The application of wheat fibre and soy isolate impregnated with iodine salts to fortify processed meats

The aim was to use wheat dietary fibre and soy protein isolate as carriers of KI and KIO₃ for fortification of processed meat with iodine. Products from minced pork were prepared with addition of iodised wheat fibre and soy isolate, and iodised table salt for comparison and the effects of thermal processing and storage on changes in iodine content were determined. It was shown that both alternative carriers limited the iodine changes in meat products compared with iodised table salt. However, wheat fibre was more effective in limiting iodine losses during thermal processing and soy protein during storage of the products. The greatest effect of the carriers was found in meat products fortified with the less stable KI.     

The application of wheat fibre and soy isolate impregnated with iodine salts to fortify processed meats

The aim was to use wheat dietary fibre and soy protein isolate as carriers of KI and KIO₃ for fortification of processed meat with iodine. Products from minced pork were prepared with addition of iodised wheat fibre and soy isolate, and iodised table salt for comparison and the effects of thermal processing and storage on changes in iodine content were determined. It was shown that both alternative carriers limited the iodine changes in meat products compared with iodised table salt. However, wheat fibre was more effective in limiting iodine losses during thermal processing and soy protein during storage of the products. The greatest effect of the carriers was found in meat products fortified with the less stable KI.     

Effect of collagen preparations used as carriers of potassium iodide on retention of iodine and thiamine during cooking and storage of pork meatballs

The application of collagen preparations as carriers of iodine salts in the production of meat dishes was investigated in this study. Meatballs with addition of collagen fibre or collagen hydrolysate, both impregnated with potassium iodide, were cooked and cold‐ or freezer‐stored. After thermal processing and during storage of meatballs the iodine and thiamine contents were determined and compared to their contents in meatballs to which potassium iodide was introduced using iodized table salt. It has been shown that the application of both collagen preparations as carriers of potassium iodide increases the stability of this compound during cooking and storage of meatballs in comparison to its stability in products with iodized table salt. Collagen preparations, improving potassium iodide stability, also limit thiamine losses in the product. A more advantageous effect, both on iodine and thiamine retention, is achieved for the collagen preparation with a higher water binding capacity. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

The effect of iodine salts on lipid oxidation and changes in nutritive value of protein in stored processed meats

The aim was to assess the effect of iodine salts (KI or KIO(3)) on lipid oxidation as well as changes in the availability of lysine and methionine and protein digestibility in frozen-stored processed meats. Three types of iodine salt carriers were used: table salt, wheat fiber and soy protein isolate. The results showed no catalytic effect of iodine salts on lipid oxidation in stored processed meats. The application of a protein isolate and wheat fiber resulted in the inhibition of lipid oxidation in meatballs. During storage of meat products the contents of available lysine and methionine as well as protein digestibility were decreased. The utilization of wheat fiber as an iodine salt carrier had a significant effect on the reduction of lysine losses. No protective properties were found for the wheat fiber or soy protein isolate towards methionine.     

Stability of iodine in iodized fresh and aged salt exposed to simulated market conditions

BACKGROUND: The salt iodization law of the Philippines required that iodized salt sold at retail not be exposed to direct sunlight, high temperature and relative humidity, and contamination with moisture and dust from the environment. However, because the majority of local consumers buy salt displayed in open heaps, it was suggested that iodized salt should be sold in the same manner for greater accessibility and availability. Objective. We aimed to provide evidence on the stability of iodine in local aged and fresh salt iodized at 100 ppm iodine and exposed to various market and storage conditions. METHODS: Samples of salt in open heaps and repacked salt were exposed for 4 weeks, and salt packed in woven polypropylene bags was stored for 6 months. The iodine content of the salt was determined by the iodometric titration method, and the moisture content was determined by the oven-drying method. RESULTS: For all types of exposed salt, iodine levels were above 60 ppm after the end of the study (4 weeks). Within each salt type, losses were greater for open-heap salt than for repacked salt. The greatest drop in moisture content occurred in the first week for most types of salt and exposure combinations. Moisture content was linearly correlated with iodine content. Iodine levels in stored salt remained above 60 ppm even after 6 months. CONCLUSIONS: Iodized salt is able to retain iodine above the recommended levels despite exposure to an open environment and use of ordinary packaging materials while being sold at retail and kept in storage.     

