超高层建筑结构优化过程中的环境成本计算

近年来中国大陆掀起了超高层建筑的兴建热潮。超高层建筑体量巨大,其碳排放和能源消耗对环境有显著影响。在评估和优化超高层建筑的全生命周期环境成本时,提出了一个全新的全生命周期模型。新模型有两大特征：首先,同时考虑了建筑材料的空间分布与时间特征;其次,把单尺度生命周期概念拓展到多尺度生命周期概念,以从更多角度来研究碳排放情况。建立了一个基准超高层建筑模型来阐释对新模型的应用。根据初步研究结果,应用新方法可以选择出更优化的结构设计方法,以最大程度减少碳排放量。     

浅谈高层建筑结构

以高层建筑结构为研究对象,简单介绍了按材料分类的三种结构体系,详细阐述了高层建筑结构的分析研究以及存在的问题,结合我国的高层建筑发展现状讨论了高层建筑结构的发展方向。     

筑屋于木——木质结构建筑的综合环境足迹分析

建筑业对资源、能源的巨大消耗,造成的严重环境污染等。该文用生命周期分析方法,对木质结构建筑在全生命周期内（包括建材物化阶段和建筑运行阶段）的能耗进行理论分析,从而确定选择合适的建筑材料和形式对环境的综合影响,为木结构建筑的发展提供一些思路。     

Framing sliver buildings

Over the past decade, one of the most remarkable advances in tall building design has been their construction to unprecedented slenderness ratios. In this paper, the authors review some of the basic and innovative structural framing arrangements that have been found from first-hand experience to be particularly appropriate to so-called ‘sliver’ buildings. Also, case studies of four landmark New York City buildings are presented in which some of these framing concepts have been applied.     

Book reviews

Whilst there have been numerous categorisations of high-rise buildings according to their function, architectural style, height or structural strategy, historically little work has been undertaken to classify them based on factors affecting their energy performance — their shape and form, façade, attitude to natural lighting, ventilation strategies, etc. These factors have been influenced by regulatory changes, developments in technology and materials, changes in architectural thinking and economic and commercial drivers. Developments such as the New York Zoning Law of 1916, the postwar innovations in curtain wall façades and the energy crises of the 1970s have all impacted on the way tall buildings of the time were designed and operated. These events also had a significant impact on the quantity of energy and the way in which it was consumed in tall buildings of the time. This paper examines the history of energy use in tall buildings, from their origins in North America in the late nineteenth century to the present day. In doing so, it categorises tall buildings into five chronological ‘generations’, based on their energy consumption characteristics.     

Studies on various structural system design options for twisted tall buildings and their performances

Employing twisted forms for tall buildings is a recent architectural phenomenon. This paper studies various structural system design options for twisted tall buildings and their performances based on lateral stiffness. Twisted tall buildings of various heights and rates of twist are designed with different types of contemporary tall building structural systems, such as diagrids, braced tubes and outrigger systems. The heights of the studied buildings range from 60 to 100 stories, and the rates of twist range from 0° to 3° per floor. As the rate of twist increases, the lateral stiffness of the tower decreases. The stiffness reduction rate caused by twisting is very much dependent upon the structural systems employed for twisted tall buildings. While an emphasis is placed on the structural performance of twisted tall buildings, other aspects, such as architectural and constructional issues, are also discussed holistically. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Life cycle assessment of a Danish office building designed for disassembly

ABSTRACT

The building industry is responsible for a large proportion of anthropogenic environmental impacts. Circular economy (CE) is a restorative and regenerative industrial economic approach that promotes resource efficiency to reduce waste and environmental burdens. Transitioning from a linear approach to a CE within the building industry will be a significant challenge. However, an insufficient number of quantitative studies exist to confirm the potential (positive) environmental effects of CE within the built environment as well as a consistent method for characterizing these effects. This paper considers key methodological issues for quantifying the environmental implications of CE principles and proposes a life cycle assessment (LCA) allocation method to address these issues. The proposed method is applied to a case study of a Danish office building where the concrete structure is designed for disassembly (DfD) for subsequent reuse. The potential environmental impact savings vary between the different impact categories. The savings are significantly influenced by the building’s material composition, particularly the number of component-use cycles as well as the service life of the building and its components. The substitution of other material choices (e.g. glass and wood) for the concrete structure exhibited a potential increase in impact savings.     

