QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF REGIONAL SILICICLASTIC TOP-SEAL POTENTIAL: A NEW APPLICATION OF PROVEN TECHNOLOGY IN THE PELOTAS BASIN, OFFSHORE BRAZIL

Using the offshore Pelotas Basin, Brazil, as an example, we present a methodology by which petrophysically‐derivedVclay and capillary displacement pressure data, in conjunction with interval isochore maps, can be used quantitatively to evaluate regional, siliciclastic present‐day and palaeo‐top‐seal effectiveness and relative risk. This method has broad application to frontier and maturing exploration areas where data limitations preclude more sophisticated seismically‐derived velocity‐based evaluations. As much of the Pelotas Basin is deemed to be gas prone, top‐seal effectiveness for normal density (0.1 to 0.2 g/cc) dry gas was assessed quantitatively by establishing relationships between density‐log ‐derived hydrocarbon column height and overburden thickness using a most likely Vclay content. With constant Vclay, column height increases with increasing overburden due to a compaction‐driven decrease in mudrock porosity, accompanied by a decrease in permeability and pore‐throat diameter. Using these relationships, interval isochore maps (overburden thickness maps) can be transformed into hydrocarbon column‐height maps to define spatial variation in top‐seal effectiveness, expressed in metres of contained gas column. Laboratory and previously‐published model data show that clay content and porosity (ultimately pore throat diameter) are the dominant controls on siliciclastic mudrock permeability, hence top‐seal potential. Mudrock porosity is driven dominantly by burial‐induced compaction; clay content is dependent on both depositional and diagenetic processes. Overburden can be determined with a reasonable degree of certainty from seismic and well data, whereas regional variations in clay content can, at best, only be estimated from depositional models. Therefore, for a given overburden, it is uncertainty in clay content that comprises the greatest risk in regional siliciclastic top‐seal analysis. For this reason, we relate siliciclastic top‐seal risk to clay content, when overburden/ mudrock‐porosity relationships, fluid densities and requisite column heights are known.     

HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL AND PALAEO‐DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT OF LACUSTRINE SOURCE ROCKS: MIDDLE JURASSIC SHIMENGOU FORMATION,NORTHERN QAIDAM BASIN,NW CHINA

The Middle Jurassic Shimengou Formation in the Qaidam Basin, NW China, includes coals and lacustrine source rocks which locally reach oil shale quality (i.e. yielding >3.5 % oil on low‐temperature distillation). In the present study, the palaeo‐depositional environment and hydrocarbon potential of the 84.5 m thick Shale Member of the Shimengou Formation are investigated based on bulk geochemical parameters, organic petrographic data, biomarker analysis, and stable isotope geochemistry of 88 core samples. The Shale Member was deposited in an anoxic freshwater lake which formed following the drowning of a precursor low‐lying mire. Variations in bulk geochemical parameters allow four informal units to be identified, referred to (from the base up) as Units 1 to 4. These contain intervals of oil shale of varying thicknesses. In Unit 1, mudstones in the interval referred to as oil shale Layer 1 (true thickness [TD]: 2.06 m) are OM‐rich as a result of algal blooms and photic zone anoxia, and correspond to an initial flooding event. Subsequently, productivity of aquatic organisms decreased, resulting in the deposition of organic‐lean mudstones in Unit 2. Oil shale Layers 2 (TD: 2.03 m) and 3 (TD: 8.03 m) near the base of Unit 3 were deposited during maximum water depths. As with Layer 1, high productivity by algal blooms resulted in photic zone anoxia in a stratified water column. The shales in the upper part of Unit 3 are characterized by high TOC contents and a gradual increased input of terrigenous OM, and were deposited in a stable semi‐deep lake. Finally, organic‐lean mudstones in Unit 4 were deposited in shallow lacustrine conditions. The reconstruction of depositional environments in thick, non‐marine shale‐rich successions by mineralogical, petrographic and inorganic geochemical methods may be challenging as a result of the homogenous composition of component mudstones. The results of this study indicate, however, that sub‐division and basin‐wide correlation of such intervals can be achieved by organic geochemical analyses. Oil shales and organic‐rich mudstones in Units 1 and 3 of the Shimengou Formation Shale Member are excellent oil‐prone source‐rocks with a Source Potential Index of 3.2 t HC/m². Considering the large area covered by the Shimengou Formation in the northern Qaidam Basin (～34,000 km²), the results of this study highlight the regional significance for future petroleum exploration. They indicate that variations in organic productivity and dilution by minerals are key factors controlling the abundance and type of organic matter in the formation. An understanding of these factors will assist with the identification of exploration targets.     