加碘精制食盐中碘酸钾的稳定性及其影响因素研究

目的：研究加碘精制食盐中碘酸钾在存储期间的稳定性及其影响因素。方法：在大理市内随机收集同一批次的碘盐样品40份,按设计要求分别存放,每隔3个月观察1次,连续3次,采用直接碘量法检测样品碘含量。结果：在阴暗的条件下,不论是以罐装或袋装的方式存放,碘样中碘的含量均值之间的差异有统计学意义,提示有碘损失。在明处的条件下,以开口方式及带盖罐装的方式存放的碘样中碘的含量均值之间的差异有统计学意义,提示有碘损失;而以小塑料袋密封的方式存放的碘样中碘的含量均值之间的差异无统计学意义,提示未发生明显碘损失。结论：经8个月的观察,发现除了以明处小塑料袋密封这种存放方式外,其他的存放方式碘都有损失,但损失量少;食盐质量、存放环境以及碘盐生产或采样时混匀程度均会影响碘含量变化而发生变异。     

Stability of salt double-fortified with ferrous fumarate and potassium iodate or iodide under storage and distribution conditions in Kenya

The stability of table salt double-fortified with iron as ferrous fumarate, and with iodine as potassium iodide or potassium iodate, has been investigated under actual field conditions of storage and distribution in the coastal and highland regions of Kenya. Seven 200-g sample packets of double-fortified salt in sealed polyethylene bags and a similar packet containing a datalogger for monitoring temperature and humidity were packaged with 21 sample bags of salt from another study into a bundle, which then entered the distribution network from a salt manufacturer's facility to the consumer. Iodine retention values of up to 90% or more were obtained during the three-month study. Double-fortified salt was prepared using ferrous fumarate microencapsulated with a combination of binders and coloring agents and coated with soy stearine, in combination with either iodated salt or salt iodized with potassium iodide microencapsulated with dextrin and coated with soy stearine. Most of the ferrous iron was retained, with less than 17% being oxidized to the ferric state. The polyethylene film overwrap of salt packs in the bundles provided significant protection from ambient humidity. Salt double-fortified with iodine and microencapsulated iron ferrous fumarate premix was generally quite stable, because both iodine and ferrous iron were protected during distribution and retail in typical tropical conditions in Kenya's highlands and humid lowlands.     

Stability of iodine in salt fortified with iodine and iron

BACKGROUND: Determining the stability of iodine in fortified salt can be difficult under certain conditions. Current methods are sometimes unreliable in the presence of iron. OBJECTIVE: To test the new method to more accurately estimate iodine content in double-fortified salt (DFS) fortified with iodine and iron by using orthophosphoric acid instead of sulfuric acid in the titration procedure. METHODS: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study was carried out on DFS and iodized salt produced by the dry-mixing method. DFS and iodized salt were packed and sealed in color-coded, 0.5-kg, low-density polyethylene pouches, and 25 of these pouches were further packed and sealed in color-coded, double-lined, high-density polyethylene bags and transported by road in closed, light-protected containers to the International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders (ICCIDD), Delhi; the National Institute of Nutrition (NIN), Hyderabad; and the Orissa Unit of the National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau (NNMB), Bhubaneswar. The iodine content of DFS and iodized salt stored under normal room conditions in these places was measured by the modified method every month on the same prescribed dates during the first 6 months and also after 15 months. The iodine content of DFS and iodized salt stored under simulated household conditions was also measured in the first 3 months. RESULTS: After the color code was broken at the end of the study, it was found that the DFS and iodized salt stored at Bhubaneswar, Delhi, and Hyderabad retained more or less the same initial iodine content (30-40 ppm) during the first 6 months, and the stability was not affected after 15 months. The proportion of salt samples having more than 30 ppm iodine was 100% in DFS and iodized salt throughout the study period. Daily opening and closing of salt pouches under simulated household conditions did not result in any iodine loss. CONCLUSIONS: The DFS and iodized salt prepared by the dry-mixing method and stored at normal room conditions had excellent iodine stability for more than 1 year.     

