基于PC测量仪器的风电机组电能质量测试系统

风电机组的电能质量测试不同于传统负荷的电能质量测试,需要排除电网特性和其他负荷的影响,并考虑不同风速对测试结果的影响．目前常规的电能质量测试仪器无法完成测试。风电机组电能质量测试系统选择高性能的PC测量仪器作为硬件采集平台．通过搭建虚拟电网排除电网结构及其他负荷产生的影响,采用适合风电机组的数字化闪变仪算法实现了风电机组的电能质量测试。测试系统通过对典型风电机组实际测试,证明测试系统完全能够满足风电机组电能质量测试标准IEC61400—21的要求。     

双馈风电机组电能质量特性联合仿真建模分析

建立双馈风电机组（DFIG）联合仿真精细化模型——GH Bladed-Matlab模型。在GH Bladed中搭建机组主要机械部件模型,在Matlab中搭建机组的主要电气部件。选取2.2 MW的双馈风电机组搭建模型,根据现场测试数据修正GH Bladed-Matlab模型,使仿真得到的机组闪变外特性、谐波外特性、功率控制外特性与其现场测试波形外特性基本保持一致,确保研究得到的联合仿真模型高精确性。所建立的模型在针对机组电能质量特性因素定性研究的基础上,结合数据进行定量分析,为同系列机组电能质量特性优化提供参考。     

双馈风电机组并网运行的电能质量分析及改进

应用DIGSILENT软件,建立了双馈异步风力发电机组(DFIG)的并网模型,在三相电压不平衡工况下对其进行了理论分析仿真,在这种非正常工况下双馈异步风力发电机组的定子端会产生很大的负序分量。在此基础上应用静止无功功率补偿装置(SVC)对公共连接点(PCC)处进行不平衡控制补偿。仿真结果表明:应用SVC进行不平衡控制补偿,可以消除双馈异步风力发电机组PCC处电气量的不平衡度,提高了PCC处的电能质量。     

风电机组并网过程对电网的影响

论述了风电机组并网过程对电网电压造成的影响,对变速恒频风电机组和定桨失速风电机组的并网特性做了分析,提出在弱电网条件下在风电场安装静止无功补偿器的必要性。     

失速型风电机组软并网控制新算法

在介绍软并网控制系统的基础上,针对失速型风电机组的特点提出了一种简单、可靠的数字触发新算法--双余算法.该算法计算简便,具有较快的响应时间、良好的适应性和抗干扰能力,占用系统资源少,便于现场调试.以此算法为基础设计的软并网控制系统,应用在新疆达坂城风电场F3号等机组上,收到了非常满意的效果.该软系统对提高风力发电机运行的可靠性和并网成功率,减轻风力发电机并网冲击电流有很大的作用.     

基于模糊综合评判的风电并网系统电能质量研究

随着大规模风电并网和用户对电能质量要求的提高,现有评估方法并不能很好地应用于风电并网系统。文章首先提出一种基于模糊综合评判的风电并网系统电能质量评估方法,该方法在分析风力发电并网运行特点及风电并网后引起的电能质量问题的基础上,提出风电并网系统电能质量的评价指标;然后使用层次分析法和熵权法组合求取综合权重,使用模糊综合评判对风电并网系统电能质量进行量化评估;最后对所提的评价方法进行实例验证。结果表明,该方法合理有效,对提升风电并网系统电能质量具有一定指导意义和参考价值。     

电能质量的谐波测量与分析

通过工厂用电的具体案例分析了电能谐波的产生及其危害，介绍了电能谐波的实用测量方法；并对抑制谐波的有效方法进行了探讨。     

电力系统电能质量分析与谐波治理

电能质量及其各项指标对于电网的正常运行至关重要,尤其是各种非线性负荷带来的谐波污染日益增加。针对谐波治理提出了最新的技术方案,以达到提高电能质量,解决谐波污染的目的。     

异步风电机组软并网控制系统研究

建立了软并网最优控制数学模型,将一种基于神经网络的动态规划控制技术--自适应评价控制应用于软并网控制系统的设计,并对软并网过渡过程进行仿真,结果表明这种软并网控制系统能够将软并网冲击电流限定在电机额定电流以内,满足软并网控制系统的性能要求.     

