夹带剂性质对超临界二氧化碳萃取的影响

介绍了夹带剂在超临界CO2萃取中的作用和原理，分析了夹带剂分子极性、相对分子质量、分子体积及特殊分子结构等性质对超临界CO2萃取的影响，总结出夹带剂性质对萃取率的变化规律：夹带剂的分子极性越大，溶质在超临界CO2中的溶解度越大；夹带剂的相对分子质量、分子体积的增大，其在超临界CO2中的溶解度减小，萃取率减小；夹带剂中易形成氢键的特殊分子结构，可提高萃取率。     

超临界CO2流体工艺用于制备多孔分离膜的研究进展

介绍了超临界CO2流体用于微孔分离膜制备机理;分析了压力、聚合物浓度及温度等条件对膜孔结构的影响;论述了CO2对聚合物增塑作用的大小和CO2在聚合物材料中向外扩散的速率是最终影响膜孔结构形态的两个基本因素;综述了超临界CO2流体用于分离膜的制备的独特优势.     

超临界CO2下三元含氟疏水缔合聚合物的合成及溶液性能研究

设计聚合物的分子结构并在超临界CO2下以丙烯酰胺(AM)、2-甲基-2-丙烯酰胺基丙磺酸(AMPS)及甲基丙烯酸十二氟庚酯(G04)为单体合成三元含氟疏水缔合聚合物,并用FTIR和元素分析对结构进行表征。研究反应温度、压力及引发剂加入量对产物聚合反应转化率及相对分子量的影响,并对三元含氟疏水聚合物浓度对溶液表观粘度的影响进行研究。结果表明:在超临界CO2体系下可制备三元共聚含氟聚合物,且由于含氟疏水基团的存在,该聚合物水溶液具有明显的疏水缔合作用。     

微孔发泡过程中脉动剪切对聚合物/超临界 CO2均相体系形成的影响

提出一种聚合物／超临界CO2均相体系快速形成的新方法——将振动力场引人到发泡过程，在简单剪切的基础上垂直叠加一个脉动剪切场，考察了该方法对均相体系形成的影响。实验材料用聚苯乙烯(PS)，用自行设计的电磁动态发泡模拟机，了不同剪切速率、振动力场及混合时间对聚合物／超临界CO2均相体系形成的影响。结果表明，随着剪切速率的增加，聚合物和气体的混合程度明显增强；而振动力场的引入进一步增强了剪切混合的效果，使聚合物／超临界CO2均相体系能够在较短的时间内形成。     

超临界CO2作用下BAPO的诱导结晶和熔融行为

采用DSC，WAXD研究了在超临界CO2作用下，温度、压力和共溶剂对双酚A型聚碳酸酯（BAPC）的结晶和熔融行为的影响。结果表明，超临界CO2显著降低BAPC的结晶温度；少量共溶剂的加入使BAPC的结晶更加完善，BAPC晶体是单斜晶子；超临界CO2诱导结晶并未引起预聚体官能团的改变。     

超临界CO2对PMMA的渗透作用及其微孔材料的制备

在40～80℃、15～30MPa下，用超临界CO2渗透0．72mm厚的聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)膜，作用8～10h，制得超临界CO2作用后的PMMA膜样品，根据Fickian扩散理论对PMMA膜的CO2解吸附数据进行处理，同时对分步升温法制备的PMMA微孔结构进行了分析。实验表明，PMMA中的CO2饱和吸附量随着温度的升高而降低，随着压力的增大而升高；由超临界CO2制备的PMMA微孔材料的微孔径随着吸附压力的升高而变小。     

超临界CO_2辅助制备聚合物基纳米复合材料研究进展

综述了近年来超临界CO2用于辅助制备聚合物基纳米复合材料的研究进展。超临界CO2在一定的条件下以超临界状态与聚合物混合均匀后,若降低压力,CO2快速膨胀会对熔体产生强烈的拉伸作用,从而促进纳米粒子在聚合物基体中均匀分散。根据所用设备及原理,可分为挤出法、原位聚合法和釜压分散法等3种方法。     

相关中国专利

专利名称：超临界二氧化碳介质中提高聚合物对小分子吸附量的方法 本发明属于在超临界二氧化碳介质中,提高聚合物对小分子吸附量的方法。在超临界CO2中将小分子吸附入聚合物,可以制备聚合物药物、香料和其它功能性高分子材料。本发明是利用在超临界CO2中,加入共溶剂来提高和控制聚合物对小分子的吸附量。本发明所述方法可有效保护聚合物的形状,并在相对温和的条件下引进一些常规方法或常规超临界渗透技术无法引进的小分子,从而降低超临界流体渗透技术的成本,是制备高分子载体缓释药物和香料的好方法。     