RETENTION OF IODINE IN FORTIFIED PARBOILED RICE AND ITS PASTING CHARACTERISTICS DURING STORAGE

Iodine fortification, as potassium iodide (KI) or potassium iodate (KIO₃), in parboiled milled rice was investigated. The fortified parboiled milled rice (9–10% moisture content) contained 11.6 × 10^?2 mol KI per 100‐g salt or 9 × 10^?2 mol KIO₃ per 100‐g salt. The iodine‐fortified parboiled milled rice after dialysis retained 80.50–84.87% iodine, while the milled rice retained 97–100% iodine in the samples. Test on in vitro starch digestion showed that most iodine was released within 15 min of starch digestion. The iodine‐fortified and nonfortified parboiled milled rice showed significant higher pasting temperature, peak time and setback viscosity than normal milled rice. After storage for 5 months, iodine content in fortified parboiled milled rice decreased significantly (P ≤ 0.01), while iodine content in milled rice did not change during storage. For the rice stored at ambient temperature, the rapid visco‐analyzer amylograph viscosity (peak viscosity, trough viscosity and final viscosity) increased during the first 2 months and decreased during storage. Iodine did not affect these attributes of parboiled milled rice.     

Iodine stability in salt double-fortified with iron and iodine

Deficiencies in small quantities of micronutrients, especially iodine and iron, severely affect more than a third of the world's population, resulting in serious public health consequences, especially for women and young children. Salt is an ideal carrier of micronutrients. The double fortification of salt with both iodine and iron is an attractive approach to the reduction of both anemia and iodine-deficiency disorders. Because iodine is unstable under the storage conditions found during the manufacturing, distribution, and sale of salt in most developing countries, the effects of packaging materials and environmental conditions on the stability of salt double-fortified with iron and iodine were investigated. Salt was double-fortified with potassium iodide or potassium iodate and with ferrous sulfate or ferrous fumarate. The effects of stabilizers on the stability of iodine and iron were followed by storing the salt under three conditions that represent the extremes of normal distribution and sale for salt in developing countries: room temperature (25 degrees C) with 50%-70% relative humidity, 40 degrees C with 60% relative humidity, and 40 degrees C with 100% relative humidity. The effects of stabilizers, such as sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP), calcium carbonate, calcium silicate, and dextrose were investigated. None of the combinations of iron and iodine compounds was stable at elevated temperatures. Essentially all of the iodine was lost over a period of six months. SHMP effectively slowed down the iodine loss, whereas magnesium chloride, a typical hygroscopic impurity, greatly accelerated this process. Calcium carbonate did not have a sparing effect on iodine, despite contrary indications in the literature. Ferrous sulfate-fortified salts generally turned yellow and developed an unpleasant rusty flavor. Salt fortified with ferrous fumarate and potassium, iodide was reasonably stable and maintained its organoleptic properties, making it more likely to be acceptable to consumers. We confirmed that application of the iodine compounds as solutions resulted in a more even distribution of the iodine throughout the sample. The effect of the packaging materials was overshadowed by the other variables. None of the packaging materials was clearly better than any other. This may have been due to the fact that the polymer bags were not heat sealed, and thus some moisture penetration was possible. The results indicate that with careful control of processing, packaging, and storage conditions, a double-fortified salt could be stabilized for the six-month period required for distribution and consumption. Unfortunately, the processing and storage required are difficult to attain under typical conditions in developing countries.     

Oxidative stability of snack and cereal products in relation to moisture sorption

A collection of snack and cereal products including peanuts, pork scratchings, a mixture of rolled oat and wheat from muesli and oatmeal have been characterized in terms of the relationship between storage humidity and stability against lipid oxidation. The products were stored above various saturated salt solutions in an atmosphere corresponding to ambient air. The development of free radicals, hexanal and water content was monitored during the storage. For oatmeal, muesli-mixture and pork scratchings an optimal humidity existed at which the oxidation rate constant was minimal. Furthermore, the humidity was concluded to be an important packaging parameter for oatmeal and muesli as a large difference between minimal and maximal oxidation rate constant was observed. The optimal humidity with respect to oxidative stability did not coincide with the BET-monolayer value. The radical content was very dependent of the relative humidity as an increased humidity resulted in decreased radical content.     