东营凹陷古近系超压封闭层特征及其封盖能力研究

东营凹陷古近系地层的超压现象十分普遍。依据超压区泥岩的测井响应特征,分析了封闭层在纵向 上的分布,并在此基础上对其岩石学特征及封盖能力进行了系统研究。结果表明：超压封闭层的埋深主要 为2 400～2 800 m,在平面上表现为洼陷中心深而洼陷边缘和中央隆起带浅的特征;其岩性为一套深灰 色泥岩、灰质泥岩和砂质泥岩的组合,厚度为500～900 m,砂泥比平均值为0.092,单层泥岩的最大厚度 大于10 m。全岩矿物的X 射线衍射分析表明,组成封闭层的泥质岩中含有大量的碳酸盐矿物和黏土矿 物,泥岩的成岩作用发生在伊/蒙混层矿物的迅速转化期,且对应于第一期和第二期碳酸盐的大量产出段。 超压封闭层能封闭剩余压力大于14 MPa 的超压,这与其具有较高的排替压力（平均为5.45 MPa）密切相 关,此外封闭层的厚度及成岩作用的强度也是影响其物性封盖能力的重要因素。     

SEALING CAPACITY OF THE MERCIA MUDSTONE GROUP IN THE EAST IRISH SEA BASIN: IMPLICATIONS FOR PETROLEUM EXPLORATION

In the East Irish Sea Basin of the UK Continental Shelf, hydrocarbon accumulations in the Triassic Sherwood Sandstone Group (SSG) are sealed by the Triassic Mercia Mudstone Group (MMG). The MMG comprises alternating mud- and halite-dominated intervals. Where halites overlie the SSG (e.g. in the Morecambe and Millom gasfields), seal integrity is excellent; however, where the SSG is overlain by mudstones of the MMG (e.g. in the Douglas and Lennox oilfields), seal integrity is variable and is controlled by the capillary entry pressure of hydrocarbons into the pore network of the mudstones.
Mercury porosimetry was used to characterise the pore network of the Mercia Mudstone samples from several localities in the East Irish Sea Basin. This data was used to assess seal quality, and thus to calculate theoretical hydrocarbon column heights supportable for a given seal. It appears that the sealing quality of the MMG mudstones and siltstones varies principally with the nature of the pore-throat network. Fracture filling and pore-plugging by bitumen representing an earlier oil charge may also have improved seal integrity by blocking pore throats.     

SOURCE ROCK POTENTIAL OF THE BLUE NILE (ABAY) BASIN, ETHIOPIA

The Blue Nile Basin, a Late Palaeozoic ‐ Mesozoic NW‐SE trending rift basin in central Ethiopia, is filled by up to 3000 m of marine deposits (carbonates, evaporites, black shales and mudstones) and continental siliciclastics. Within this fill, perhaps the most significant source rock potential is associated with the Oxfordian‐Kimmeridgian Upper Hamanlei (Antalo) Limestone Formation which has a TOC of up to 7%. Pyrolysis data indicate that black shales and mudstones in this formation have HI and S₂ values up to 613 mgHC/gCorg and 37.4 gHC/kg, respectively. In the Dejen‐Gohatsion area in the centre of the basin, these black shales and mudstones are immature for the generation of oil due to insufficient burial. However, in the Were Ilu area in the NE of the basin, the formation is locally buried to depths of more than 1,500 m beneath Cretaceous sedimentary rocks and Tertiary volcanics. Production index, T_max, hydrogen index and vitrinite reflectance measurements for shale and mudstone samples from this areas indicate that they are mature for oil generation. Burial history reconstruction and Lopatin modelling indicate that hydrocarbons have been generated in this area from 10Ma to the present day. The presence of an oil seepage at Were Ilu points to the presence of an active petroleum system. Seepage oil samples were analysed using gas chromatography and results indicate that source rock OM was dominated by marine material with some land‐derived organic matter. The Pr/Ph ratio of the seepage oil is less than 1, suggesting a marine depositional environment. n‐alkanes are absent but steranes and triterpanes are present; pentacyclic triterpanes are more abundant than steranes. The black shales and mudstones of the Upper Hamanlei Limestone Formation are inferred to be the source of the seepage oil. Of other formations whose source rock potential was investigated, a sample of the Permian Karroo Group shale was found to be overmature for oil generation; whereas algal‐laminated gypsum samples from the Middle Hamanlei Limestone Formation were organic lean and had little source potential     

