Effect of cerium,neodymium, praseodymium,lanthanum, and aluminum on the structure of cast iron

Conclusions The amount of cerium added to cast iron to obtain spheroidal graphite can be reduced to one-tenth the amount ordinarily used. In ordinary low-sulfur cast iron the main portion of the cerium is not utilized for the direct purpose. Considering the substantial variation in the composition and number of inclusions in cast irons, one can easily explain the reasons for the different opinions on the modifying action of cerium, neodymium, and praseodymium [1, 2].The study of the effect of small amounts of these elements on the structure of cast iron showed the stronger modifying action of cerium by comparison with praseodymium and neodymium.The obtain spheroidal graphite inclusions one purification of the alloy alone is insufficient to remove the sulfur and the nitrogen and oxygen dissolved in the liquid metal.Belorussia State University. Translated from Metallovedenie i Termicheskaya Obrabotka Metallov, No. 4, pp 65–67, April, 1967.     

DISTRIBUTION OF NODULARIZING ELEMENTS IN R. E. TREATED SPHEROIDAL GRAPHITE CAST IRONS

用自射线照相、电子探针及离子探针等方法研究了铈球铁、轻稀土-镁球铁、钇基重稀土球铁、钇基重稀土-镁球铁中铈、钇、镁、钙等球化元素以及硫的分布。自射线照相所获得的乳胶干板各处的黑度分布近似地反映了石墨与基体中放射性物质的重量百分浓度。在金相显微镜和扫描电子显微镜观察中均发现,有的球墨有核心。电子探针的探测结果说明:在铈球铁中,有的球墨的核心为硫化铈;在用铈、钙稀土合金处理的球铁中,有的球墨的核心有硫化铈和硫化钙;在轻稀土-镁球铁中,有的球墨的核心有铈、镁、硅的化合物。 球化元素铈、镁、钇、钙等和反球化元素硫在球墨中的分布是多样的;这些元素的化合物可能构成某些球墨的结晶核心;有的球墨边缘或周围有铈、钇、镁、钙的富集;有的球墨中铈为均匀分布,钇为不规则分布;在相当多的球墨中,没有铈、钇等球化元素的富集。根据球化元素的多种分布形态,认为球墨的成因,也不限于一种。球化剂的主要作用可能是它能去除硫、氧等杂质,改变了馆体的表面张力和熔体-石墨间的界面张力,从而有利于球墨的形成。 对双层球墨的成因进行了初步分析。     

Cerium: a suitable green corrosion inhibitor for tinplate

In chloride solutions, tinplate exhibits localised corrosion processes due to the defects or imperfections of the outer Sn layer, which leaves the Sn-Fe alloyed layer exposed to aggressive solutions. The anodic character of the external Sn with respect to the internal alloyed layer, will lead to its dissolution acting as a sacrificial anode. The addition of cerium salts to the aggressive media decreases the pitting susceptibility of tinplate by means of cerium precipitation on the cathodic sites (bare Sn-Fe areas). This induces to a change of the controlling mechanism suggesting that cerium is a cathodic inhibitor for tinplate, which could be corroborated by removal selectively the outer Sn layer and leaving the Sn-Fe layer directly exposed to the solution. In these conditions, the corrosion process of the steel base will take place through the defects of the Sn-Fe layer, which presents a cathodic character in comparison to the base metal, inducing the precipitation of cerium on the alloyed layer.Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis revealed that the location of cerium precipitates depend on the distribution of the cathodic areas that could lead either to a continuous layer covering the surface or to precipitates inside the mechanical failures.     