独立微网风电机组谐波特性多目标优化分析

针对分布式永磁风电机组在独立微网中的谐波恶化问题,文章对不同匹配方式的风电机组开展谐波测试。选择电流谐波畸变率(THDi)和电压谐波畸变率(THDu)综合评价独立微网谐波,采用博弈策略改进多目标优化,提出基于权重分析法的微网谐波评价方案。结果表明:选择合适的机组类型以及调节机组叶尖速比可有效降低微网谐波;基于权重分析法赋予各评价指标权重系数,借助多目标优化法求解微网中发电侧谐波极小分布区域。提出微网谐波评价的精确分析和可行性评价方法,为优化独立微网电能质量奠定基础。     

风特性对风力发电机组输出功率的影响

为了准确研究不同类型的风速对并网风电机组输出功率的影响,建立了并网风力发电机模型和不同类型风速的模型。在不同类型风速的扰动下,对异步风电机输出功率的波动进行了仿真分析;针对引起功率振荡最严重的阵风,进行了不同频率的阵风扰动下风电机组功率振荡的比较,对阵风扰动下风电机组间的相互影响进行了仿真分析。结果表明,在相同幅值的扰动下,阵风引起的风电机组功率振荡最严重,机组功率振荡情况与阵风扰动的频率有关,单台机组在阵风扰动下产生的振荡对其他机组也会产生一定的影响。     

Global sensitivity analysis of wind turbine power output

The dynamics of wind turbine behavior are complex and a critical area of study for the wind industry. Identification of factors that cause changes in turbine performance can sometimes prove to be challenging, whereas other times, it can be intuitive. The quantification of the effect that these factors have is valuable for making improvements to both power performance and turbine health. In commercial farms, large quantities of meteorological and performance data are commonly collected to monitor daily operations. These data can also be used to analyze the relationship between each parameter in order to better understand the interactions that occur and the information contained within these signals. In this global sensitivity analysis, a neural network is used to model select wind turbine supervisory control and data acquisition system parameters for an array of turbines from a commercial wind farm that exhibit signs of wake interaction. An extended Fourier amplitude sensitivity test is then performed for 2 years of 10‐min averaged data. The study examines the primary and combined sensitivities of power output to each selected parameter for two turbines in the array. The primary sensitivities correspond to single parameter interactions, whereas combined sensitivities account for interactions between multiple parameters simultaneously. Highly influential parameters such as wind speed and rotor rotation frequency produce expected results; the extended Fourier amplitude sensitivity test method proved effective at quantifying the sensitivity of a wide range of more subtle inputs. These include blade pitch, yaw position, main bearing and ambient temperatures as well as wind speed and yaw position standard deviation. The technique holds promise for application in full‐scale wake studies where it might be used to determine the benefits of emerging power optimization strategies such as active wake management. The field of structural health monitoring can also benefit from this method. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Comparison and testing of power reserve control strategies for grid‐connected wind turbines

The stability of the electrical grid depends on enough generators being able to provide appropriate responses to sudden losses in generation capacity, increases in power demand or similar events. Within the United States, wind turbines largely do not provide such generation support, which has been acceptable because the penetration of wind energy into the grid has been relatively low. However, frequency support capabilities may need to be built into future generations of wind turbines to enable high penetration levels over approximately 20%. In this paper, we describe control strategies that can enable power reserve by leaving some wind energy uncaptured. Our focus is on the control strategies used by an operating turbine, where the turbine is asked to track a power reference signal supplied by the wind farm operator. We compare the strategies in terms of their control performance as well as their effects on the turbine itself, such as the possibility for increased loads on turbine components. It is assumed that the wind farm operator has access to the necessary grid information to generate the power reference provided to the turbine, and we do not simulate the electrical interaction between the turbine and the utility grid. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effect of operating methods of wind turbine generator system on net power extraction under wind velocity fluctuations in fields

The effect of how a wind turbine generator system is operated is discussed from the viewpoint of net power extraction with wind velocity fluctuations in relation to the scale and the dynamic behavior of the system. On a wind turbine generator system consisting of a Darrieus-Savonius hybrid wind turbine, a load generator and a battery, we took up two operating methods: constant tip speed ratio operation for a stand-alone system(Scheme1) and synchronous operation by connecting a grid(Scheme2). With our simulation model, using the result of the net extracting power, we clarified that Scheme1 is more effective than Scheme2 for small-scale systems. Furthermore, in Scheme1, the appropriate rated power output of the system under each wind condition can be confirmed.     

