Going Small When the City Grows Big

Abstract

Actual development of water and wastewater systems in towns is an outcome of several interrelated factors such as physical, economic, and social environments. Demography is also an important factor to consider in the formulation of development strategies. Too often in policy papers, population increase only serves as an argument for urgent action, but rarely as a factor in its own right that affects chances of improving a grave situation. A model is developed to generate water management options in urban areas related to population growth. A hypothesis is that management should go small in periods when the city expands rapidly. A study is presented of the development of water and sanitation in the town of Kisumu in Kenya on the shore of Lake Victoria during last century. The aim is to describe and analyze actual development in the water sector and to foresee what prospective developments could be identified in light of continued rapid population growth. The slow growth of the town in the colonial period allowed towns to adequately meet the needs of all residents for water. The extremely rapid population growth after Independence in 1963 interacted with other factors to cause a successive deterioration of residents access to water and sewage disposal.     

我国现状能源与水纽带关系定量识别

以省级行政区为研究对象,以2017年为研究时段,分析我国社会水循环过程耗能及电力生产耗水。结果显示:2017年我国社会水循环过程耗电总量为10 828.1亿kW·h,占当年我国全社会用电总量的17.2%,终端用水是最大的耗能环节;2017年我国电力生产过程耗水量为65.7亿m~3,占当年全社会耗水总量的2%;火电是我国最耗水的电源,其耗水量占全国电力开发耗水总量的78%。基于计算结果,提出了实现能源-水协同安全的相关建议。     

城镇供水与BOT

兴建城供水工程，所需大量资金可采用BOT方式解决，BOT方式对政府而言，最大的吸上力就是这种方式不需要政府负责项目的资金计划和准备，引进资金用于项目建设而政府却无债务负担，对于项目的运营公司而言，利用这种投资和融资方式，可以获得相长期稳定的效益，采用BOT 方式有利于发展城镇供水事业。     

海绵城市建设基本原则及灰色与绿色结合的案例浅析

基于天然水文循环和自然生态系统的基本原理,结合目前我国城市发展存在的诸多问题和\"海绵城市\"理念的提出,本文借鉴国际经验,阐述了\"海绵城市\"规划实施中的7个基本原则;包括制定远景规划,立足多尺度综合管理,形成相互连接的整体框架,注重人与自然的和谐,发挥绿色雨洪基础设施的多功能,加强多学科研究,以及考虑可持续性。在此基础上,从多个尺度结合具体案例进一步探讨了\"海绵城市\"中绿色基础措施和传统的灰色雨洪基础设施相结合的重要与必要性。同时展现了:绿色与灰色雨洪设施的恰当结合还可以将雨洪管理艺术化,增加景观效益,提供休闲娱乐场所,使城市更加美丽健康,合谐宜居。     

Sefficiency (sustainable efficiency) of water–energy–food entangled systems

Water–energy–food (WEF) entanglement is intensifying and technology is being presented as a crucial solution. But time and again the implemented alternative manifests results contrary to the objectives of design or management. To advance water security, transparent and complete input–output methodologies are needed. Here, a Sefficiency (sustainable efficiency) framework is used to reason through systemic analyses of options for WEF schemes by using water quantity within a comprehensive water balance, and quality and benefits in a multilevel water-use system. An energy regime (cost and normalized functions) and Sefficiency compute performance of four cases that show flaws both conceptually and practically in current policy and scientific tendencies.     

Governance of transitions towards sustainable development – the water–energy–food nexus in Cyprus

This paper presents a methodological framework to analyse sustainability innovations in the water–energy–food nexus and strategies for governing transition processes towards their widespread implementation. An application to a case study in Cyprus shows the interrelations of several sustainability innovations in the water, energy and food sectors, and specific learning requirements that need to be addressed to achieve a transition towards sustainable development. The framework helps to explore systematically responsibilities of different stakeholders for the implementation of innovations and thereby provides critical information for reflexive governance processes.     

国内外城市雨洪管理指标体系对比及启示

针对当前我国海绵城市控制指标体系存在的问题,在系统分析代表性发达国家城市雨洪管理指标体系的基础上,对比了国内外城市雨洪管理指标体系的异同,总结了发达国家指标体系对我国的借鉴意义。我国与发达国家在项目自身设计指标以及衡量建设效果的控制指标方面均存在一定差异,今后可考虑在我国雨洪管理指标体系中新增入渗控制指标、洪水控制指标、舒适性指标和生态指标,以完善现有海绵城市控制指标体系;应充分结合各地水质条件、气候条件和经济发展水平,系统研究制定控制指标,同时应加强部门间的沟通与磋商机制建设,确保指标的实施效果。     

