受限于平行硅板中水的分子动力学模拟

采用分子动力学模拟方法研究了不同间距(16.6,13.6,和11.8 A)两硅平板之间水分子的结构性质,模拟结果显示:受限水呈现出与体态水完全不同的结构性质,即水分子的分布依赖于两板间距.间距为16.6 A时,硅壁的吸引力造成了其附近形成两个明显的水层,其中的水分子的O-H平行于壁面形成氢键.随着间距的减小,第二层水分子中的O-H键由平行于壁面转向垂直于壁面,与临近的水层通过氢键相连.此外,模拟结果表明,在不同上下板间距情况下,被壁面吸引所形成的水层中水分子的结构取向基本没有变化.     

叶片-轮盘榫联结构的接触分析

叶片与轮盘之间的榫联结构存在接触和摩擦组合运动,在较高的热-机械载荷作用下容易发生微动磨损并导致疲劳破坏.本文采用有限元法对叶片-轮盘榫联结构进行接触分析,计算不同摩擦系数和不同转速情况下的叶片榫头和轮盘榫槽之间的接触压力、接触滑动距离.结果表明,摩擦系数增大,榫联结构接触面上的接触压力和滑动距离减小;转速增加,则接触压力和滑动距离增大.     

滑动电接触磨耗测控系统的研究

为了研究受电弓滑板和接触导线的摩擦磨损性能,研制了一台高性能滑动电接触磨耗试验机;其可以实现导线和滑板的均匀磨耗,可在一定范围内实现电流、载荷和速度等方面的单、多因素控制,实现对接触导线与滑板摩擦系数、滑板往复移动次数、接触导线与滑板磨耗量等的实时在线测量和数据储存,同时设计了基于LabVIEW的监测界面和数据处理系统。通过实验,分析了强电流对浸铜碳滑板摩擦磨损的影响,得出摩擦系数和磨耗率随电流的增大而增大的结论。     

滑移转向机器人不确定度分析及路面识别方法

传感器的不确定度是移动机器人定位中的关键问题。文章对Pineer3-AT滑移转向机器人在转弯时运动学状态进行分析,发现了滑动偏差受地面与轮的摩擦系数及左右两轮的速度影响,滑动偏差的大小即为里程计的不确定度,通过Adams与Matlab/Simulink联合仿真实验得到了在不同地面不同轮速的滑动偏差的大小多组数据,并对结果拟合,建立了滑动偏差模型,并通过实验进行了验证对比。对结果分析,可以得出,摩擦系数越大,在相同速度下滑动偏差越小,根据这一特性,提取小车在不同轮速下的滑动偏差作为地面分类的原始数据。通过k-近邻(KNN)方法,对地面进行分类,识别率达到70%以上。     

静电驱动振模微泵的理论分析

利用最小能量法和均匀压力载荷下的圆薄膜大变形半解析解相结合的方法,改进了静电驱动柔性振膜微泵的理论分析模型.计算结果表明:考虑圆薄膜的周向应变,利用均匀压力载荷下的圆薄膜大变形半解析解来预测振膜的形状,对微泵的性能有显著的影响,证明了圆薄膜大变形时的周向应变是不可忽略的.同时讨论了介电层厚度、腔体形状和双腔结构对微泵压缩性能的影响.结果表明:采用双腔结构,减小介电层厚度、减小腔体深度、缩小腔体半径,对静电驱动柔性振膜型微泵性能的提高具有积极意义.     

连轧生产线辊道速度的设定方法

对连轧生产线上辊道与棒材间的相互作用力进行了分析,指出棒材表面划伤和辊道磨损随着二者相对滑动速度的增大而加剧,进而提出了一种辊道速度的设定方法,使辊道能适应棒材轧制速度的变化,减轻或消除相对滑动。工程实践表明,这种方法简单可行,有助于提高棒材表面质量,延长辊道寿命。     

简易的键盘维护与保养

1．电触点按键键盘 打开电触点键盘的底板和盖板以后,就能看到嵌在底板上的三层薄膜：三层薄膜分别是下触点层、中间隔离层和上触点层。上、下触点层压制有金属电路连线和与按键相对应的圆形金属触点,中间隔离层上有与上、下触点层对应的圆孔。电触点键盘的所有按键嵌在前面板上．在底板上三层薄膜和前面板按键之间有一层橡胶垫。橡胶垫上凸出部位与嵌在前面板上的按键相对应,     

多孔硅的I-V特性及NO2气敏特性研究

采用双槽电化学腐蚀法在p+单晶硅表面制备多孔硅层,然后在多孔硅表面沉积形成Pt薄膜电极,制备出多孔硅气敏元件样品.利用SEM技术分析多孔硅的表面形貌,研究了腐蚀条件对多孔硅的孔隙率、横向I-V特性及低浓度NO2气敏特性的影响.结果表明,多孔硅的横向I-V特性表现出非整流的欧姆接触;多孔硅的孔隙率及其对低浓度NO2的灵敏度均随腐蚀电流密度的增大而增加.当腐蚀电流密度为90 mA/cm2,腐蚀时间为30 min时,所得多孔硅气敏元件对体积分数为200×10-9的NO2的灵敏度可达到5.25,响应时间与恢复时间约分别为14 min与10 min.     

