食品接触材料中非有意添加物及其来源研究进展

食品接触材料（Food Contact Materials, FCMs）在生产、使用和回收过程中都可能引入非有意添加物（Non-Intentionally Added Substances,NIAS）。NIAS的复杂性和未知性给FCMs的安全评估和监管带来严峻的挑战。近些年来,FCMs中NIAS的迁移作为影响食品安全的重要因素而备受关注。本文介绍了FCMs中NIAS的研究流程、分类及主要来源;从目标物及研究目的出发,归纳总结了NIAS的主要分析策略;重点描述了近年来不同类型FCMs中主要NIAS及其来源的研究进展,以期为今后FCMs中NIAS的深入研究提供科学指导。     

食品接触材料中非有意添加物的检测方法

食品接触材料中的非有意添加物(non-intentionally added substance, NIAS)作为影响食品安全的重要因素而日益受到关注。对NIAS的化合物种类鉴定和含量测定是对食品接触材料进行安全评估和监管的前提条件。目前, 主流的分析策略是依据待测NIAS的挥发特性, 分别选择气相色谱(gas chromatography, GC)或高效液相色谱(high performance liquid chromatography, HPLC)进行分离和定量, 利用质谱(mass spectrometry, MS)谱图特征和色谱出峰时间(retention time, RT), 借助质谱数据库对NIAS进行定性。与欧洲国家相比, 我国在NIAS分析检测领域起步较晚, 亟需补强食品接触材料NIAS物质数据库和物质鉴定领域的研究基础。下一步建议加强化学结构分析的基础研究, 培养食品接触材料中NIAS鉴定人才团队, 构建食品接触材料中IAS和NIAS物质的信息数据库, 最终提高食品接触材料NIAS检测技术水平。     

食品接触材料中非有意添加物的安全评估

食品接触材料所迁移出的非有意添加物(non intentionally added substance,NIAS)作为影响食品安全的重要因素而日益受到关注。由于这些NIAS来源复杂且相当数量是未知,给食品接触材料的安全评估和监管带来很大的挑战。基于毒理学关注阈值(threshold of toxicological concern,TTC)方法,结合Cramer决策树方法、化学和生物分析技术的使用,可建立一个针对食品接触材料中NIAS的快速筛查和安全评价模型,对缺乏完整毒理学数据且暴露量较低的化学物质进行风险评估。选择Cramer III所对应的1.5μg/kg BW作为NIAS通用安全暴露阈值,通过分步评估手段,可以得出所迁移未知物质是否需要予以安全关注,重点对食品接触材料迁移高于该TTC的物质进行进一步的确证和风险评估,实现对食品接触材料中高关注物的安全评价从基于检测限模式向TTC安全阈值模式的转变,从而避免不必要的动物试验,节约大量人力、物力和时间,有利于加快食品接触材料中低暴露量化学物质的风险评估和提升产品安全管理效能。     

食品接触材料蒸发残渣检测案例

食品接触材料(Food contact material)是指在正常使用条件下,各种已经或预期可能与食品接触、或其成分可能转移到食品中的材料或制品,涉及食品包装、餐具、厨具、食品加工机械、经营过程中直接接触食品的容器等,以及用于这些产品或材料的着色剂、油墨等辅助材料。食品接触材料的材质有玻璃、塑料、橡胶、纸、金属、涂料等等。由于与人体健康的密切相关性,食品接触材料首先需要     

解读《关于聚乙烯等14种食品相关产品新品种的公告》

正一、聚乙烯(一)背景资料。该物质在常温下呈固态。《食品安全国家标准食品接触材料及制品用添加剂使用标准》(GB 9685—2016)已批准该物质作为添加剂用于塑料类食品接触材料及制品中。此次申请将其使用范围扩大到食品接触用涂料及涂层中。美国食品药品管理局和欧洲委员会均批准该物质用于食品接触用涂料及涂层。     

食品接触用塑料材料中荧光增白剂检测方法分析

荧光增白剂作为具备增白效能的染料,对人体有害.在食品接触用塑料材料检测工作中,若能积极采取有效的检测方法监测荧光增白剂的添加,有利于维护食品安全.在此基础上,本文简要分析了食品接触用塑料材料中荧光增白剂分型特征及其提取路径,经由高效液相色谱检测法、白色程度度量检测法、紫外线定性定量检测法等方法,可增加检测结果的可靠性,...     