发泡工艺对超临界CO2／PP微孔发泡泡孔形态的影响

研究了超临界CO2／PP微孔发泡过程中发泡温度和饱和压力对结晶性聚合物PP泡孔形态的影响。结果表明，温度对泡孔形态影响很大，温度升高，熔体黏度和表面张力降低，泡孔变大，泡孔密度减小。与发泡温度相比，CO2饱和压力对泡孔结构的影响较小。压力太低，CO2的溶解度小，泡孔壁太厚，泡孔分布不均匀。随着压力升高，CO2的溶解度增加，熔体黏度减小，所以泡孔直径和泡孔密度都增加，泡孔壁变薄。     

超临界CO_2萃取β-胡萝卜素的实验研究

用超临界CO2技术对β 胡萝卜素进行了萃取试验,考察了CO2用量、萃取压力、温度等对浸膏得率的影响,从而得出了超临界CO2萃取β 胡萝卜素的最佳工艺条件。     

Na2CO3-K2CO3熔盐法同时制取合成气和金属锌

针对传统的甲烷转化制合成气及金属锌制备技术的缺陷,提出了一种新型的熔融盐反应体系,在熔融盐反应器中以熔融盐(质量比为1:1的Na2CO3/K2CO3)为反应介质对CH4与ZnO反应同时生成金属锌和合成气作了实验研究,利用气相色谱对气体组分进行了分析. 结果表明,反应尾气组分主要是H2, CO和CH4,未检测到CO2,其中合成气的量及H2/CO比例随反应温度的升高而增加,在1198 K左右获得了H2/CO比为2的合成气. 合成气和金属锌分别从气相和熔融盐中获得. 用XRD, SEM及EDS对金属锌产品和熔融盐进行了表征,发现反应后的熔融盐含有少量Na2O和NaOH,来自于CH4与熔融盐之间的微弱反应,由此推断熔融盐还具有消碳功能.     

The forced gas sweeping process for semibatch melt polycondensation of poly(ethylene terephthalate)

The experimental and modeling studies are presented on the melt polycondensation of poly(ethylene terephthalate) by a gas sweeping process. In this process, low molecular weight prepolymer is polymerized to a higher molecular weight polymer in a molten state at ambient pressure as ethylene glycol is removed by nitrogen gas bubbles injected directly to the polymer melt through a metal tube. In the temperature range of 260–280°C, the rate of polymerization by the gas sweeping process is quite comparable to that of conventional high vacuum process. The effects of nitrogen gas flow rate and reaction temperature on polymerization rate and polymer molecular weight were investigated. Polymer molecular weight increases with an increase in gas flow rate up to certain limits. A dynamic mass transfer–reaction model has been developed, and the agreement between experimental data and model simulations was quite satisfactory. The effect of ethylene glycol bubble nucleation on the polymerization has also been investigated. It was observed that the presence of nucleated ethylene glycol bubbles induced by the bulk motion of polymer melt has negligible impact on the polymerization rate and polymer molecular weight. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 1388–1400, 2001     

微波合成纳米碳化钛粉体的热力学研究

用微波合成了纳米碳化钛粉体，并从理论上探讨了一氧化碳气体压力及合成温度对合成率及晶粒大小的影响。合成的碳化钛粉体用X—射线衍射仪及透射电镜表征。结果表明，用微波合成碳化钛粉体，当一氧化碳气氛压力较低时，可以在较低的温度下合成出合成率高、晶粒细小、团聚较少的碳化钛钠米粉体。     

复合床层变压吸附法脱除合成气中微量CO和CO_2

采用分别装载活性炭和NA型吸附剂的复合床层的变压吸附工艺来脱除合成气中微量的CO和CO2,并利用Aspen-Adsim软件对其进行模拟和优化。模拟结果表明,吹扫气量对工艺性能有较大的影响,吹扫气由处在顺放步骤的吸附塔提供,因此在顺放步骤将床层压力降至较低压力,可获得较大的吹扫气量,此时的工艺性能也较优。模拟结果还表明,均压次数对工艺性能也有影响。在相同的顺放压降下,将变压吸附过程中的3次均压变为2次均压,可减少吸附剂用量,吸附剂产率更高,但塔底尾气量要相应增加。     

高压下煤对CH4/CO2二元气体吸附等温线的研究

研究了晋城和潞安煤在高压下对纯 CH4,CO2 及其二元混合气体的吸附特性 ,在对混合气体绝对吸附量计算公式推导的基础上 ,对绝对吸附等温线进行了研究 .结果表明 :高压下煤对混合气体的吸附介于纯 CH4和 CO2 之间 ,Gibbs吸附等温线和绝对吸附等温线表现出较大的差异 ;煤对混合气体中 CH4和 CO2 的吸附呈现出不同的吸附特点 ;煤对 CO2 优先吸附 ,并且随着压力的升高 ,煤对 CO2 选择性吸附能力增加 .本研究结果对开展注烟道气提高煤层采收率和煤层埋藏CO2 具有一定的指导作用 .     