FAULT CONTROLS ON SEDIMENT DISTRIBUTION PATTERNS, LIMÓN BASIN, COSTA RICA

The Limón back‐arc basin on the Caribbean Seaboard of Costa Rica is an excellent area in which to study the influence of fault activity on patterns of sediment dispersal. The basin can be divided into northern and southern sub‐basins which are characterized by different structural histories. Whereas the North Limón Basin is dominated by extension, the South Limón Basin has been deformed by northeastward directed compression. Data from a grid of seismic lines in the offshore parts of these two sub‐basins allowed us to map the basin‐fill architecture and the key tectonic elements. Sediment thickness maps were used to infer the sediment distribution during the Middle Miocene, Late Miocene, Pliocene and Quaternary. The results of this study show that the extensional North Limón Basin has the characteristics of a passive continental margin. A wide and structurally homogeneous depocentre developed in relative tectonic quiescence. Tectonic activity increased in Plio‐Pleistocene times and pronounced normal faulting led to the formation of structurally‐controlled depocentres. The configuration in the South Limón Basin is different, since compressional tectonics created a heterogeneous pattern of accommodation space and sediment thickness. In this region, a number of small depocentres have been active since the Middle Miocene and their location changed continuously through time. These changes are most obvious in the Plio‐Pleistocene, where a succession of piggy‐back basins evolved in response to offshore activity on the Limón fold‐and‐thrust belt. Today, ongoing thrust tectonics causes topographic breaks at the sea‐floor of the South Limón Basin. These morphological features control the position of recent submarine channels. The data and interpretations presented here document the influence of fault activity on depositional patterns in a sedimentary basin. This study shows that tectonically controlled depocentres can be highly variable in space and time.     

台湾海峡盆地油气地质条件与含油气系统研究

台湾海峡盆地是位于台湾海峡及其相邻台湾西部的中、新生代叠合盆地。油气地质研究表明,烃源岩主要为古新统及始新统潮坪—澙湖相泥岩和中新统海陆过渡相炭质泥岩和海相泥岩,储层为古新统、始新统的潮下坪相砂岩及中新统三角洲相砂岩,区域盖层为中新统—第四系泥岩。东部坳陷和西部坳陷的油气地质条件存在明显的差异。含油气系统研究认为,台湾海峡盆地发育了古近系和中新统两套含油气系统,盆地西部主要发育古近系含油气系统,具有较好的油气资源前景;盆地东部主要发育中新统含油气系统,具有良好的油气资源前景。      

四川盆地下侏罗统大安寨段沉积微相特征及对储层的控制

下侏罗统大安寨段是四川盆地致密油勘探的重点层位,但油气特征复杂。在对大安寨段的岩性特征进行详细研究时,将大安寨段划分为8种岩相:厚层块状重结晶灰岩相、块状亮晶介壳灰岩相、块状—薄层状泥晶介壳灰岩相、薄层状含泥质介壳灰岩相、泥岩与泥质介壳灰岩的薄互层相、薄层状含介壳泥岩相、黑色泥岩相、紫红色到灰绿色泥岩相。总结了大安寨段的沉积模式,划分为5种沉积微相,即滨浅湖泥、滩后、滩核、滩前和浅湖—半深湖泥。最后,通过对比不同岩性的孔渗特性并结合沉积环境进行分析,明确了沉积微相对储集层的控制作用,滩前微相具有较好的致密油成藏条件。     

HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL OF MIDDLE JURASSIC COALY AND LACUSTRINE AND UPPER JURASSIC – LOWERMOST CRETACEOUS MARINE SOURCE ROCKS IN THE SØGNE BASIN,NORTH SEA

The Søgne Basin in the Danish‐Norwegian Central Graben is unique in the North Sea because it has been proven to contain commercial volumes of hydrocarbons derived only from Middle Jurassic coaly source rocks. Exploration here relies on the identification of good quality, mature Middle Jurassic coaly and lacustrine source rocks and Upper Jurassic – lowermost Cretaceous marine source rocks. The present study examines source rock data from almost 900 Middle Jurassic and Upper Jurassic – lowermost Cretaceous samples from 21 wells together with 286 vitrinite reflectance data from 14 wells. The kerogen composition and kinetics for bulk petroleum formation of three Middle Jurassic lacustrine samples were also determined. Differences in kerogen composition between the coaly and marine source rocks result in two principal oil windows: (i) the effective oil window for Middle Jurassic coaly strata, located at ～3800 m and spanning at least ～650 m; and (ii) the oil window for Upper Jurassic – lowermost Cretaceous marine mudstones, located at ～3250 m and spanning ～650 m. A possible third oil window may relate to Middle Jurassic lacustrine deposits. Middle Jurassic coaly strata are thermally mature in the southern part of the Søgne Basin and probably also in the north, whereas they are largely immature in the central part of the basin. HI_max values of the Middle Jurassic coals range from ～150–280 mg HC/g TOC indicating that they are gas‐prone to gas/oil‐prone. The overall source rock quality of the Middle Jurassic coaly rocks is fair to good, although a relatively large number of the samples are of poor source rock quality. At the present day, Middle Jurassic oil‐prone or gas/oil‐prone rocks occur in the southern part of the basin and possibly in a narrow zone in the northern part. In the remainder of the basin, these deposits are considered to be gas‐prone or are absent. Wells in the northernmost part of the Søgne Basin / southernmost Steinbit Terrace encountered Middle Jurassic organic–rich lacustrine mudstones with sapropelic kerogen, high HI values reaching 770 mg HC/g TOC and E_a‐distributions characterised by a single dominant E_a‐peak. The presence of lacustrine mudstones is also suggested by a limited number of samples with HI values above 300 mg HC/g TOC in the southern part of the basin; in addition, palynofacies demonstrate a progressive increase in the abundance and areal extent of lacustrine and brackish open water conditions during Callovian times. A regional presence of oil‐prone Middle Jurassic lacustrine source rocks in the Søgne Basin, however, remains speculative. Middle Jurassic kitchen areas may be present in an elongated palaeo‐depression in the northern part of the Søgne Basin and in restricted areas in the south. Upper Jurassic – lowermost Cretaceous mudstones are thermally mature in the central, western and northern parts of the basin; they are immature in the eastern part towards the Coffee Soil Fault, and overmature in the southernmost part. Only a minor proportion of the mudstones have HI values >300 mg HC/g TOC, and the present‐day source rock quality is for the best samples fair to good. In the south and probably also in most of the northern part of the Søgne Basin, the mudstones are most likely gas‐prone, whereas they may be gas/oil‐prone in the central part of the basin. A narrow elongated zone in the northern part of the basin may be oil‐prone. The marine mudstones are, however, volumetrically more significant than the Middle Jurassic strata. Possible Upper Jurassic – lowermost Cretaceous kitchen areas are today restricted to the central Søgne Basin and the elongated palaeo‐depression in the north.     