Seismic evaluation of a 56‐storey residential reinforced concrete high‐rise building based on nonlinear dynamic time‐history analyses

In recent decades, shear walls and tube structures have been the most appropriate structural forms for the construction of high‐rise concrete buildings. Thus, recent Reinforced Concrete (RC) tall buildings have more complicated structural behaviour than before. Therefore, studying the structural systems and associated behaviour of these types of structures is very important. The main objective of this paper is to study the linear and nonlinear behaviour of one of the tallest RC buildings, a 56‐storey structure, located in a high seismic zone in Iran. In this tower, shear wall systems with irregular openings are utilized under both gravity and lateral loads and may result in some especial issues in the behaviour of structural elements such as shear walls and coupling beams. The analytical methodologies and the results obtained in the evaluation of life‐safety and collapse prevention of the building are also discussed. The weak zones of the structure based on the results are introduced, and a detailed discussion of some important structural aspects of the high‐rise shear wall system with consideration of the concrete time dependency and constructional sequence effects is also included. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A new life cycle impact assessment approach for buildings

This study examines factors resulting in an environment burden (local EB) in the region where a building is located, and suggests a method for assessing it. The environmental burden (attached EB) caused by the expansion of infrastructures, such as, roads and parking lots for supporting buildings is also considered. An integrated life cycle impact assessment approach is proposed for buildings based on social cost account, called a region-type life cycle impact assessment (R-LCIA) here, which can give not only the total environment burden on a global scale but also the environment burden in a region scale and the attached EB. Furthermore, as an example of the R-LCIA, the environmental impact of a store building is assessed, and the effects of its location, structural type, and energy system are discussed.     

Evaluation of BIM energy performance and CO2 emissions assessment tools: a case study in warm weather

ABSTRACT

The EU members have adopted regulations and official methods for evaluating the energy performance in buildings. Most of these methods are applied at the end of the project phase, with few opportunities to correct erroneous design decisions when the desired building energy performance is not achieved. It is demonstrated that there is no European standard for sustainability and that the decision-making process during the development of a building project is compromised by the methodologies and some concepts, as thermal inertia, are withdrawn. Currently, the industry has been developing alternative tools for evaluating energy performance and CO₂ emissions in buildings over their entire life cycle. These software programs, which belong to the BIM environment, use databases and make simplifications adapted to the stage of design when the software can be applied. The main objective of this paper is to evaluate the accuracy of this software and how the databases and simplifications influence the decision-making process in building design. Calculation examples are carried out with various tools and compared to real building performance data. The results demonstrate that, as with the official methods, the tools influence the results and therefore condition, sometimes wrongly, the decision-making process to produce better buildings.     

A proposal for the classification of structural systems of tall buildings

In the early structures at the beginning of the 20th century, structural members were assumed to carry primarily the gravity loads. Today, however, by the advances in structural design/systems and high-strength materials, building weight is reduced, and slenderness is increased, which necessitates taking into consideration mainly the lateral loads such as wind and earthquake. Understandably, especially for the tall buildings, as the slenderness, and so the flexibility increases, buildings suffer from the lateral loads resulting from wind and earthquake more and more. As a general rule, when other things being equal, the taller the building, the more necessary it is to identify the proper structural system for resisting the lateral loads. Currently, there are many structural systems that can be used for the lateral resistance of tall buildings. In this context, authors classify these systems based on the basic reaction mechanism/structural behavior for resisting the lateral loads.     

我国高层建筑结构综述(上)

本文介绍我国高层建筑的发展概况、一些结构体系的特点和适用范围(包括楼板体系)。文中还扼要介绍了高层建筑结构的一些科研成果和设计经验,其中包括:剪力墙的形式及其设计,地震区底层大空间剪力墙结构,框架一剪力墙结构中剪力墙的合理数量及柱截面的选定,楼板变形对高层建筑结构内力的影响,筒体结构的试验研究,高层建筑结构动力特性,高层建筑风荷载体型系数及沿高度分布的研究。     

高层建筑色彩设计浅析

高层建筑色彩有自身的规律性,对城市色彩有举足轻重的作用,但设计方面存在不少问题,学界亦鲜有研究成果。本文从对高层建筑色彩的基本认识出发,指出高层建筑色彩设计的要点和难点,同时初步探讨了高层建筑基调色、装饰色和点缀色的设计方法和手法。     

Structural design and analysis of vertical double‐layer space structures in super‐tall buildings

This paper investigates the potential of double‐layer space structures to be applied vertically as a new structural system in super‐tall buildings. The investigation using case studies covers four stages: structural designs of 100‐storey buildings in order to obtain internal force distributions and determine appropriate structural member sizes, analyses of the impacts of wind and seismic loads on the structures, sensitivity of structural weight ratios and lateral deflection constraints to changing structural geometry, and comparison of the lateral deflected shapes and structural weights per unit area with those of other current tall structural systems. The results show that changing the angles of diagonal members to make them span two storeys rather than one storey reduces structural weight and has little impact on lateral deflection. Compared with other current tall structures, vertical double‐layer space structures are relatively efficient structurally. The study concludes that double‐layer space structures can be applied vertically as a structural system of super‐tall buildings. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Net-zero buildings: incorporating embodied impacts