食品接触材料及制品安全性分析

随着生活水平的不断提高,食品安全问题愈发成为人们关注的焦点,而食品接触材料及制品的安全性与食品安全有着密切的关联。纵观过去发生的食品安全事件,其中有很大比例是因为所用制品与食品接触时其中的有毒有害物质向食品迁移所造成的。为帮助公众提高食品安全知识水平,减少因食品接触材料安全性差引起的食品安全事故,本文分别对纸、塑料、橡胶、玻璃、金属、陶瓷等食品接触材料及制品的安全性进行了详细分析。     

食品接触用塑料制品安全国家标准与检验问题探讨

食品接触用塑料制品与卫生安全息息相关, 新版本食品安全标准发布后, 有关安全标准及其产品检验过程中的一些问题, 引起了人们关注。本文对比分析了食品接触用塑料制品新旧版本食品安全标准的主要区别, 阐述了GB 4806.6-2016 《食品安全国家标准食品接触用塑料树脂》和GB 4806.7-2016《食品安全国家标准食品接触用塑料材料及制品》主要技术要求及其检验项目, 并以聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(polyethylene terephthalate, PET)无汽饮料瓶、聚乙烯(polyethylene, PE)食品袋、密胺调料酱罐制品为例详细探讨了检验过程中迁移试验条件选择等问题, 以期为食品接触用塑料制品的生产企业、检验机构等提供参考。     

紫外线吸收剂和稳定剂污染及检测方法研究进展

由于多种紫外线稳定剂和吸收剂具有一定的雌激素作用,其在工业中的广泛应用造成的环境介质、生物体内浓度水平升高引起了较多关注。文章通过综述环境介质和生物体内紫外线稳定剂和吸收剂的浓度水平及其可能产生的毒性作用,提示塑料食品接触材料中紫外线稳定剂和吸收剂的迁移可能对食品安全造成影响,并综述国内外监测塑料食品接触材料中紫外线稳定剂和吸收剂技术手段研究进展。     

解读《关于聚氧乙烯山梨醇酐三硬脂酸酯等食品相关产品新品种的公告》

正一、聚氧乙烯山梨醇酐三硬脂酸酯(一)背景资料。该物质在常温下为淡黄色至琥珀色油状液体或膏体,溶于乙醚、丙酮和植物油,可分散于水中。《食品安全国家标准食品接触材料及制品用添加剂使用标准》(GB 9685—2016)已批准该物质作为添加剂用于塑料、涂料、粘合剂和纸四类食品接触材料及制品中。此次申请将其使用范围扩大到食品接触材料及制品用油墨中。美国食品药品管理局和瑞士联邦政府均批准该物质用于食品接触材料及制品用油墨。     

In Vitro Toxicity Testing of Food Contact Materials: State‐of‐the‐Art and Future Challenges

Currently, toxicological testing of food contact materials (FCMs) is focused on single substances and their genotoxicity. However, people are exposed to mixtures of chemicals migrating from food contact articles (FCAs) into food, and toxic effects other than genotoxic damage may also be relevant. Since FCMs can be made of more than 8 thousand substances, assessing them one‐by‐one is very resource‐consuming. Moreover, finished FCAs usually contain non‐intentionally added substances (NIAS). NIAS toxicity can only be tested if a substance's chemical identity is known and if it is available as a pure chemical. Often, this is not the case. Nonetheless, regulations require safety assessments for all substances migrating from FCAs, including NIAS, hence new approaches to meet this legal obligation are needed. Testing the overall migrate or extract from an FCM/FCA is an option. Ideally, such an assessment would be performed by means of in vitro bioassays, as they are rapid and cost‐effective. Here, we review the studies using in vitro bioassays to test toxicity of FCMs/FCAs. Three main categories of in vitro assays that have been applied include assays for cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and endocrine disruption potential. In addition, we reviewed studies with small multicellular animal‐based bioassays. Our overview shows that in vitro testing of FCMs is in principle feasible. We discuss future research needs and FCM‐specific challenges. Sample preparation procedures need to be optimized and standardized. Further, the array of in vitro tests should be expanded to include those of highest relevance for the most prevalent human diseases of concern.     