Reliability analysis of grid connected small wind turbine power electronics

Grid connection of small permanent magnet generator (PMG) based wind turbines requires a power conditioning system comprising a bridge rectifier, a dc–dc converter and a grid-tie inverter. This work presents a reliability analysis and an identification of the least reliable component of the power conditioning system of such grid connection arrangements. Reliability of the configuration is analyzed for the worst case scenario of maximum conversion losses at a particular wind speed. The analysis reveals that the reliability of the power conditioning system of such PMG based wind turbines is fairly low and it reduces to 84% of initial value within one year. The investigation is further enhanced by identifying the least reliable component within the power conditioning system and found that the inverter has the dominant effect on the system reliability, while the dc–dc converter has the least significant effect. The reliability analysis demonstrates that a permanent magnet generator based wind energy conversion system is not the best option from the point of view of power conditioning system reliability. The analysis also reveals that new research is required to determine a robust power electronics configuration for small wind turbine conversion systems.     

Reactive power capability of a wind turbine with doubly fed induction generator

The aim of the work is to derive a steady state PQ‐diagram for a variable speed wind turbine equipped with a Doubly Fed Induction Generator. Firstly, the dependency between optimal rotor speed and wind speed is presented. Secondly, the limitations in reactive power production, caused by the rotor current, the rotor voltage and the stator current are derived. Thirdly, the influence of switching from Δ to Y coupling of the stator is investigated. Finally, a complete PQ diagram for a wind turbine is plotted. It is concluded that the limiting factor regarding reactive power production will typically be the rotor current limit, and that the limit for reactive power absorption will be the stator current limit. Further, it is concluded that the rotor voltage will only have a limiting effect at high positive and negative slips, but near the limitation, the reactive power capability is very sensitive to small changes in the slip. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Development of a comprehensive MPPT for grid‐connected wind turbine driven PMSG

This paper proposes a comprehensive MPPT method by which extraction of maximum power from wind turbine and its subsequent transfer through various power stages and final delivery to the connected grid are realized. In the proposed system, the operation of the wind turbine at its maximum efficiency point is maintained by control of grid‐tied inverter such that the shaft speed of the generator is set to result the desired optimum tip speed ratio of the turbine. The proposed comprehensive MPPT estimates the required DC link voltage for each wind speed using a unified system model, uses a loss factor to account for the system losses, and then controls the inverter to push the WT extracted maximum power into the grid. The comprehensive MPPT is developed and is validated in MATLAB/Simulink platform in a wide range of operating wind speed. The results ascertain that the wind turbine is made to operate at its maximum efficiency point for all wind speeds below the rated one.     

Adjustment of wind farm power output through flexible turbine operation using wind farm control

When the installed capacity of wind power becomes high, the power generated by wind farms can no longer simply be that dictated by the wind speed. With sufficiently high penetration, it will be necessary for wind farms to provide assistance with supply‐demand matching. The work presented here introduces a wind farm controller that regulates the power generated by the wind farm to match the grid requirements by causing the power generated by each turbine to be adjusted. Further, benefits include fast response to reach the wind farm power demanded, flexibility, little fluctuation in the wind farm power output and provision of synthetic inertia. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Prediction of flicker produced by wind turbines

Electrical flicker is a measure of voltage variations which may cause disturbances to consumers. Flicker is caused by both generators and loads connected to the network. This paper discusses the various issues which affect electrical flicker from wind turbines, and describes the development of a software tool capable of predicting, at the design stage, the flicker which would be produced by a wind turbine, or by a wind farm of similar turbines, on a particular network. The paper describes the modelling of the physical dynamics of the wind turbine and the turbulence in the wind which drives it, the electrical dynamics of the generator, and the network itself with various types of embedded consumer loads. Measurements carried out on two different 1 MW wind turbines have been used to validate the models. Copyright © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

风电与燃气轮机互补发电系统发电成本分析

在采用风电场与小型燃气轮机组成的互补系统发电特性参数的基础上,详细分析了互补系统发电成本的构成和各自的计算方法。采用新疆达坂城风电场的风速数据,基于互补系统的发电特性参数和风电场与燃气轮机电站的发电成本构成,应用改进过的等额支付折算法,在当前的技术条件和价格下,计算了风电场子系统和燃气轮机电站子系统各自的折旧成本、燃料成本和运行维护成本,得到了整滚发电系统发电成本的计算方法,为在新疆地区实现这种互补发电系统提供经济分析基础。