The design and assessment of net-zero buildings commonly focus exclusively on the operational phase, ignoring the embodied environmental impacts over the building life cycle. An analysis is presented on the consequences of integrating embodied impacts into the assessment of the environmental advantageousness of net-zero concepts. Fundamental issues needing consideration in the design process – based on the evaluation of primary energy use and related greenhouse gas emissions – are examined by comparing three net-zero building design and assessment cases: (1) no embodied impacts included, net balance limited to the operation stage only; (2) embodied impacts included but evaluated separately from the operation stage; and (3) embodied impacts included with the operation stage in a life cycle approach. A review of recent developments in research, standardization activities and design practice and the presentation of a case study of a residential building in Norway highlight the critical importance of performance indicator definitions and system boundaries. A practical checklist is presented to guide the process of incorporating embodied impacts across the building life cycle phases in net-zero design. Its implications are considered on overall environmental impact assessment of buildings. Research and development challenges, as well as recommendations for designers and other stakeholders, are identified.     

高层建筑结构设计与高层建筑结构方案的合理性

介绍了高层建筑结构的设计特点,高层建筑结构常用的结构体系特点分析及新结构体系最新发展趋势;结合在建工程实例论述合理的结构方案即最优的结构设计对于高层建筑结构设计成败的重要意义,能否达到最优结构设计对结构满足建筑功能要求、结构经济性方面有较大差异。     

New structural systems for tall buildings: The space-truss concept

The dominant structural system used for buildings over 40 stories has been the framed tube and its modifications. Recently, new concepts have emerged leading to the development of space-truss systems, which are more efficient and more economical than tubes. A few buildings have already been built on the space-truss idea. In this paper, various structural concepts for tall and super-tall buildings are proposed, and one of them is examined in detail. The issue of material selection is also addressed through a design approach based on material behavior under specific loading conditions and on the cost of the material. In addition, the generic design of a one-hundred-and-twelve story building is presented as an application of the concept.     

超高层建筑结构生命周期多维度经济成本评估及优化方法

超高层建筑结构具有结构体系复杂、结构功能多样、生命周期长、投资量大、持有人固定不变等特点,其全生命周期成本费用包含初始费用、维护费用、灾害失效费用以及拆除费用等多项费用。为了实现超高层结构全生命周期经济利益最大化而采用的生命周期经济评估方法通过方案对比、构件对比、费用项目等多维度对超高层结构成本费用进行管理。使用该方法能够在项目初期就对结构项目进行全面的评估与优化,同时,一个超高层建筑的实例将被引用来说明其有效性与适用性。     

Reduced order control for wind‐induced vibrations of tall buildings

The design of a structural control system for a tall building may not be easy owing to the large number of degrees of freedom involved. Obviously, it is much easier to design a structural control system for the reduced‐order system than for the full‐order system. Model reduction is thus useful when control systems are implemented in civil engineering structures. A reduced‐order modelling technology for vibration control of wind‐excited tall buildings is presented and its performance is studied. The important issues associated with wind‐induced vibrations, model condensations and reduced‐order control are addressed. Finally, a numerical example, a tall building with an active tuned mass damper or a passive tuned mass damper, is given to show the efficiency of the reduced‐order control technique. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于BIM的小型节能建筑生命周期环境影响和成本分析

被动式超低能耗建筑通过被动式设计策略、高性能的围护结构和高效的设备体系降低其使用阶段能耗。零能耗建筑在此基础上,采用太阳能光伏发电等可再生能源系统,进一步降低不可再生能源消耗。这两类节能建筑的材料和设备系统的隐含能耗、环境影响和成本通常高于一般建筑,同时对构件的后期维护和替换提出了更高的要求。因此,有必要从生命周期的范畴分析其环境和经济效益。建筑信息模型（BIM）能够为建筑项目的建造、运行和拆解等阶段提供多专业共享的数据平台。本文基于BIM,通过LCA和LCC方法对一座小型住宅建筑在不同节能目标情景下的生命周期全球变暖潜势值（GWP）、一次能耗（PE）和成本（LCC）进行分析和比较。结果表明,零能耗乃至正能源建筑在降低一次能耗和GWP方面具有明显优势,被动式超低能耗建筑也具有良好的环境效益。在经济效益方面,由于住宅建筑能源价格较低,如果按近年的价格指数计算,零能耗建筑和被动式超低能耗建筑的初建成本和后期构件替换成本增量将抵消其使用阶段节约的能耗成本,因此生命周期成本高于普通节能建筑。如果未来50年能源价格涨幅超过建筑安装价格涨幅,那么零能耗建筑在生命周期成本方面将具有优势。