毒理学关注阈值方法在食品接触材料风险评估中的应用

食品接触材料中包含诸多有意添加的化学助剂,在生产和使用过程中还会引入大量非有意添加物。食品接触材料中的有意和非有意添加物质种类繁多,难以得出所有物质完整的毒理学数据;而且食品接触材料中存在一些低暴露量的物质,它们对人体造成的风险较小而不必要进行传统的风险评估。毒理学关注阈值（threshold oftoxicological concern,TTC）方法作为一种新的风险评估工具,可以对缺乏完整毒理学数据且暴露量较低的化学物质进行风险评估。本文综述TTC方法对食品接触材料中的物质（结构确定和结构未知的物质）进行风险评估的具体应用。对结构已知的物质,可以参照欧洲国际生命科学学会（European International Life Sciences Institute,ILSI）专家组提出的TTC决策树方法;对于未鉴定结构的物质,可以引用一个分步分析的方法,得出未知物质是否需要进行安全关注。本文还指出了TTC方法在食品接触材料风险评估中应用的难点和今后需解决的问题,可为食品接触材料中缺乏毒性数据物质的风险评估提供依据。     

我国食品接触材料安全性评估体系构建

食品接触材料中所有可能迁移到食品中的物质均需要评估,包括单体、起始物和添加剂等有意添加物,以及杂质、生产过程中产生的副反应产物和降解物等非有意添加物。食品接触材料的安全性评估主要分为上市前的安全性评估和上市后的监测评估。目前,国际上食品接触材料上市前的安全性评估主要有美国和欧盟两种评估模式,两种方法各有优缺点。我国目前尚未建立食品接触材料上市前安全性评估的基本参数。构建我国食品接触材料安全性评估体系是国家食品安全风险评估专家委员会确定的"十三五"期间的重点工作。本文介绍了我国食品接触材料安全性评估体系的构成、预期目标以及食品接触材料风险评估面临的挑战。     

Endocrine modulating chemicals in food packaging: A review of phthalates and bisphenols

Phthalates and bisphenol chemicals have been widely used globally in packaging materials and consumer products for several decades. These highly functional chemicals have become a concern due to their toxicity (i.e., endocrine/hormone modulators) and ability to migrate from food contact materials (FCMs) into food matrices and the environment resulting in human and environmental health risks. FCMs, composed of postconsumer materials, are particularly high risk for containing these compounds. The evaluation of postconsumer recycled feedstocks in FCMs is compulsory and selection of an appropriate detection method to comply with applicable regulations is necessary to evaluate human and environmental safety. Numerous regulations have been proposed and passed globally for both compound classes that are recognized as priority pollutants by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and the European Union. Several brand owners and retailers have also released their own “restricted substance lists” due to the mounting consumer and regulatory concerns. This review article has two goals: (1) discuss the utilization, toxicology, human exposure routes, and occurrence levels of phthalates and bisphenols in FCMs and associated legislation in various countries and (2) discuss critical understanding and updates for detection/quantification techniques. Current techniques discussed include extraction and sample preparation methods (solid-phase microextraction [SPME], headspace SPME, Soxhlet procedure, ultrasound-assisted extraction), chromatographic techniques (gas, liquid, detectors), and environmental/blank considerations for quantification. This review complements a previous review of phthalates in foods from 2009 by discussing phthalate and bisphenol characteristics, analytical methods of determining concentrations in packaging materials, and their influence on the migration potential into food.     