“源热共控”中国近海天然气富集区分布

西湖凹陷、白云凹陷、崖南凹陷和莺中凹陷是中国近海盆地外带中已被证实的富生气凹陷,其主力气源岩为海陆过渡相地层,烃源岩包括煤系三角洲和浅海相泥岩。前者多分布在凹陷的缓坡区,烃源岩包括煤层、碳质泥岩和暗色泥岩,沉积有机质都属于陆源,丰度高,是好—极好的烃源岩。后者分布在洼槽区,多分布于深凹陷部位,水生生物欠发育,沉积环境处于半封闭的背景,因而有利于有机质的保存,主要发育泥岩,有机质属混源成因,多来自陆源,也有海生藻类,丰度属于较好到好,总体属于好烃源岩。结论认为:煤系三角洲区潜在生气量大,可能形成大中型气田,气田充满度高;浅海相泥岩烃源岩区潜在生气能力不及煤系三角洲,也能够形成大中型气田,但气田充满度偏低;煤系三角洲区是近海最有利区,浅海相泥岩区是较有利区。据此指出:①中国近海煤系三角洲区分为勘探成熟区和潜在区两大领域,其中成熟区包括西湖凹陷西部斜坡、白云凹陷北部斜坡、崖南凹陷西北部、莺歌海盆地莺西斜坡,潜在区包括荔湾凹陷北部三角洲、琼东南盆地松东凹陷北坡三角洲、东海盆地丽水凹陷丽水三角洲等;②浅海相泥岩有利区包括西湖凹陷洼槽区、白云凹陷洼槽区、崖南凹陷洼槽区、荔湾凹陷洼槽区、莺歌海盆地莺中洼槽区、琼东南盆地中央凹陷洼槽区等。     

准噶尔盆地吉木萨尔南部中上二叠统沉积古环境分析

准噶尔盆地东南缘吉木萨尔南部中上二叠统发育的泥页岩厚度大、分布广泛、有机质含量高,含有丰富的油气资源。通过对准噶尔盆地东南缘吉木萨尔南部中二叠统芦草沟组和上二叠统梧桐沟组进行了系统的采样,对泥页岩样品开展了生物标志化合物和元素地球化学分析,研究了该区中二叠统芦草沟组和上二叠统梧桐沟组泥页岩沉积时的氧化还原条件、古盐度和古气候特征。结果表明：①中二叠统芦草沟组沉积期处于贫氧的弱还原环境,有机质来源整体上以低等水生生物、沉水植物、原核生物等为主,芦草沟组中段混有少量高等植物输入;上二叠统梧桐沟组沉积期处于弱氧化—弱还原的环境,有机质来源整体上以低等水生生物、沉水植物、原核生物等为主,可能混有少量的高等植物,与芦草沟组相比有较多的沉水植物、泥炭藓、原核生物等;②中二叠统芦草沟组沉积时期湖盆为咸化—半咸化的水体,以干热的古气候条件为主;而上二叠统梧桐沟组沉积时期则为弱咸化—淡水的湖盆水体环境,以温暖湿润的古气候条件为主;③中二叠世至晚二叠世,研究区湖盆水体整体上呈现咸化程度降低,沉积有机质来源以低等水生生物、沉水植物、原核生物等为主,古气候呈由干热变为温暖湿润的演化趋势。     

RESERVOIR POTENTIAL OF DEEP‐WATER LACUSTRINE DELTA‐FRONT SANDSTONES IN THE UPPER TRIASSIC YANCHANG FORMATION,WESTERN ORDOS BASIN,CHINA

This paper investigates the reservoir characteristics of deep‐water lacustrine‐delta sandstones in the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation in the western Ordos Basin, north‐central China. The Yanchang Formation has previously been interpreted as a shallow‐water lacustrine deltaic succession, and this interpretation has been used to guide petroleum exploration activities which have however met with only limited success. The present study integrates thin‐section, wireline log, X‐ray diffraction and SEM data from wells in the western Ordos Basin to determine the sedimentary and diagenetic characteristics of sandstones in the C6 and C4+5 sub‐members of the Yanchang Formation, and to interpret the units' depositional environment. The C6 and C4+5 sub‐members in the study area are composed of: mudstones and fine‐grained sandstones, which are interpreted as deep‐water pro‐delta deposits; laterally‐extensive sand sheets (outer delta‐front deposits); and small‐scale distributary channel and mouth bar sandbodies (inner delta‐front deposits). The sandstones have reservoir potential but diagenesis has had a range of effects on reservoir quality. Compaction together with cementation by calcite and clay minerals including chlorite and kaolinite may have affected pore throat geometry and permeability adversely. However dissolution of feldspars and calcite cement created secondary porosity. Hydrocarbon accumulations may occur in delta‐front channel and mouth bar sandbodies. Core studies show that some sandstone intervals have relatively good reservoir properties with porosity up to 15% and permeability up to 9mD.     