Vitamin A stability in salt triple fortified with iodine, iron, and vitamin A

BACKGROUND: Dietary micronutrient deficiencies, which lead to diseases such as iodine deficiency disorders, iron-deficiency anemia, and vitamin A deficiency, are serious public health problems in the developing world. Fortifying salt with iodine, iron, and vitamin A is an attractive approach to simultaneously reduce the deficiencies of these three micronutrients in the diet. OBJECTIVE: To explore the technical feasibility of producing triple-fortified salt fortified with iodine, iron, and vitamin A that would be stable under the climatic conditions of developing countries (i.e., high temperature and high humidity). METHODS: Triple-fortified salt was obtained by granulation and encapsulation of commercially produced vitamin A products, iodine, and iron compounds. Vitamin A retention was determined in the presence of five iron and two iodine compounds, in different combinations, under three different storage conditions. The influence of commercial stabilization techniques for the vitamin A palmitate source used (spray-dried or dissolved in oil), and the type of binder used for granulation on vitamin A retention in triple-fortified salt was studied. The influence of temperature, humidity, and chemical interactions on vitamin A stability in triple-fortified salt was also investigated. RESULTS: The most stable formulation retained 77.73% of vitamin A after 2 months of storage at 40 degrees C, 60% relative humidity, and 95% under ambient conditions. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that the production of a stable triple-fortified salt is technically feasible.     

加碘食盐中碘损失的实验研究(Ⅱ)

采用氯化钠增敏光度法研究了在模拟烹饪条件下加碘食盐中碘的稳定性.实验结果表明,碘盐中碘的稳定性并不理想,加碘食盐中碘的稳定性受温度与受热时间的影响较大,受热温度越高,碘损失越多;受热时间越长,碘损失越多.     

Strawberry juice colour: The effect of some processing variables on the stability of anthocyanins

The colour stability of juice and purées made from a mixture of two strawberry varieties, stored at + 20°C or at –20°C under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, was studied. High-performance liquid chromatography and spectrophotometric analysis were used to monitor the changes in colour during storage. Pelargonidin 3-glucoside comprised 80% of the total anthocyanin content. Four other pelargonidin-based peaks were found, being 10.4%, 3.5%, 0.7% and 0.3% of the total and two cyanidin peaks were present, being 3.3% and 0.4% of the total. Clarification before storage caused considerable losses in the initial anthocyanin concentrations. Storage conditions (air versus nitrogen) did not influence the rate of loss of anthocyanins during storage or the formation of polymeric pigments. There were no losses in anthocyanins and no increase in the amount of colour measured at 510 nm due to polymers in samples stored at–20°C. Polymerisation occurred in the samples stored at + 20°C, especially in the clarified samples.     

MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF WHEAT STORED UNDER DIFFERENT CONDITIONS IN TURKEY

Four different types of wheat storage systems are widely used in the Marmara region. The existing storage conditions were studied and changes in the microbiological quality of the stored wheat under these conditions were assessed.
Depending on the external conditions, ambient temperatures and relative humidities in the stores were 17–26°C and 50–65% RH during summer and 3–10°C and 62–83% RH during winter, respectively. The low relative humidity level during harvesting and subsequent storage was adequate for obtaining low levels of moisture content and water activity in the produci for safe storage. The increase in relative humidity of the air during winter months did not affect the moisture content of the product considerably and the low temperature prevented mold growth. Therefore, all of the four different storage facilities were suitable for safe storage of grain for a period of one year without significant losses in quality due to microbiological load.     

California almond shelf life: lipid deterioration during storage

The effects of storage conditions on the lipid deterioration in California almond nuts and sliced were studied. Natural whole almonds with or without polyethylene (PE) packaging and blanched whole almonds and sliced with PE packaging were stored in 10 different storage conditions which were combinations of different temperatures and relative humidity levels. The peroxide values (PVs), iodine values (IVs), and free fatty acids (FFAs) were monitored during the storage. The PVs in the natural samples did not change noticeably whereas the blanched samples changed greatly, indicating that skins may have played a significant role. The IVs decreased slightly in the 1st 150 d of storage and then leveled off. The slightly faster changes in IVs in the blanched samples coincided with the greater changes in PVs in the blanched samples. The natural samples exhibited much higher FFA levels than the blanched samples after storage. In general, FFA increased with increasing storage time, temperature, and humidity. Highest levels of FFA were observed in the samples stored at high temperature and high humidity. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The results reported in this article provide useful information that almond producers and processors could use to develop their storage and transport processes.     