Improvement of oxidation resistance in graphite for MgO–C refractory through surface modification

Graphite, used as a carbon source in a conventional magnesia–carbon (MgO–C) refractory, was modified with an acid reagent, resulting in a negative charge on the surface of graphite, to enhance the coating efficiency of aluminum (Al) phase, which was compared to the pristine graphite through its dispersibity and oxidation behavior. The graphite particles with and without surface modification were added, respecticely, in an Al(NO₃)₃ suspension used as a coating reagent, and then filtered at room temperature. The modified graphite shows better disperbility than the pristine graphite, indicating that the coating efficiency of Al precursor is enhanced in the modified graphite. With respect to oxidation behavior, the modified graphite without the coating layer is totally reacted with oxygen at heat treatment of 900 °C in air. However, the Al-coated graphite starts to react with oxygen at heat treatment of 900 °C and fully reacted with oxygen at heat treatment of 1000 °C, showing the gray and white colors, respectively. It is verified that the Al layer is individually and uniformly formed on the surface of graphite and the oxidation resistance of graphite is enhanced owing to the increased coating efficiency of Al precursor.     

Rapidly solidified thick cobalt-based alloy deposit with carbide particles produced by plasma spraying

Abstract

Thermal spraying can produce rapidly solidified thick layers, because the droplets that accumulate on the substrate experience cooling rates of 10⁵–10⁸ K s^–1. It is thus an attractive method to produce composite deposits containing fine particles formed in situ. In the present work, Co–1·5C, Co–1·5C–14Cr and Co–1·5C–29Cr (wt-%) alloy powders produced by argon atomisation were low-pressure plasma sprayed onto water cooled or uncooled substrates. The as sprayed Co–1·5C deposit formed on a water-cooled substrate consists of a metastable β-Co phase, supersaturated with carbon due to the high cooling rate. Heat treatment at >673 K led to the formation of α-Co and graphite. The deposit heat treated at 1073 K contained graphite particles ～0·8 μm in size. At higher treatment temperatures, coarsening of graphite and the elimination of carbon supersaturation result in lower hardness. As-sprayed Co–1·5C deposit on uncooled substrates consisted of β-Co, α-Co and graphite. As-sprayed deposit of Co–1·5C–14Cr and Co–1·5C–29Cr powders on uncooled substrates consisted of β-Co, α-Co, Cr₃C₂, Cr₇C₃ and graphite. The fine (0·5 μm) precipitates in the as-sprayed Co–1·5C–14Cr deposit on uncooled substrates were identified as chromium carbide. As-sprayed Co–1·5C–29Cr deposits on uncooled substrates contained many precipitates ～0·6 μm in size and showed the highest microhardness of ～600 HV (2·94 N).     

Changes in Cu–silica interfacial chemistry with oxygen chemical potential

Interfacial chemistry and equilibrium morphology of SiO₂ glass precipitates in a solid copper matrix are studied as a function of the oxygen chemical potential. Spherical SiO₂–glass precipitates are formed within copper by internal oxidation of (Cu,Si) single crystals at different oxygen activities. The metal–glass interfaces are rough at an atomic level. Atomic and electronic structures of the different interfaces are analyzed by high spatial resolution EELS. At high oxygen activity, two interfacial zones with specific electronic states are distinguished: on the metal-side of the interface, the correlated modifications in the O-1s and Cu-2p edges indicate O-2p–Cu-3d hybridization; on the glass-side of the interface, a modification of the Cu-2p edge is observed, which is interpreted in terms of a weak interaction of highly perturbed metallic copper with the constituents of the adjacent glass network. At intermediate oxygen activity, only the latter modification is observed at the interface.Oxygen adsorption and desorption to the silica–copper interface are modeled by a continuum approach; model results are compared to those obtained by experiments.     

Behavior of Growth and Coarsening of T_1(Al_2CuLi) Precipitates in Al-Li Alloys 2090 and 2090 Ce

The plate-shaPed T,(Al,CuLi) phase nucleat-ing on { l11 } matrix planes plays an boortanrole in preciPitation strengthening for Al-Li-Cualloys [l]. Recently, the observation by trans-mission electron microscOPy (TEM) has provedthat tface addition of rare earth element cerdrican minify the mid-diameter of T, plates and in-crease T, number density of unit volurne in all-oys 2090 [21. In this paPer, the variation of len-gth and thickness of Tl plates with aging time at190 aC has been analy…     