环玛湖凹陷二叠—三叠系沉积构造背景及其演化

准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷是已被证实的富油凹陷,以二叠、三叠系砂砾岩扇体油气藏著称于世。揭示扇体发育的构造—沉积环境,是探索构造、气候、地形等因素之间耦合关系的重要窗口,也是进一步评价油气勘探潜力、加快勘探开发进程的重要基础。利用新的钻探与地球物理勘探资料,从“源—汇系统”的概念出发,揭示该区二叠系—三叠系的构造及沉积背景。研究表明,玛湖凹陷是在石炭纪之前的褶皱基底基础上,受周缘冲断活动控制而形成的石炭纪—第四纪凹陷;二叠纪—三叠纪为玛湖凹陷的主要沉积充填期,经历了晚石炭世—早二叠世的造山后伸展、中二叠世—中三叠世挤压逆冲以及晚三叠世克拉通内拗陷的演化过程,主要发育冲积扇—扇三角洲—湖泊沉积体系;冲断活动的幕式发育与前展式迁移、撕裂断层与横向构造转换带（区）形成的优势搬运通道、干旱的气候环境等因素控制了玛湖凹陷周缘规模巨大的扇三角洲体系。伸展背景下风城组的碱湖沉积提供了优质烃源岩,其上的扇三角洲体系提供了有利的储集体,上三叠统厚层泥岩构成区域盖层,共同形成了一个完整的含油气体系。玛湖凹陷含油气潜力巨大,多层系立体勘探前景广阔。     

古潜山周缘滩坝沉积模式与岩性油藏勘探实践——以南苏丹Melut盆地Ruman地区Galhak组为例

Melut盆地历经了近20年的构造圈闭勘探,目前可钻的剩余构造圈闭已十分有限,为应对储量和产量递减,亟待开展岩性油藏等新领域的探索。基于古地貌恢复、物源体系、单井微相、砂体展布等分析,综合青海湖现代沉积调查结果,提出Ruman潜山周缘白垩系Galhak组发育大型滩坝沉积,建立了潜山隆起周缘型和水下潜山台地型2类沉积模式,认为长轴三角洲前端侧翼的古潜山地貌所造就的高能滨浅湖环境是滩坝沉积的关键控制因素。Galhak组沉积初期,因强烈断层掀斜作用,Ruman潜山短暂露出水面,基岩-长轴三角洲复合供源,发育大型坝砂,单层厚度10～20 m,面积约10 km²;随后,因相对湖平面上升,Ruman潜山没入水下,发育水下潜山台地型滩坝,长轴三角洲单一供源,以大面积薄层滩砂为主,局部发育厚层坝砂。滩坝砂体与上倾尖灭线、下伏Renk组烃源岩、顶板洪泛泥岩、侧向湖相泥岩封隔等配套,形成上倾尖灭、孤立透镜体等类型的岩性圈闭。滩坝沉积的提出有效指导了岩性油藏勘探,部署的多口探井获勘探发现,提升了Ruman地区的储量规模。     