混合气组分对CO在稀土复合吸附剂上吸附的影响

采用吸附柱动态实验装置,分别考察了混合气组分H2O、CO2、CH4对稀土复合吸附剂变压吸附CO的影响。实验结果表明,原料气中微量的H2O的存在对稀土复合吸附剂的吸附性能有较大影响,当水质量浓度仅为250mg/L时,CO的变压吸附量下降约35％;与CO相比,CO2在稀土复合吸附剂上为弱吸附组分,但对CO的吸附性能有一定影响,当CO2体积分数为1％时,CO的变压吸附量可维持在12.5 ml/g左右;而CH4的存在对CO在稀土复合吸附剂上的吸附量影响不大。     

A new microcellular foam injection‐molding technology using non‐supercritical fluid physical blowing agents

A new foam injection‐molding technology was developed to produce microcellular foams without using supercritical fluid (SCF) pump units. In this technology, physical blowing agents (PBA), such as nitrogen (N₂) and carbon dioxide (CO₂), do not need to be brought to their SCF state. PBAs are delivered directly from their gas cylinders into the molten polymer through an injector valve, which can be controlled by a specially designed screw configuration and operation sequence. The excess PBA is discharged from the molten polymer through a venting vessel. Alternatively, additional PBA is introduced through the venting vessel when the polymer is not saturated with PBA. The amount of gas delivered into the molten polymer is controlled by the gas dosing time of the injector valve, the secondary reducing pressure of the gas cylinder and the outlet (back) pressure of the venting vessel. Microcellular polypropylene foams were prepared using the developed foam injection‐molding technology with 2–6 MPa CO₂ or 2–8 MPa N₂. High expansion foams with an average cell size of less than 25 μm were prepared. The developed technology dispels arguments for the necessity to pressurize N₂ or CO₂ to the SCF to prepare microcellular foams. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 57:105–113, 2017. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Numerical and experimental studies on the effect of thickness difference between up and down gas layers on sheet polymer gas-assisted extrusion forming

In this study, to make gas-assisted extrusion (GAE) can be better applied to conventional horizontal extrusion forming process, the thickness difference between up and down gas layer was simulated for the first time by GAE of molten high-density polyethylene sheet. In order to ascertain the effects of the thickness difference of up and down gas layers on sheet extrusion molding, a method based on the model of two-phase (gas and melt) flow was put forward, and an outer-layer GAE isothermal numerical simulation made by POLYFLOW was explored and researched. The numerical results analysis indicated that when the thickness of down gas layer is increased, the velocities, pressure drop and shear rate of the melt increase. Compared with the simplified-GAE simulation, GAE simulation method can well reflect the flow characteristics, the physical field distribution, and the morphology changes of melt extrudates. The experimental results show that with the increase of the thickness of the down gas layer, the melt falling can be obviously improved during extrusion. Thus, in the actual use of GAE for sheet production, not only the thickness difference between up and down gas layers should be reasonably controlled, but also other factors, such as melt inlet volume flow rate, gas pressure and temperature should be controlled accordingly. Finally, GAE forming technology can give full play to its advantages.     

三种气体分离技术应用于电厂烟气二氧化碳捕集经济性的比较(英文)

Three gas separation technologies,chemical absorption,membrane separation and pressure swing adsorption,are usually applied for CO2 capture from flue gas in coal-fired power plants.In this work,the costs of the three technologies are analyzed and compared.The cost for chemical absorption is mainly from $30 to $60 per ton(based on CO2 avoided),while the minimum value is $10 per ton(based on CO2 avoided).As for membrane separation and pressure swing adsorption,the costs are $50 to $78 and $40 to $63 per ton(based on CO2 avoided),respectively.Measures are proposed to reduce the cost of the three technologies.For CO2 capture and storage process,the CO2 recovery and purity should be greater than 90%.Based on the cost,recovery,and purity,it seems that chemical absorption is currently the most cost-effective technology for CO2 capture from flue gas from power plants.However,membrane gas separation is the most promising alternative approach in the future,provided that membrane performance is further improved.     

熔融盐对合成气成分影响模型

气化粗合成气主要成分为CO、CO2、H2,经过变换和重整后在催化剂作用下可以合成不同的化学品。熔融盐可吸收粗合成气中的CO2,并实现H2/CO在1.5～2.9之间调整。熔融盐合成气成份调整过程是一个传质与化学反应同时进行的非平衡、耦合过程。从球体扰流方程和反应动力学方程出发,通过量纲分析推导出合成气组分与操作条件的关系,对固定床内熔融盐对合成气成份调整过程进行了分析。熔融盐合成气成份调整的限制过程为气体从气泡表面向熔融盐内部的传质过程。温度升高、气泡直径减小、停留时间增加有利于合成气中H2百分比增加;然后对模型进行了实验验证,实验结果与理论结果吻合良好。