评估, 结果显示, 算法对不同类型路面图像中具有不同特征的裂缝区域均具有良好的检测性能, 裂缝定位准确性达到95%以上, 裂缝区域检测的完整性达到90%以上.     

圆柱形部件表面疲劳裂纹扩展仿真及分析

给出了一种利用有限元技术模拟周期性张力载荷作用下圆柱形部件内裂纹扩展过程的方法。首先利用一系列点定义裂纹前沿，据此形成包含奇异单元的二维有限元网格，再扩展为三维网格，然后利用有限元法进行应力应变分析，最后使用Paris定律计算局部扩展增量，以此来更新裂纹的形状和尺寸。该方法还能够自动地重复执行扩展仿真。文中还对具有不同半径比的椭圆形和具有不规则形状的初始裂纹的扩展过程进行了仿真和分析比较，以此来取得裂纹在扩展过程中的形状变化特征。