深水少井区重力流薄泥岩隔夹层预测方法

南海深水气田泥岩隔夹层薄、分布规律不清、常规地球物理方法难以识别,给气田开发造成了不利的影响。为了对深水气田内部的泥岩隔夹层展布规律有更精细的认识,以琼东南盆地中新统黄流组为例,基于三维地震资料与钻井资料,结合区域沉积演化规律,在分析研究区泥岩隔夹层的岩电特征与地震响应特征的基础上,明确泥岩成因类型,采用HFE高分辨率拓频处理及AIW波阻抗反演技术,开展了不同成因泥岩识别及预测,并对泥岩隔夹层的分布情况开展多维刻画。研究结果表明：①研究区深水重力流沉积背景下,主要发育两种类型的泥岩——深海泥质沉积泥岩与天然堤沉积泥岩,其中天然堤沉积泥岩厚度薄、横向变化快、预测难度较大;②深水重力流薄泥岩隔夹层通过HFE高频拓展处理后分辨率显著提高,地震数据的相对振幅关系与时频特性依然保持较好;③对井数据依赖性较小的AIW波阻抗反演方法能进一步提高地震数据对泥岩隔夹层的识别精度,有效开展薄泥岩隔夹层的预测。结论认为,基于HFE拓频技术与AIW波阻抗反演技术的组合,可以有效地提高薄层泥岩的识别精度并对薄层泥岩隔夹层的平面分布开展有效地追踪,该研究成果可以为深水气田的开发方案编制及后续气田开发实施提供技术支撑。     

INTERPRETING BIOSTRATIGRAPHICAL DATA USING FUZZY LOGIC: THE IDENTIFICATION OF REGIONAL MUDSTONES WITHIN THE FLEMING FIELD, UK NORTH SEA

The Fleming gas‐condensate field, located on the eastern flank of the Central Graben, UK North Sea, is an elongate stratigraphic pinch‐out whose reservoir is composed of stacked turbidite sandstones of the lower Palaeogene Maureen Formation. The sandstones have a sheet‐like geometry with each sandstone lobe being partially offset into the swales of the preceding lobes. In such depositional environments, the understanding of lateral and vertical sandstone connectivity, a major uncertainty in reservoir modelling and well planning and production strategies, depends upon the choice of depositional model that is applied and the lateral continuity of pelagic mudstones. Previously published work defined a model, based on variations in the composition of agglutinated foraminiferal populations, that could be used to derive a qualitative measure of the level of pelagic influence within mudstones interbedded with turbidite sandstones. It was considered that mudstones with a high pelagic influence are likely to be more laterally extensive than those with a low pelagic index. A fuzzy logic workflow was constructed using this model and was applied to the Fleming field in order to identify laterally persistent mudstones. This approach was combined with high‐resolution correlation of bioevents using graphic correlation. A detailed layering scheme for the Fleming field was defined and this predicted the presence of a field‐wide mudstone. Initial attempts at history matching during reservoir simulation using a simple six‐layer lithostratigraphical scheme were not successful. A revised layering scheme defined by biofacies modelling and graphic correlation was used to produce a 13‐layer model; this was later simplified by combination with the six‐layer model to produce a ten‐layer model. This layering scheme is shown to provide a better understanding of both net‐to‐gross distribution and the dynamic behaviour of the field, and also improved history matching against production data. The biostratigraphical model applied using a fuzzy logic approach is authenticated by the reservoir simulation (fluid flow) and pre‐ and post‐maintenance well pressure tests of well 22/5b‐A3 which showed that the perforated interval in that well is isolated from the perforated intervals in the other producing wells. While history matching during reservoir simulation is important, the predictive capability of the fuzzy logic model proved to be critical to our understanding of the field.     

渝东南地区下志留统石牛栏组混合沉积作用及对生物礁发育的制约

渝东南地区下志留统石牛栏组广泛发育碳酸盐与陆源碎屑的混合沉积。通过野外观察、薄片鉴定、同位素分析等手段,对研究区石牛栏组混合沉积作用及对生物礁的制约进行了研究。结果表明,渝东南地区石牛栏组主要发育泥质灰岩与砂质泥岩、泥晶灰岩与泥岩、生物灰岩与灰质泥岩3种混积层系和泥质灰岩、砂质/粉砂质灰岩、含粉砂生物礁灰岩（生物灰岩）、灰质粉砂岩、灰质泥岩6种混积岩。沉积环境的演化过程表现为早期浅水混积陆棚—中期生物礁滩—晚期礁前斜坡及浅水混积陆棚;陆源碎屑含量从底部到顶部总体为降低的过程,与海平面的演化规律存在一定的耦合。混合沉积主要发生于浅水混积陆棚及生物礁滩/斜坡2种沉积环境。在石牛栏组生物礁发育过程中,陆源碎屑的注入是制约生物礁及生物群落发育的根本原因。     