Evolution of some physicochemical parameters of iodine fortified sunflower oil and margarine

Experimental research were effectuated to establish the modalities of incorporation of the molecular iodine in sunflower oil double refined and deodorised of autochthon production. It was established that the iodisation of sunflower oil may be considered as an admissible method, which allows the incorporation of a considerable amount of iodine (1–100 μg mL^?1) without modifying the physicochemical properties of the product. It should be noted that iodine value varied a little, even in the sample with a maximum content of iodine (1000 μg mL^?1), its values did not exceed permitted limit. Research of quality indices variation of iodised oil during product storage (3 months), demonstrated that only in the case of maximum concentration of iodine (1000 μg mL^?1) it was manifested a slight overcome of the maximum permitted limit caused by the free iodine presence. Iodised oil was used for the manufacture of iodised margarine in order to fortificate this product with iodine (1 μg iodine g^?1 margarine). Physicochemical indices (moisture and volatile substances, melting point, free fatty acids content) of iodised margarine did not differ from the characteristics of the product without iodine.     

微尺度下湿含量差异海参体壁的变化规律

为研究含水量对高温、高压处理海参(HSC)体壁微观结构的影响,以真空干燥法制备不同湿含量的HSC,于37℃恒温贮藏。通过TPA参数、水分状态、SEM和TEM图像的变化研究湿含量对HSC体壁贮藏稳定性的影响。结果表明:HSC体壁的微生物和内源酶完全失活。在真空干燥过程中,胶原纤维逐渐热收缩而损失大量的水分子,形成逐渐致密的网状结构。在高温、高压热处理过程中,胶原纤维束的结构断裂,胶原分子的三螺旋结构发生解旋和降解。37℃贮藏过程中,胶原纤维束进一步断裂,与HSC的湿含量呈正相关。结论:可通过减少湿含量来降低组织结构的破坏程度,延长HSC产品的货架期。     

Stability of added iodine in different Indian cooking processes

Universal salt iodisation programme is recognised as an economical, convenient and effective means of preventing iodine deficiency disorders (IDD). However, information on the retention of iodine during cooking is scant. Therefore this study was undertaken to investigate the retention of iodine from iodised salt when added to the most commonly used Indian recipes. The Mean ± SD retention of iodine in 140 of the most common Indian recipes was 60 ± 21%. The frequency distribution showed low retention (<20%) of iodine in 5.7% of the recipes, moderate retention (20–40%) in 15.7% while very high retention (>80%) was observed in 20%. Significant correlation (r = −0.194, P < 0.05) was observed between iodine retention and the time of iodised salt addition to the recipe. The retention of iodine was observed to be a minimum in shallow frying with oil (52 ± 23%) and a maximum in pressure cooking (82.2 ± 6.2%). The data generated in this study would usefully augment the negligible information regarding iodine retention in recipes.     

表面活性剂增敏光度法测定食盐中的碘

建立了碘酸根-荧光黄-表面活性剂体系下测定食盐中碘的方法。采用增敏光度法研究在醋酸介质中,表面活性剂存在下,溴化钾催化KIO3氧化荧光黄的褪色反应。结果表明：最大吸收波长为438.5 nm,KIO3质量浓度在0.40～3.00 μg/mL范围内遵守朗伯-比尔定律,ΔA与KIO3质量浓度之间呈线性关系;438.5 nm波长条件下该反应的相关系数为0.999 0,表观摩尔吸光系数为4.31×104 L/（mol·cm）。用于测定食盐中微量的碘,相对标准偏差为0.83%～1.47%,回收率为98.1%～98.4%,此方法准确度较高,操作简便、快捷,是测定加碘食盐中碘含量较好的方法之一。