城市水系统关联模型研究

为了理清城市水系统中多因素间的复杂关系,对系统解决城市水问题提供帮助,基于水系统理论与城市水系统模拟相关研究,提出了城市水系统中水-经济社会-生态环境各因素之间相互作用和反馈的关联模型理论框架,建立了城市水系统演变过程中由针对经济发展的正反馈回路和针对可持续性的负反馈回路共同控制的新模式,构建了模拟城市水-经济社会-生态环境内在联系的城市水系统关联模型。以武汉市为例,应用建立的城市水系统关联模型,采用2001—2017年的历史统计数据,建立了武汉市城市水-经济社会-生态环境各要素之间互馈作用的模拟模型,预测了武汉市的城市发展轨迹,并与武汉市2030年的远期规划进行比较,验证了模型的有效性,表明城市水系统模型能够揭示城市水-经济社会-生态环境多要素的耦合驱动机制,体现了节水技术与绿色发展相关政策两大因子导向下的生态环境、经济社会协同发展的良好预期。     

泗水县农村供水运行管理存在问题及建议

近年来,泗水县通过实施城乡供水一体化建设,全县城乡供水一体化格局已全面形成,并已实现一个公司运营的管理模式。但由于规模化供水涉及面广、量大,在运行管理上存在不同程度的问题,影响了部分工程正常运行和效益的发挥。文章在对泗水县农村供水工程建设与管理现状分析的基础上,总结泗水县农村供水工程中主要存在部分工程建设标准不高、运维模式、信息化建设水平低等问题。分析结果旨在为泗水县农村供水可持续发展、推进农村供水工程建设项目谋划及完善农村供水工程运行管理机制提供参考依据。     

The water–energy nexus: energy use for water supply in China

China’s strategy to meet increasing water demand is to increase the use of inter-basin transfer water and unconventional water. This study evaluates the energy requirements of this strategy by disaggregating and quantifying the regional energy use for water supply in 2020 and 2030; the energy use in 2014 is calculated to represent the present situation. We find that the energy use for water supply in 2014 amounted to 81 billion kWh. This value is expected increase to 90 and 109 billion kWh by 2020 and 2030, respectively. In 2030, the urban domestic sector will overtake the agricultural sector as the most energy-intensive sector, with major contribution from inter-basin transfer water.     

建设项目取水许可延续取水水量评估的案例分析

建设项目取水许可延续是取水许可管理的重要环节,是落实最严格水资源管理制度的重要抓手.通过对新余水务集团延续取水申请用水合理性评估的案例分析,真实反映工程在实际运行过程中的用水水平、实际取水水量与许可水量的差距,为水行政主管部门复核落实取水许可量以及是否进行延续取水换发证提供科学依据.     

智慧水务建设的基础及发展战略研究

随着信息技术的快速发展和广泛利用,智慧水务已成为许多国家完善水资源科学管理的有效载体。国内目前对智慧水务建设的战略核心理念和关键因素尚没有形成共识,本研究在梳理智慧水务在国内外前期实践的基础上,总结我国智慧水务建设当前存在的主要问题,提出了智慧水务的框架,并深入探讨了智慧水务建设的可行发展战略以及关键实施途径,为我国智慧水务建设提供有效支撑。     

Water and Sustainable Development in Ghana

Abstract

Water is vital for the survival and development of every community or society. The health of a given community is reflected to a large extent in the water quality of the community's available water resources. In Ghana, efforts have been made since colonial days to supply both the urban and the rural communities with potable water to enhance the rapid socio-economic development of the country. It is economically viable due to the remoteness of most of the rural communities to supply them with potable water from local sources such as groundwater. The urban water supply systems are mainly based on surface water sources. With the ever-expanding population, there is a need to improve freshwater resources conservation and management in order to avoid impending shortages. To ensure the total coverage of all rural and urban communities by the year 2020, a huge capital outlay of $1 billion and 51.5 billion, respectively, is needed. Most of these funds are expected to come from the private sector, both local and foreign, with the Government making some substantial contribution.     

Towards a water–energy–food nexus policy: realizing the blue and green virtual water of agriculture in Jordan

Virtual water is an important addendum to how we view a country's water resources. This study examines the virtual water embedded in Jordan's agricultural produce and its impact on future water–energy–food policies. Blue and green virtual waters are calculated from data on rainfall, crop patterns, yields, and water requirements at the district level. Results highlight the advantages of blue water usage in the Jordan Valley and of harnessing more available green water in the Highlands, with both displaying low energy impact. Results also emphasize the high groundwater usage and energy footprint in the Desert regions, signalling a need to rein in groundwater extraction and take advantage of solar power.