鄂尔多斯盆地大牛地气田铝土质泥岩储层的测井评价

大牛地气田位于鄂尔多斯盆地东北部,总体上属于致密砂岩气藏,该区石炭系本溪组发育铝土质泥岩,传统上认为其是下古生界风化壳的盖层;但研究后却发现本溪组铝土质泥岩不周于一般的泥岩或页岩,前者具有更好的孔隙网络,同时也有较好的气测显示,可以作为潜在储层。为此,利用烷烃气碳同位素比较法,首先判别了该区铝土质泥岩储层的气源,发现其天然气来源于石炭—二叠系煤成气、下古生界碳酸盐岩自生气和铝土质泥岩内部泥页岩自生气所组成的混源气,而以石炭—二叠系煤成气为主;在此基础上,利用常规测井和特殊方法测井资料总结出了铝土质泥岩储层的测井响应特征,进而分析、评价了形成储层的原因及储层的品质;最后对该区本溪组铝土质泥岩储层的厚度进行了平面分布预测。结果表明:该类储层普遍发育,连续性较好,但其厚度不均匀(介于2.0~21.6 m),总体上由北西向南东方向逐渐变厚。该研究成果为大牛地气田铝土质泥岩储层的勘探开发提供了技术支持。     

南苏门达腊盆地中国石油合同区块成藏组合分析

南苏门达腊盆地是典型的弧后裂谷盆地，其演化经历了4大构造期：始新世中期到渐新世早期为裂谷发育期；渐新世晚期到中新世初期为裂谷-坳陷过渡期；中新世早期到末期为坳陷期；上新世早期至今为盆地反转期。盆地形成以始新统湖相泥岩、生储盖组合特征、圈闭构造风格与油气富集特点，可将其油气成藏组合划分为深部组合、下部组合、中部组合和上部组合。深部组合以新生古储式潜山油气藏为主；下部组合以自生自储式油气藏为主；中部组合以古生新储式油气藏为主；上部组合以与晚期反转构造有关的油气藏为主。3个中国石油合同区块发现的成藏组合各不相同，每一区块还具有发现其它成藏组合的潜力。     

下刚果—刚果扇盆地中新统层序地层格架内重力流沉积体系特征、演化及其控制因素

针对下刚果—刚果扇盆地中新统重力流体系内部结构及演化特征等问题,开展了层序地层划分、重力流体系沉积特征阐述及控制因素讨论的研究。综合利用地震、测井、岩心等资料,在建立高精度层序地层格架的基础上,识别区内重力流沉积的岩相特征、构成单元,揭示其沉积演化过程并探讨其控制因素。研究表明,区内中新统可划分为4个三级层序(SQ1、SQ2、SQ3、SQ4),所发育的重力流沉积在岩性上主要为硅质碎屑和泥质岩等,沉积单元主要包括水道内部滑塌变形层,块体搬运沉积、重力流水道充填、天然堤-溢岸沉积和前缘朵叶体沉积等。早中新世(SQ1)区内多发育鸥翼形、弱受限—不受限的沉积型水道-堤岸复合体和朵叶体等,中中新世早期(SQ2)区内多发育W形、弱受限的侵蚀-沉积型分支水道(多期叠置),中中新世晚期(SQ3)区内多发育U形、受限的侵蚀型水道,晚中新世(SQ4)区内多发育V形、深切的侵蚀型孤立水道。气候变冷、海平面持续下降,致使研究区由下陆坡-盆底到下陆坡、中陆坡和上陆坡,进而影响了重力流作用的强弱。西非海岸发生的3次构造抬升作用和气候变冷,为重力流沉积的发育提供了充足物源。盐构造的多期活动,对重力流沉积的发育具有重要改向、限制、封堵或破坏等作用。明确下刚果—刚果扇盆地中新统大型重力流沉积体系特征、演化及其控制因素,可为研究区内深水油气勘探工作提供一定的借鉴。