新型电容传感器在板厚板速测量中的应用研究

设计了一种新型电容式传感器,采用了电容数字转化器(CDC)技术,解决了传统电容式传感器从电容到数字直接转换的复杂而困难的信号处理问题.通过在测量头外侧设计两个绝缘层和两个屏蔽层,消除了边缘效应对测量结果的影响.新型电容式传感器采用独立双电容结构可同时测量轧板厚度和轧板速度,并且避免了由于轧板上下振动对测量结果的影响.     

M310堆顶冷却结构流场和温度场数值仿真

<正>针对M310堆顶通风冷却系统,建立了包括控制棒驱动机构的堆顶冷却结构仿真模型,根据冷却结构气体流动特点,应用六面体网格进行区域离散,基于ANSYS CFX13.0软件,数值仿真了堆顶冷却结构内流场和温度场,分析了不同冷却空气流量、环境温度以及围板与磁轭线圈之间间隙对冷却系统性能以及速度不均匀系数的影响。计算结果表明,在给定的发热量下各磁轭线圈表面温度较低,最高不超过180℃;增大冷却流量,磁轭线圈表面温度降低,速度不均匀系数增大;增大围板与磁轭线圈之间的间隙,有利于降低各层线圈之间的速度不均匀系数。     

Molecular dynamics simulations of oscillatory Couette flows with slip boundary conditions

The effect of interfacial slip on steady-state and time-periodic flows of monatomic liquids is investigated using non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations. The fluid phase is confined between atomically smooth rigid walls, and the fluid flows are induced by moving one of the walls. In steady shear flows, the slip length increases almost linearly with shear rate. We found that the velocity profiles in oscillatory flows are well described by the Stokes flow solution with the slip length that depends on the local shear rate. Interestingly, the rate dependence of the slip length obtained in steady shear flows is recovered when the slip length in oscillatory flows is plotted as a function of the local shear rate magnitude. For both types of flows, the friction coefficient at the liquid–solid interface correlates well with the structure of the first fluid layer near the solid wall.     

Electrophoresis of an axisymmetric particle along its axis of revolution perpendicular to two parallel plane walls

The axisymmetric electrophoretic motion of a dielectric particle of revolution situated at an arbitrary position in a slit microchannel is studied theoretically at the quasisteady state. The applied electric field is uniform, along the axis of symmetry of the particle, and perpendicular to the two plane walls of the slit. The electric double layer at the particle surface is assumed to be thin relative to the particle size and to the particle–wall gap widths. A method of distribution of a set of spherical singularities along the axis of symmetry within a prolate particle or on the fundamental plane within an oblate particle is used to find the general solutions for the electric potential distribution and fluid velocity field. The apparent slip condition on the particle surface is satisfied by applying a boundary collocation technique to these general solutions. Numerical results for the electrophoretic velocity of a prolate or oblate spheroid along its axis of revolution and perpendicular to two plane walls are obtained with good convergence behavior for various cases. The effect of the confining walls is to reduce the velocity of the particle, irrespective of its aspect ratio or the relative particle–wall separation distances. For fixed separation parameters, the normalized velocity of the spheroid decreases with a decrease in its axial-to-radial aspect ratio, and the boundary effect on electrophoresis of an oblate spheroid can be very significant. When a spheroid with a specified aspect ratio is located near a first plane wall, the approach of a second wall far from the particle can first increase the electrophoretic mobility to a maximum, then reduce this mobility when the second wall is close to the particle, and finally lead to a minimum mobility when it reaches to the same distance from the particle as the first wall. For a given separation between the two plane walls relative to the axial size of the spheroid, the electrophoretic mobility has a maximum when the spheroid is located midway between the walls and decreases as it approaches either of the walls.     