Effects of co-precipitation temperature on structure and properties of La and Y doped cerium zirconium mixed oxides

Due to the oxygen storage and release properties, cerium zirconium mixed oxides are recognized as the key material in automotive three-way catalysts. To reveal the effects of co-precipitation temperature on structure, physical and chemical properties of multi-doped cerium zirconium mixed oxides, a series of La and Y doped cerium zirconium mixed oxides (CZLYs) were synthesized via a co-precipitation method, and the physical and chemical properties of CZLYs were systemically characterized by XRD, N₂ adsorption–desorption, TEM, XPS, oxygen storage capacity (OSC) and hydrogen temperature programmed reduction (H₂-TPR). The results show that co-precipitation temperature is an important parameter to influence the crystal size, oxygen storage capacity and thermal stability of CZLYs. When the co-precipitation temperature was 60 °C, the best redox properties and thermal stability of CZLYs were obtained. After thermal treatment at 1100 °C for 10 h, the specific surface area and oxygen storage capacity of the corresponding aged sample were 15.42 m²/g and 497.7 μmol/g, respectively. In addition, a mechanism was proposed to reveal the effects of co-precipitation temperature on the structure and properties of CZLYs.     

Recovering flake graphite from steelmaking kish

As part of its research efforts to encourage conservation and reuse of natural resources, the U.S. Bureau of Mines has developed a process to produce high-quality flake graphite from the steelmaking waste known as kish. The kish produced by current steelmaking practices is a mixture of graphite, desulfurization slag, and iron that is skimmed from the molten iron feed to the basic oxygen furnace. Kish was treated by a combination of screening and hydraulic classification to produce a concentrate containing more than 70% graphite. Acid leaching of the concentrate gave a graphite product with 95–99% purity and a flake size ranging from 10 mesh down. Industrial graphite users indicated that kish graphite is a suitable substitute for natural graphite material for most uses.     

Some paradoxical observations about spheroidal graphite degeneracy

Differential thermal analysis experiments have been performed on samples machined from Y2-blocks cast with different high-silicon spheroidal graphite irons. Depending on magnesium, silicon, cerium and antimony content, the as-cast microstructure showed various levels of chunky graphite in the central part of the blocks. In contrast, the microstructure of the materials after remelting and resolidification during differential thermal analysis consisted of lamellar or compacted graphite. The formation of chunky graphite in the as-cast microstructure is rationalized using an index or silicon equivalent that has been recently suggested. The differences in the microstructures after differential thermal analysis are discussed in terms of available free magnesium. Emphasis is finally put on the striking differences in characteristic size of the microstructures made of compacted graphite as compared to lamellar graphite and chunky graphite. This leads to tentative conclusions about growth of compacted and chunky graphite which would be worthy of further experimental investigations.     

铸铁熔体中石墨生长方式的转变与变质机理的探讨

采用液淬技术,对铸铁熔体中石墨生长方式的转变进行了研究,提出了螺旋台阶增殖的概念并给出了两个基本模型。指出:螺旋台阶的增殖是石墨晶体生长方式转变的实质,变质元素Ce能促使石墨由片状转变为球状,初步揭示了石墨的各种结晶形貌形成的原因。     

Creation of nanospaces by intercalation of alkali metals into graphite in organic solutions

Co-intercalation of alkali metals (Li, Na, K, Rb and Cs) with various organic solvents has been utilized for introducing nanospaces in graphite. The co-intercalation has been conducted by a solution method. Resultant products were studied by X-ray diffraction. For solvents of cyclic ethers, co-intercalation is likely to occur for heavy alkali metals of Rb and Cs. For linear ethers with one oxygen atom, binary graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) were mainly obtained, irrespective of alkali metal species. For linear ethers with two oxygen atoms, light alkali metal, in particular, Li tends to give ternary Li–solvent–GICs. From these results, it is concluded that co-intercalation is mainly influenced by the interaction between alkali metals and solvents and by the size of solvated alkali metals.     