Mutagenicity assessment of food contact material migrates with the Ames MPF assay

ABSTRACT

A major challenge in the safety assessment of food contact materials (FCM) is the evaluation of unknown non-intentionally added substances (NIAS). Even though consumer exposure levels may be quantitatively low, these substances are considered to be of high toxicological concern if they act as DNA reactive mutagens. From a safety assessment perspective, it is therefore important to detect their presence in FCM migrates. The present study applied the Ames MPF assay to assess the mutagenicity of migrates obtained from 30 food contact material samples out of 3 categories: plastics, composite materials and coatings. As a food simulant, 95% ethanol (EtOH) had a superior performance to less volatile simulants when evaluating recovery rates of representative model substances in different volatility categories. To monitor possible interference of the FCM matrix with Ames MPF results, migrates were spiked with reference substances and recovery rates were established. Out of 30 samples tested, two caused significant inhibition of revertant formation in the presence of the spiking control. Overall detection limits of the applied test method were estimated by determination of the lowest effective concentrations (LEC) for 10 Ames-positive substances. Even though the current limits of detection are not sufficient to entirely fulfil regulatory and safety requirements, three out of 30 FCMs showed evidence of dose-dependent effects in the Ames MPF assay. Overall, the data obtained supported the relevance of testing FCM migrates for DNA reactive contaminants and showed the value of the Ames MPF assay for the safety assessment of FCMs.     

食品接触塑料材料及制品中高关注化合物的高分辨质谱分析技术研究进展

食品接触塑料材料及制品向食品可能发生的高关注化合物迁移一直是食品接触材料安全研究和合规管理的重点。这些高关注化合物分为有意添加物和非有意添加物。由于塑料食品接触材料高关注化合物来源复杂,迁移水平低且相当数量是未知的物质,在缺乏完整的化学物结构数据库、质谱谱图数据库以及标准品等情况下,对这些物质的鉴定和定量测定一直是食品接触材料安全分析所面临的重大技术挑战。近年来,基于气相色谱、液相色谱与各种高分辨率质谱联用的分析技术被视为一种有效手段,逐渐应用于对食品接触材料中高关注化合物的鉴定和定量分析。本文重点介绍近年来针对食品接触塑料高关注化合物分析的高分辨精确质谱(high resolution mass spectrometry, HRMS)分析技术进展,包括迁移试验条件、前处理技术、数据采集以及数据处理技术等。并总结应用HRMS技术所分析的不同食品接触塑料中的高关注化合物,以期为食品接触塑料的风险评估和管理工作提供参考。     

食品接触材料纸和纸板中非故意添加物质分析方法的研究进展

食品接触材料含有非故意添加物质可能来源于反应副产物、低聚物、降解过程、包装材料与食品之间的化学反应、生产原料中的杂质。在这篇综述中,综述非故意添加物质的定义、非故意添加物质的分析方法。纸和纸板中的非故意添加物质主要来自印刷油墨、粘合剂、上浆剂和表面涂料。通常针对已知的非故意添加物质进行靶标分析,而采用非靶标分析法分析未知的非故意添加物质。本文主要对食品接触材料纸和纸板中非故意添加物质分析方法的研究进展进行了概述,旨在给国内相关研究提供参考,并有助于后续食品接触材料纸和纸板中非故意添加物质分析工作的开展。     

Suitability of the Ames test to characterise genotoxicity of food contact material migrates

ABSTRACT

Non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) are chemical impurities which can migrate from packaging materials (FCM) into food. Safety assessment of NIAS is required by European law, but currently there is no comprehensive testing strategy available. In this context, one key element is to get insight on the potential presence of genotoxic NIAS in FCM migrates. This raises questions about the limit at which genotoxins can be detected in complex mixtures such as FCM migrates, and if such limits of detection (LOD) would be compatible with safety. In this context, the present review assesses the suitability of the Ames assay to address genotoxicity of FCM migrates. Lowest effective concentrations of packaging-related and other chemicals in test media were retrieved from scientific literature and used as surrogates of LODs to be benchmarked against a value of 0.01 mg kg^?1 (10 ppb) in migrates. This is a pragmatic threshold used in FCM safety evaluation to prioritise substances requiring proper identification and risk assessment. The analysis of the data shows that only potent genotoxins can theoretically be detectable at a level of 0.01 mg kg^?1 in migrates or food. Only a minority (10%) of genotoxic chemicals reported to be associated with FCMs could be picked up at a level of 0.01 mg kg^?1 or lower. Overall, this review shows that the Ames test in its present form cannot be used as standalone method for evaluating the genotoxic potential of FCM migrates, but must be used together with other information from analytical chemistry and FCM manufacturing.