Interfacial friction of ethanol–water mixtures in graphene pores

The interfacial friction of fluid within nanoscale pores is important to nanofluidic devices and processes. Herein, molecular dynamics simulations have been used to study the interfacial flow resistance of ethanol–water mixtures confined within graphene-based nanochannels. The friction coefficients of the mixtures were investigated by considering the effects of slit pore width and mixture composition. The simulated results show that the flow friction coefficient is sensitive to the graphene slit pore size for ethanol-containing solution systems. In particular, the mixture composition has a significant impact on the friction coefficients for the mixture in 7–10 Å nanoslits, while the composition dependence of friction coefficients becomes weak at larger pore widths. In addition, qualitative theoretical analysis has been carried out to reveal the molecular origin of mixture friction behavior. The ethanol–wall interaction accounts for the major role on the mixture friction coefficients. The changing behavior of mixture friction coefficient is caused by the joint effects from the interfacial ethanol density and the potential energy barrier felt by ethanol molecules.     

Electrophoretic motion of a colloidal cylinder near a plane wall

An analytical study is presented for the electrophoretic motion of a circular cylindrical particle in an electrolyte solution with a transversely imposed electric field near a large plane wall parallel to its axis in the quasisteady limit. The electric double layers at the solid surfaces are assumed to be thin relative to the particle radius and to the particle–wall gap width, but the polarization effect of the diffuse ions in the double layer surrounding the particle is incorporated. The presence of the confining wall causes two basic effects on the particle velocity: first, the local ionic electrochemical potential gradients on the particle surface are altered by the wall, thereby affecting the motion of the particle; secondly, the wall enhances the viscous retardation of the moving particle. Through the use of cylindrical bipolar coordinates, the transport equations governing this problem are solved and the wall effects on the electrophoresis of the cylinder are determined for various cases. The presence of the plane wall prescribed with the ionic electrochemical potentials consistent with the far-field distributions reduces the electrophoretic mobility of the particle, which depends upon the properties of the particle–solution system, the relative particle–wall separation distance, and the direction of the applied electric field relative to the plane wall. The direction of the electrophoretic migration of a cylindrical particle near a plane wall is different from that of the prescribed electric field, except when it is oriented parallel or perpendicular to the wall. The effects of the plane wall on the electrophoresis of a cylinder are found to be much more significant than those for a sphere at the same separation.     

Electrokinetic characterization of individual nanoparticles in nanofluidic channels

We electrokinetically characterize properties of single 42-nm polystyrene nanoparticles (NP) in nanofluidic channels imaged with frustrated total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (fTIRFM). Specifically, we demonstrate fTIRFM of individual NPs in nanofluidic channels shallower than the evanescent field and use the resultant illumination field to gain insight into the behavior and electrokinetic properties of individual NP transport in channels. We find that the electrophoretic mobility of nanoparticles in 100-nm channels is lower than in larger channels or in bulk, presumably due to hindrance effects. Furthermore, we notice a non-intuitive increase in mobility with buffer concentration, which we attribute to electric double layer interactions. Finally, since the evanescent field intensity decreases with distance from the channel wall, we use the measured fluorescence intensity to report probable transverse distributions of free-solution 42-nm polystyrene fluorescent particles. Our method promises to be useful for characterizing nanoscale molecules for many applications in drug discovery, bioanalytics, nanoparticle synthesis, viral targeting, and the basic science of understanding nanoparticle behavior.     

Micro-tribological interface model for friction-induced cold start-up running dynamics

The robustness and noise warranty costs of many automotive friction materials like transmission belts or brake pad are directly affected by the frictional properties in cold start-up running. This paper presents a friction model for start-up running under cold conditions. The absorbed water, phase changes and variable lubrication regimes in cold start-up running are taken into account. The model includes the breakage of ice adhesion, ice–ice friction between the ice films on friction pairs, melting water-mediated mixed lubrication and boundary lubrication, friction elevation due to capillary adhesive effect, as well as dry contact in the end of cold start-up running. Thermal analysis is applied in conjunction with the friction model to estimate the parameters in phase transitions. A meniscus model is also integrated into the friction model to address the friction elevation due to the variation of water film thickness. It is illustrated that if the thickness of surface ice film is larger than a critical value, the static friction coefficient could be close to 1; if the thickness of melting water film is higher than the average roughness of the surface, static friction could increase due to capillary effect, and kinetic friction could decrease due to mixed lubrication resulting in wide modulation of friction during intermittent start-up transitions. This paper also presents the application of the model to elucidate the friction mechanisms in cold brake noise where the cold wet coefficient of friction (cof) could be substantially higher than the dry cof. The effects of temperature, roughness and load on cof are also characterized.     