The corrosion of a Co–15 wt% Ce alloy in mixed oxidizing-sulfidizing gases at 600–800°C

The corrosion behavior of a Co–Ce alloy containing approximately 15 wt% Ce has been studied at 600–800°C in several H₂–H₂S–CO₂ mixtures, providing sulfur pressures of 10⁻⁸ atm at 600, 700 and 800°C and of 10⁻⁷ atm at 800°C, and oxygen pressures of 10⁻²⁴ atm at 600°C and 10⁻²⁰ atm at 700 and 800°C. At 600°C, the alloy corrodes more slowly than pure cobalt but more rapidly than pure cerium while, at 700°C, it corrodes at about the same rate as pure cerium, but much faster than pure cobalt. At 800°C under 10⁻⁸ atm S₂, i.e. a value below the stability of the cobalt sulfides, the alloy corrodes rather slowly but, under 10⁻⁷ atm S₂, the rate is very high, although slightly lower than that of pure cobalt. The scaling kinetics are generally intermediate between linear and parabolic but are sometimes irregular. The corrosion of this alloy produces multilayered scales, containing an outermost layer of almost pure cobalt sulfide, an intermediate complex layer composed of a mixture of compounds of the two metals and, finally, an innermost region of internal attack of cerium by both oxygen and sulfur. Cerium is not able to diffuse outwards and remains in the alloy consumption region. In the intermediate region cobalt sulfide forms a continuous network which allows the growth of the external CoS_y layer, although at rates that are reduced with respect to those of pure cobalt. Thus, a cerium content of 15 wt% is not sufficient to prevent or even to significantly reduce the sulfidation of the base metal. These results, as well as the details of the microstructure of the scales, are interpreted by taking into account the limited solubility of cerium in the base metal and the presence of an intermetallic compound, rich in cerium, in the alloy.     

A study of phosphate adsorption by different temperature treated hydrous cerium oxides

An alkaline precipitation method was introduced to produce hydrous cerium oxides.The prepared powder was characterized by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller(BET) nitrogen adsorption-desorption,X-ray diffraction(XRD),Fourier transform infrared(FTIR) spectrometry,and thermal gravimetry(TG) approaches.The adsorbent has a chemical formula of CeO2·nH2O(n < 2) and a cubic fluorite-type structure after high temperature treatment.Adsorption capacity of different temperature treated hydrous cerium oxides does not directly correlate with BET specific surface area.Phosphate adsorption isotherms follow the Langmuir equation below the treatment temperature of 800°C.Phosphate adsorption causes no change on the structure of a hydrous cerium oxides,and no signs of CePO4 precipitates are found.The ion-exchanging structure of hydrous cerium oxide plays a fundamental role in phosphate adsorption.The structure is highly temperature resistant and forms adsorption sites which adsorb both water and some anions.Complete loss of adsorption ability cannot be achieved unless the treatment temperature is higher than 1200°C.Mechanism study shows that the adsorption of phosphates is mainly an anion-exchange process.     

Effect of oxygen precipitates in solar grade silicon on minority carrier lifetime and efficiency of solar cells

The effect of oxygen precipitates on minority carrier lifetime and performance of solar cell was studied by means of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), quasi-steady state photoconductance (QSSPCD), optical microscope, spectrumresponse and solar cell efficiency test. The minority carrier lifetime and performance of solar cell reduced depend on oxygen precipitates. A few of oxygen precipitates have formed after single-step annealing; and they do not impact the efficiency dramatically. Pre-annealing at 650 ℃ for 4 h enhances the oxygen precipitation when it is subjected to middle temperature annealing. The solar cells performance decayed sharply. Especially annealing at 950 ℃ for 3 h, the V os and I sc of cells decrease 12% and 25% respectively. Few oxygen precipitates have formed in silicon after high temperature annealing at about 1050 ℃ whether pre-annealing is used or not, and the performance of cells is notbe affected.     