Dispersion in electroosmotic flow generated by oscillatory electric field interacting with oscillatory wall potentials

An analytical study is presented in this article on the dispersion of a neutral solute released in an oscillatory electroosmotic flow (EOF) through a two-dimensional microchannel. The flow is driven by the nonlinear interaction between oscillatory axial electric field and oscillatory wall potentials. These fields have the same oscillation frequency, but with disparate phases. An asymptotic method of averaging is employed to derive the analytical expressions for the steady-flow-induced and oscillatory-flow-induced components of the dispersion coefficient. Dispersion coefficients are functions of various parameters representing the effects of electric double-layer thickness (Debye length), oscillation parameter, and phases of the oscillating fields. The time–harmonic interaction between the wall potentials and electric field generates steady as well as time-oscillatory components of electroosmotic flow, each of which will contribute to a steady component of the dispersion coefficient. It is found that, for a thin electric double layer, the phases of the oscillating wall potentials will play an important role in determining the magnitude of the dispersion coefficient. When both phases are zero (i.e., full synchronization of the wall potentials with the electric field), the flow is nearly a plug flow leading to very small dispersion. When one phase is zero and the other phase is π,?the flow will be sheared to the largest possible extent at the center of the channel, and such a sharp velocity gradient will lead to the maximum possible dispersion coefficient.     

Fast nanofluidics by travelling surface waves

In this paper, we investigate the fast flow in nanochannels, which is induced by the travelling surface waves. The nanoscale fluid mechanism in nanochannels has been influenced by both amplitude and frequency of travelling surface waves, and the hydrodynamic characteristics have been obtained by molecular dynamics simulations. It has been found that the flow rate is an increasing function of the amplitude of travelling surface waves and can be up to a sevenfold increase. However, the flow rate is only enhanced in the limited range of frequency of travelling surface waves such as low frequencies, and a maximum fivefold increase in flow rate is pronounced. In addition, the fluid–wall interaction (surface wettability) plays an important role in the nanoscale transport phenomena, and the flow rate is significantly increased under a strong fluid–wall interaction (hydrophilicity) in the presence of travelling surface waves. Moreover, the friction coefficient on the wall of nanochannels is decreased obviously due to the large slip length, and the shear viscosity of fluid on the hydrophobic surface is increased by travelling surface waves. It can be concluded that the travelling surface wave has a potential function to facilitate the flow in nanochannels with respect to the decrease in surface friction on the walls. Our results allow to define better strategies for the fast nanofluidics by travelling surface waves.     

一种结合弹性波CT正演模拟与钻孔注水法的防渗墙检测方法研究

防渗墙是水利水电工程项目中的重要部分,随着防渗墙规模的逐渐扩大,常规防渗墙检测方法逐渐减少;为了增加防渗墙的检测手段,研究提出采用弹性波CT正演模拟技术,并与钻孔注水法相结合的方法;在钻孔注水试验时,利用弹性波CT正演模拟技术,检测水流在墙体中的流动情况,从而在检测防渗墙渗透性的同时,完成防渗墙的完整性检测;结果显示,在低速或高速异常速度模型中,走时残差的波动较大,且完全不同;采用围井法,实验深度为15 m时,计算得到的渗透系数为0.14*10～6 cm/s;采用常水头法,深度为15 m时,该方法计算得到的渗透系数为1.88*10～6 cm/s;说明基于弹性波CT正演模拟技术,可以有效地反映防渗墙的状态;而采用围井法检测得到的防渗墙渗透系数,低于采用常水头注水法得到的渗透系数;研究提出的方法可以准确地检测防渗墙的质量。     

A new second-order closure model for rough-wall turbulent flows using the Brinkman equation

A second-order turbulence closure is developed for the new rough-wall layer modeling approach using the Brinkman equation for turbulent flows over rough walls. In the proposed approach, we model the fluid dynamics of the volume averaged flow in the near-wall rough layer by using the Brinkman equation. The porosity can be calculated based on the volumetric characteristics of the roughness and the permeability is modeled. Interface stress jump conditions including the Reynolds stress components are also considered. The Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations are solved numerically above the near-wall rough layer, while a second-order turbulence closure is employed in all regions. The rough-wall second-order closure is developed by adopting an existing smooth-wall model. The computational results, including the skin friction coefficient, the log-law mean velocity, the roughness function, the Reynolds stresses, and the turbulent kinetic energy, are presented and compared with those obtained by using a previously developed two-equation turbulence closure. The results show that the new rough-wall layer modeling approach with the second-order turbulence closure model satisfactorily predicted the skin friction coefficient, the log-law mean velocity, the roughness function, and the Reynolds shear stress. However, the results for the Reynolds normal stresses are different from the measured data in the inner 20-60% of the boundary layer due to the interface stress jump conditions employed in the present rough-wall layer modeling approach.