Effect of the cerium (III) chloride heptahydrate on the corrosion inhibition of aluminum alloy

In the present work, the corrosion protection of aluminum alloy AA2024-T3 has been studied in NaCl solution, with and without the addition of cerium (III) chloride heptahydrate. The corrosion inhibitor efficiency after immersion into 10 mM NaCl, with or without 3 mM of CeCl₃·7H₂O at 20°C, 40°C, and 60°C was investigated. The performed quantitative tests include electrochemical techniques, such as the method of quasipotentiostatic polarization (Tafel extrapolation), cyclic polarization, and electrochemical impedance s pectroscopy to determine corrosion rate (v_corr), inhibition efficiency (η %), protective ability (γ), degree of coverage (ϑ), and pitting nucleation resistance. The samples were analyzed with scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis to evaluate and characterize the precipitates formed on the surface of aluminum samples and to determine dominant type of corrosion. The formation of Ce³⁺ precipitates occurred on cathodic intermetallic sites and the surface, in general, resulting in improved corrosion resistance. Tested cerium (III) chloride heptahydrate proved to be an effective inorganic corrosion inhibitor for AA2024-T3 in chloride solution, which, by the action of cerium ions, reduced corrosion on the surface of the studied aluminum alloy.     

Ce在混合稀土掺杂的硬质合金烧结体表面富集现象的热力学分析

采用混合稀土(以La和Ce为主体成分)-Co预合金粉形式在硬质合金湿磨时直接加入制备了含稀土的低碳硬质合金。用扫描电镜与能谱仪对合金的烧结体表面进行了观察与分析。结果表明,在真空烧结过程中,合金中的稀土La、Ce发生分离,Ce向合金表面迁移,并在合金烧结体表面产生了明显的富集,形成含氧的稀土第三相。本文从热力学方面对这一现象进行了解释。     

Application of CeH–V/ sol–gel composite coating for corrosion protection of AM60B magnesium alloy

Application of a composite coating on AM60B magnesium alloy consisting of cerium–vanadium conversion coating and a hybrid sol–gel layer was investigated. Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analyses revealed a cracked nodular structure for the cerium–vanadium conversion coating which was mainly composed of O, Ce, V, and Mg atoms. All the cracks in the conversion coating were completely sealed by a thin, compact and defect-free hybrid sol–gel film. Potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy experiments in Harrison's solution showed that the cerium–vanadium conversion coating provides minimal protection against corrosion while the composite coating significantly increases the corrosion resistance of the magnesium alloy. Sol–gel film provides protection against corrosion by sealing cracks in the cerium–vanadium conversion coating and acting as a barrier. Scanning electron microscopy analyses after polarization tests confirmed the results obtained by the electrochemical tests.     

熔炼工艺对Mg-Al-Ce-Sb合金铸态显微组织和显微硬度的影响

采用光学显微镜、XRD、扫描电镜、能谱分析等手段相结合的方法,研究了不同浇注温度及Ce、Sb加入顺序对Mg-3%Al-1%Ce-1%Sb合金显微组织及显微硬度的影响.结果表明:熔炼工艺对铸态Mg-3%Al-1%Ce-1%Sb合金中的第二相形态有明显影响.采用同时加入Ce、Sb,在较高温度浇注,可显著减少棒状相的数量,得到以球状颗粒为主的第二相,并使Mg-3%Al-1%Ce-1%Sb合金的显微硬度有所降低.球状颗粒主要为含Ce、Sb、Mg和O或含Mg和Al的相;棒状相主要含有Al、Sb和O.     

Colour Metallography of Cast Iron

Chapter 3 Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron（I） Spheroidal Graphite Cast Iron, SG iron in short, refers to the cast iron in which graphite precipitates as spheroidal shape during solidification of liquid iron. The graphite in common commercial cast iron can only be changed from flake to spheroidal shape by spheroidising treatment. Since spheroidal graphite reduces the cutting effect of stress concentration, the metal matrix strength of SG iron can be applied around 70%-90%, thus the mechanical property of SG iron is significantly superior to other cast irons;even the tensile strength of SG iron is higher than that carbon steel.